International Competitiveness of Manufacturing Firms in sub-Saharan Africa

As the success of East Asian countries has shown, labor-intensive industry is recognized to lead economic growth in the early stages of development, utilizing relatively low labor costs. This same growth process has already started in South and South East Asian LDCs since the mid-1990s. However, the manufacturing sector in sub-Saharan Africa has been underdeveloped and manufacturing exports, in particular labour-intensive goods, have stagnated. This paper investigates the international competitiveness of the African manufacturing sector and its determinants through an analytical survey of empirical studies and a comparison with Asian low income countries. Empirical evidences indicate that primary factors of competitiveness, namely productivity, labour cost and exchange rate are unfavorable in sub-Saharan Africa. Representative arguments attribute the weak competitiveness to problems in the business environment, factor endowment, and the exchange rate. However, careful review shows that labour cost is beyond the range explained by endowment and misalignment of exchange rates have been reduced in Africa. Moreover, comparison with Asian low income countries which have competitiveness in labour-intensive goods shows no difference in the quality of business environment, while the labour cost is significantly lower than sub-Saharan African countries. Although results should be considered tentative, high labour cost beyond endowment and conservative investment behavior emerge as important factors for the weak competitiveness in sub-Saharan Africa when controlling income level.

Stratigraphic update of the Cenozoic Sub-Numidian formations of the Tunisian Tell (North Africa): Tectonic/sedimentary evolution and correlations along the Maghrebian Chain

The Sub-Numidian Tertiary stratigraphic record of the Tunisian Tell has been updated by means of 11 stratigraphic successions belonging to the Maghrebian Flysch Basin (N-African Margin) reconstructed in the Tunisian Numidian Zone and the Triassic Dome Zone. The Sub-Numidian successions studied range from the Paleocene to the Priabonian, representing a major change in the sedimentation from the latest Cretaceous onwards. The Sub-Numidian succession and the Numidian Formation are separated by an Intermediate interval located between two erosive surfaces (local paraconformities). The stratigraphic analysis has revealed diachronous contacts between distal slope to basinal sedimentary formation, allowing the identification of an Early Eocene Chouabine marker bed. The integrated biostratigraphic analysis made by means of planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannoplankton updates the ages of the formations studied, proving younger than previously thought. The new definition of the Sub-Numidian stratigraphy enables a better correlation with equivalent successions widely outcropping along the Maghrebian, Betic, and southern Apennine Chains. The study proposes a new evolutionary tectonic/sedimentary model for this Tunisian sector of the Maghrebian Chain during the Paleogene after the Triassic–Cretaceous extensional regime. This paleogeographic reorganization is considered a consequence of the beginning of the tectonic inversion (from extensional to compressional), leading to the end of the preorogenic sedimentation. Our results suggest a non-tabular stratigraphy (marked by lateral changes of lithofacies, variable thicknesses, and the presence of diachronous boundaries) providing significant elements for a re-evaluation of active petroleum systems on the quality, volume, distribution, timing of oil generation, and on the migration and accumulation of the oil.

Growth, convergence and trade: The services sector in India’s states

India’s success story in services is well documented at the national level, but similar literature does not exist for India’s states. In this paper, we bridge this gap in research by looking at India’s services growth at the sub-national level and in doing so, also challenge existing literature by arguing that this growth has positive implications for income distribution. We find that even as per capita income is not converging across India’s states, per capita services are; evidence is provided both in terms of traditional measures of sigma- and beta-convergence and more recent panel unit root tests. A more disaggregated analysis of services sectors reveals convergence in railways, public administration and financial services. Finally, a Jensen & Kletzer (2005) approach to determining tradability provides evidence of most services being “traded” across India’s states, suggesting the role of such trade in the services growth and convergence story.

Radiolarian-based paleotemperatures of ODP Site 177-1089 in the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean

Two cores, Site 1089 (ODP Leg 177) and PS2821-1, recovered from the same location (40°56'S; 9°54'E) at the Subtropical Front (STF) in the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean, provide a high-resolution climatic record, with an average temporal resolution of less than 600 yr. A multi-proxy approach was used to produce an age model for Core PS2821-1, and to correlate the two cores. Both cores document the last climatic cycle, from Marine Isotopic Stage 6 (MIS 6, ca. 160 kyr BP, ka) to present. Summer sea-surface temperatures (SSSTs) have been estimated, with a standard error of ca. +/-1.16°C, for the down core record by using Q-mode factor analysis (Imbrie and Kipp method). The paleotemperatures show a 7°C warming at Termination II (last interglacial, transition from MIS 6 to MIS 5). This transition from glacial to interglacial paleotemperatures (with maximum temperatures ca. 3°C warmer than present at the core location) occurs earlier than the corresponding shift in delta18O values for benthic foraminifera from the same core; this suggests a lead of Southern Ocean paleotemperature changes compared to the global ice-volume changes, as indicated by the benthic isotopic record. The climatic evolution of the record continues with a progressive temperature deterioration towards MIS 2. High-frequency, millennial-scale climatic instability has been documented for MIS 3 and part of MIS 4, with sudden temperature variations of almost the same magnitude as those observed at the transitions between glacial and interglacial times. These changes occur during the same time interval as the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles recognized in the delta18Oice record of the GRIP and GISP ice cores from Greenland, and seem to be connected to rapid changes in the STF position in relation to the core location. Sudden cooling episodes ('Younger Dryas (YD)-type' and 'Antarctic Cold Reversal (ACR)-type' of events) have been recognized for both Termination I (ACR-I and YD-I events) and II (ACR-II and YD-II events), and imply that our core is located in an optimal position in order to record events triggered by phenomena occurring in both hemispheres. Spectral analysis of our SSST record displays strong analogies, particularly for high, sub-orbital frequencies, to equivalent records from Vostok (Antarctica) and from the Subtropical North Atlantic ocean. This implies that the climatic variability of widely separated areas (the Antarctic continent, the Subtropical North Atlantic, and the Subantarctic South Atlantic) can be strongly coupled and co-varying at millennial time scales (a few to 10-ka periods), and eventually induced by the same triggering mechanisms. Climatic variability has also been documented for supposedly warm and stable interglacial intervals (MIS 1 and 5), with several cold events which can be correlated to other Southern Ocean and North Atlantic sediment records.

Identifying the ICT challenges of the agri-food sector to define the architectural requirements for a future internet core platform

This paper discussed the specific challenges of the agri-food sector in the light of research carried out in the Smart-AgriFod project. Using questionnaires and focus groups, our research identified as number of business needs and drivers which enable the identification of suitable Future Internet technologies across the three sub-domains of Smart Farming, Smart Agri-logistics, and Smart Food Awareness. The universal need for information access and the importance of standards to enable this lead us to propose an integrated scenario for end to end information access from farm to fork. We conclude by discussing wider implications of such developments especially for climate change and urbanisation.

Public sector efficiency, foreign aid and small island development states

This paper examines the efficiency of public sector expenditures and foreign aid at achieving social sector outcomes in Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Efficiency is estimated using a Stochastic Production Function (SPF) approach and panel data since 1990. A second stage of the analysis examines the determinants of efficiency. Results indicate that the efficiency of aid and public sectors at improving life expectancy has deteriorated during the 1990s but efficiency at improving school enrolments has increased. Higher levels of governance are associated with higher efficiency. There is also evidence to suggest that efficiency is lower in SIDS, as well as in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Resource enclavity and corporate social responsibility in Sub-Saharan Africa:the case of oil production in Ghana

Why has Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) yielded such disappointing outcomes in oil-rich sub-Saharan Africa? Over the past decades, a sizable body of literature has emerged which draws attention to the shortcomings of oil-related development and complementary CSR exercises in the region. Most critiques on the topic, however, assess specific interventions and/or policies but fail to evaluate the complex decision-making processes, dictated heavily by setting, which produce such actions altogether. This thesis attributes CSR outcomes in oil-rich sub-Saharan Africa to the unique context in which the decisions underpinning actions take place. In doing so, the analysis borrows ideas from a diverse body of literature spanning the international development, accounting, management and political science disciplines. To explore these ideas further, the thesis focuses on the case of Ghana. The most recent “addition” to sub-Saharan Africa’s oil club, Ghana provides a rare glimpse of how decisions underpinning CSR have been identified, evolved and reshaped from the outset. To provide a comprehensive picture of CSR in the sector and its impacts at the local level, interviews and focus groups were conducted with a range of stakeholder groups. As is the case throughout sub-Saharan Africa, in Ghana, oil production occurs in offshore “enclaves”, which are disconnected geographically from local communities. This thesis argues that these dynamics have important implications for CSR. Findings point to companies also being disconnected ideologically from local development needs, which, in part explains the questionable CSR that has become such a contentious issue in the debate on oil and development in sub-Saharan Africa in recent years. The enclave-type setting in which oil production occurs appears to have stifled creativity and innovation in the area of CSR. This, along with institutional weaknesses, regulatory deficiencies and the Government of Ghana’s failure to adequately respond to local-level concerns, has produced these outcomes.

Effects of the current financial and economic crisis on the rural landscape as well as the agri-food sector in Europe and Central Asia

This paper reviews the expected effects of the current financial crisis and subsequent recession on the rural landscape, in particular the agri-food sector in Europe and Central Asia (ECA) on the basis of the structure of the rural economy and of different organisations and institutions. Empirical evidence suggests that the crisis has hit the ECA region the hardest. Agriculture contributes about 9% to gross domestic product (GDP) for the ECA region as a whole with 16% of the population being employed in the agricultural sector. As far as the impact of the financial crisis on the agri-food sector is concerned, there are a few interconnected issues: (1) reduction in income elastic food demand and commodity price decline, (2) loss of employment and earnings of rural people working in urban centres, implying also costly labour reallocation, (3) rising rural poverty originating mainly from lack of opportunities in the non-farm sector and a sizable decline of international remittances, (4) tightening of agricultural credit markets, and the (5) collapse of sectoral government support programs and social safety-net measures in many countries. The paper reveals how the crisis hit farming and broader agri-business differently in general and in the ECA sub-regions.

Respuestas sindicales ante el desafío de la empresa-red: sector petroquímico y nuclear

El modelo de empresa-red constituye un desafío para los sistemas de relaciones laborales. Dicho modelo cuestiona el papel de las instituciones colectivas de trabajo, concebidas históricamente en el marco de una organización integrada verticalmente según el modelo fordista. En efecto, la empresa dispersa o el recurso a la subcontratación son contextos cada vez más habituales, en los cuales la organización del trabajo se encuentra disociada de la empresa en sentido jurídico y patrimonial, y donde se establecen relaciones de trabajo triangulares de facto entre empresa principal, empresa de servicios y trabajadores. La búsqueda de respuestas a esta problemática apunta a la reconstrucción de solidaridades entre los trabajadores, pasando por la acción de los representantes de los trabajadores. A partir de un estudio de casos llevado a cabo en dos industrias de flujo, la industria nuclear y la petroquímica, este artículo se propone analizar los efectos de la triangulación de la relación salarial a nivel de planta, y dos procesos experimentales de organización sindical y de negociación colectiva territorial que buscan dar respuesta a la problemática de la subcontratación. El artículo analiza los resultados y límites de dichas experiencias para reconstruir una “comunidad de trabajo” inclusiva de los trabajadores subcontratistas.

Los números cuentan. Sub-representación de la obra artística de mujeres creadoras en museos y centros de arte contemporáneos

Este artículo cuantifica la presencia de obra artística de mujeres artistas en 21 museos y centros de arte contemporáneo españoles. Los resultados constatan una nítida sub-representación de la obra exhibida, por debajo del 20 por ciento. ¿Por qué sucede esto?, ¿diferencial potencial artístico de mujeres y hombres?, ¿superioridad masculina?, ¿discriminación? o ¿un sistema de arte con sesgo androcéntrico? En estas páginas se discute sobre la presencia de varios factores para explicar la brecha de género y se reclama, de las administraciones públicas y las instituciones de gestión cultural, el cumplimiento de la Ley para la Igualdad para garantizar la paridad.

Estudio del sector caprino: Especial referencia al caso malagueño

La provincia de Málaga, en el sector caprino es muy importante, hay unas 1450 explotaciones actualmente en la provincia, esto implica que un número superior de familias viven o sobreviven con los ingresos que esta actividad genera. Málaga es, en número de cabezas de ganado, la primera provincia de España con 231.488 cabezas en 2014, seguida en segundo lugar de las Palmas de Gran Canaria. El sector lechero en general es un sector demasiado débil, con problemas estructurales, con explotaciones que se han reestructurado individualmente, y en general, es un sector escasamente vertebrado y con un escasísimo poder de negociación. Otro de los graves problemas del sector caprino, es el envejecimiento del sector, antiguamente había en España 142.000 ganaderos, mientras que a hora tenemos 17.000 que producen la misma cantidad de leche y carne. El número de ganaderos sigue disminuyendo, porque no hay sucesión. Las Cooperativas de comercialización en España, son 118 y tienen que reducirse. Lo mismo ocurre con la Industria. Se tienen que buscar estrategias de integración de organizaciones de productores. Un análisis de la situación actual de la cadena de valor, evidencia la existencia de claras asimetrías en el poder de negociación que pueden derivar, y en ocasiones derivan, en una falta de transparencia en la formación de precios y en prácticas comerciales potencialmente desleales y con prácticas contrarias a la competencia que distorsionan el mercado y tienen un efecto negativo sobre la competitividad de todo el sector agroalimentario. El correcto funcionamiento de la cadena alimentaria resulta indispensable para garantizar un valor añadido sostenible para todos los operadores, que contribuya a aumentar su competitividad global y revierta igualmente en beneficio de los consumidores. Alcanzar el correcto funcionamiento en un futuro próximo, depende a la capacidad de los eslabones de la cadena para llegar a acuerdos que beneficien a todas las partes. La gran capacidad de adaptación que posee la cabra permite que su explotación pueda llevarse a cabo en zonas calificadas como marginales, en las que no es posible el mantenimiento de otro tipo de ganado más exigente en recursos. Por sus características de pastoreo y su capacidad para rentabilizar residuos de cosechas, especialmente de cereal, y subproductos agrícolas, la cabra se complementa muy bien con la práctica de la agricultura en estas zonas marginales. Las características que presentan las canales de carne de caprino, dependen de las preferencias de consumo existentes en las zonas de producción, las cuales determinan el peso y la edad de sacrificio, y en consecuencia el estado de engrasamiento del animal. Estas preferencias, junto con la tendencia de consumo en determinados períodos del año, son las que marcan el carácter estacional de la producción de carne de caprino, presentando unos índices máximos de sacrificios durante los meses de marzo, abril y diciembre, en los que el consumo de este tipo de carne es mayor. El modelo de explotación más utilizado en España es el extensivo, a partir de razas autóctonas fundamentalmente muy rústicas y poco seleccionadas, en general, pero muy bien adaptadas al medio, como la “Murciano-Granadina”, la “Malagueña” y la “Serrana” en caprino. El pequeño ganadero es muy reacio a crear o formar parte de una Organización de Productores, más del 60% de los ganaderos caprinos de Málaga no pertenecen a ninguna Organización de este tipo. Los ganaderos malagueños de caprino están muy atomizados, no están vertebrados en Organizaciones de Productores, se están profesionalizado, evolucionando sus explotaciones a semi-extensivas o mixtas, pero les queda un largo recorrido para llegar a ser intensivas con un alto nivel de tecnificación de las granjas. Por lo tanto el objetivo general de este trabajo es el conocimiento del ámbito productivo del sector caprino malagueño. Derivándose de este gran objetivo formulamos los siguientes sub-objetivos: • Las posibilidades de cambios en la cadena de valor de sector caprino malagueño. • Las estrategias empleadas en sector caprino en el ámbito productivo del caprino malagueño. Las conclusiones más importantes obtenidas de este trabajo son: Las explotaciones ganaderas no transforman sus producciones y no tienen intención en un futuro de hacerlo. Existe una relación indirecta entre la antigüedad de la explotación y la intención de cambiar al siguiente eslabón de la cadena de valor. La explotación intensiva no se ha implantado en la provincia de Málaga. La inversión en la explotación intensiva es más alta. La explotación intensiva es usada por los ganaderos que se han incorporación recientemente al sector y por tanto sus explotaciones son menos antiguas.

Awareness and Coverage of the National Health Insurance Scheme among Formal Sector Workers in Ilorin, Nigeria

A prepayment scheme for health through the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) was commenced in Nigeria about ten years ago. Nigeria operates a federal system of government. Sub- national levels possess a high degree of autonomy in a number of sectors including health. It is important to assess the level of coverage of the scheme among the formal sector workers in Nigeria as a proxy to gauge the extent of coverage of the scheme and derive suitable lessons that could be used in its expansion. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive survey carried out among formal sector workers in Ilorin Kwara State, Nigeria. A stratified sampling technique was used to select study participants. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from respondents. Data was analysed with the SPSS. Ethical approval to conduct the study was obtained from the Bowen University Teaching Hospital Research Ethics Committee. A total of 370 people participated in the study. Majority, (78.9%) of the respondents were aware of the NHIS, however only 13.5 % paid for health care services through the NHIS. Logistic regression analysis shows that respondents with post-secondary education (OR = 9.032, CI = 2.562 – 31.847, p = 0.001) and in federal civil service (OR = 2.679, CI = 1.036 – 6.929, p = 0.042) were over nine and three times more likely to be aware of the scheme than others. Coverage of the scheme among the respondents was unimpressive. A lot still need to be done to fast-track the expansion of the scheme among this sector of the population.

Aplicaciones del Caos y la Complejidad en la Cadena de Suministros del Sector Agroindustrial

La presente investigación consiste en determinar las aplicaciones existentes de las teorías del caos y las teorías de la complejidad en la cadena de suministro del sector agroindustrial colombiano. Además, tiene como propósito describir el sector de la agroindustria y la cadena de suministro, identificar los modelos de caos y complejidad y posteriormente determinar cuáles de éstos son aplicables al sector. Se define el caos como una sub-disciplina de las matemáticas que estudia sistemas complejos o dinámicos y tiene inmerso implicaciones filosóficas; por otra parte complejidad es la cualidad que adquiere un sistema en el que hay diversos componentes relacionados. Se ha identificado que en el ámbito colombiano existen diferentes estudios enfocados en la construcción de modelos agroindustriales, donde se adopta el concepto de complejidad para calificar el atributo de dichos modelos que involucran la armonización e integración de diferentes actores, desde los productores hasta los consumidores. En este estudio se emplea un estudio monográfico de tipo documental teniendo como unidad de análisis la cadena de suministro del sector agroindustrial. Los resultados indican que las teorías del caos y complejidad se encuentran presentes dentro de la cadena de suministros del sector agroindustrial colombiano, ya que en ella se ocurre la interconexión entre productores, procesadores y comercializadores, interactuando entre ellos y presentando alteraciones en su comportamiento económico a lo largo del tiempo en función de variaciones de las condiciones iniciales influenciadas por variables macroeconómicas, ambientales, sociales y políticas.

Contributos para a gestão integrada das instalações desportivas municipais da sub-região do Baixo Alentejo

INTRODUÇÃO: O crescimento demográfico, em particular das cidades, o aumento da escolarização e da qualidade de vida das populações, bem como a diminuição do tempo de trabalho e uma maior consciência social da importância da actividade física conducente a um completo bem-estar tisico, social e psicológico, levaram a que, a partir da segunda metade do século XX, novos valores se começassem a considerar, criando condições para um significativo aumento dessa mesma prática na ocupação dos tempos livres e para uma crescente diversificação das modalidades desportivas praticadas. Esta nova mentalidade relacionada com a actividade física e desportiva, começou a dissipar a força do desporto enquanto espaço somente de competição, apenas praticado pelos mais dotados, assistindo-se a uma democratização da sua prática, associada ao prazer da participação, bem como aos ideais do corpo. É perante este fenómeno de apropriação da prática da actividade física e desportiva na ocupação dos tempos livres, que o desporto passou a ocupar um importante papel no dia-a-dia das diferentes comunidades, verificando-se uma enorme diversificação de actividades, tomando as instalações desportivas tradicionais, incluídas nos aglomerados populacionais, insuficientes para satisfazer a procura destes novos desportistas, ocorrendo um progressivo aumento de busca de novos espaços, convertendo cada vez mais a natureza em instalações desportivas. Nesta tese designada Contributos para a Gestão Integrada das Instalações Desportivas Municipais da Sub-Região do Baixo Alentejo procuraremos identificar os diferentes tipos de instalações desportivas, nomeadamente, os grandes campos, pequenos campos, salas de desporto, pistas de atletismo, piscinas, entre outros, através da construção e grandes requalificações ocorridas, dar a conhecer a propriedade e gestão, assim como que distribuição se verifica por sector, estabelecer a relação entre a área desportiva coberta e descoberta, que utilização se constata nas principais instalações desportivas municipais através da sua taxa de ocupação, identificando-se os diferentes horários de funcionamento e/ou utilização, bem como a regulamentação existente que enquadra o respectivo funcionamento; dar a conhecer os projectos de curto/médio prazo relativamente a construção/remodelação de instalações ou espaços de actividade física; identificar a estrutura orgânica dos diferentes serviços municipais de desporto, assim como os objectivos gerais que estabelecem para a estrutura; identificar o número de clubes e associações que promovem a actividade física e desportiva, formal e informal, considerando-se o tipo de actividade por esses promovida; conhecer os projectos de actividade física pontual e regular, quer aquela promovida pelo município, quer a promovida pelo movimento associativo. Estes indicadores permitirão efectuar uma leitura correcta da rede de instalações desportivas existentes, facilitando o planeamento e a gestão de acordo com as reais necessidades de prática desportiva das populações e propor a implementação de projectos e actividades a desenvolver. As propostas apresentadas devem ser entendidas como princípios orientadores de uma acção convergente dos parceiros sociais com diversas perspectivas da mesma realidade. Esta Tese de Mestrado só foi possível concretizar-se com a participação efectiva de um conjunto de parceiros, nomeadamente, a AMBAAL e as diferentes Câmaras Municipais da Sub Região do Baixo Alentejo, através dos diferentes técnicos responsáveis pela área do desporto.

A importância do Feijão Mungo no Suco de Leolima, Sub Distrito Balibo, Distrito de Bobonaro – análise da sua Produção e Comercialização

Timor-Leste é um país agrícola onde a maioria da população (85%) depende do sector primário para a sua sobrevivência seja através da agricultura, floresta e pecuária, seja da pesca. O feijão mungo é um produto agrícola com alguma representatividade na alimentação da população timorense. Com o objetivo de analisar a produção e a comercialização do feijão mungo, nomeadamente, o rendimento dos agricultores, a utilização dos recursos, as formas de financiamento e a comercialização e respetivos custos e fazer sugestões de melhorias futuras para a agricultura familiar no suco de Leolima, foi desenvolvido um estudo suportado no método descritivo. Os resultados evidenciam diferenças entre aldeias na produção total de feijão mungo, no ano de 2013, no Suco considerado. A comercialização é realizada, sobretudo no mercado do Sub Distrito de Balibo (Leo-Atsabe), a outros agricultores e à venda direta ao consumidor final. O rendimento e o bem-estar dos agricultores de feijão mungo apresentam diferenças entre aldeias, assim como a utilização dos recursos, do capital próprio para financiamento e do trabalho familiar.