Electronic Structure Evolution across the Peierls Metal-Insulator Transition in a Correlated Ferromagnet

Transition metal compounds often undergo spin-charge-orbital ordering due to strong electron-electron correlations. In contrast, low-dimensional materials can exhibit a Peierls transition arising from low-energy electron-phonon-coupling-induced structural instabilities. We study the electronic structure of the tunnel framework compound K2Cr8O16, which exhibits a temperature-dependent (T-dependent) paramagnetic-to-ferromagnetic- metal transition at T-C = 180 K and transforms into a ferromagnetic insulator below T-MI = 95 K. We observe clear T-dependent dynamic valence (charge) fluctuations from above T-C to T-MI, which effectively get pinned to an average nominal valence of Cr+3.75 (Cr4+:Cr3+ states in a 3:1 ratio) in the ferromagnetic-insulating phase. High-resolution laser photoemission shows a T-dependent BCS-type energy gap, with 2G(0) similar to 3.5(k(B)T(MI)) similar to 35 meV. First-principles band-structure calculations, using the experimentally estimated on-site Coulomb energy of U similar to 4 eV, establish the necessity of strong correlations and finite structural distortions for driving the metal-insulator transition. In spite of the strong correlations, the nonintegral occupancy (2.25 d-electrons/Cr) and the half-metallic ferromagnetism in the t(2g) up-spin band favor a low-energy Peierls metal-insulator transition.

Photocytotoxic luminescent lanthanide complexes of DTPA-bisamide using quinoline as photosensitizer

Lanthanide complexes Ln(DTPAAQ)(DMF)] (1-3) (Ln - Pr (1), Eu (2), Tb (3), H(3)DTPAAQ - N, N `'-bis(3-amidoquinolyl) diethylenetriamine-N, N', N `'-triacetic acid, DMF - N, N-dimethylformamide) were studied for their structures, photophysical properties, DNA and protein binding, DNA photocleavage, photocytotoxicity and cellular internalization. The crystal structures of complexes Ln(DTPAAQ)(DMF)] (1-3) display a discrete mononuclear nine-coordinate {LnN(3)O(6)} tricapped-trigonal prism (TTP) coordination geometry. The europium and terbium complexes show strong luminescence properties in the visible region having a long luminescence lifetime (tau = 0.51-0.64 ms). The conjugated 3-aminoquinoline moieties act as efficient light harvesting antennae, which upon photoexcitation transfer their energy to Eu(III) or Tb(III) for their characteristic D-5(0) -> F-7(J) or D-5(4) -> F-7(J) f-f transitions respectively. The complexes display efficient binding affinity to DNA (K-b = 3.4 x 10(4) - 9.8 x 10(4) M-1) and BSA (KBSA = 3.03 x 10(4) - 6.57 x 10(4) M-1). Europium and terbium complexes give enhanced luminescence upon interacting with CT-DNA suggesting possible luminescence-based sensing applications for these complexes. Complexes 1-3 show moderate cleavage of supercoiled (SC) DNA to its nicked circular (NC) form on exposure to UV-A light of 312 nm involving formation of singlet oxygen (O-1(2)) and hydroxyl radicals (cOH) in type-II and photoredox pathways. Eu(III) and Tb(III) complexes exhibit remarkable photocytotoxicity with human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) (IC50 = 20.7-28.5 mM) while remaining essentially noncytotoxic up to 150 mM in the dark. Complexes are nontoxic in nature thus suitable for designing cellular imaging agents. Fluorescence microscopy data reveal primarily cytosolic localization of the Eu(III) and Tb(III) complexes in HeLa cells.

Photocytotoxic ternary copper(II) complexes of histamine Schiff base and pyridyl ligands

Ternary copper(Il) complexes of salicylaldehyde-histamine Schiff base (HL) and pyridyl ligands, viz. Cu(bpy)(L)](ClO4) (1) and Cu(dppz)(L)](C104) (2), where bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine (in 1) and dppz is dipyrido3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (in 2), were synthesized, characterized and their DNA binding, photo-activated DNA cleavage activity and photocytotoxicity studied. The 1:1 electrolytic one-electron paramagnetic complexes showed a d-d band near 670 nm in aqueous DMF (1:1 v/v). The crystal structure of complex 1 showed the metal in CuN4O distorted square-pyramidal geometry. Complex 2 intercalatively binds to calf-thymus (ct) DNA with a binding constant (K-b) of similar to 10(5) M-1. It exhibited moderate chemical nuclease activity but excellent DNA photocleavage activity in red light of 647 nm forming (OH)-O-center dot radicals. It showed remarkable photocytotoxicity in human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) giving IC50 of 1.6 mu M in visible light (400-700 nm) with low dark toxicity. The photo-induced cell death is via generation of oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species.

Remarkable photo-induced anticancer activity of vitamin-S6 Schiff base copper(II) complexes of pyridyl bases

Vitamin-B6 (VB6) Schiff base (H2L) copper(II) complexes of pyridyl bases, viz. Cu(bpy)(L)] (1), Cu(phen)(L)] (2) and Cu(dppz)(L)] (3), where bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine, phen is 1,10-phenanthroline and dppz is dipyrido3,2-a:2',3'c]phenazine are synthesized, characterized and their phto-induced anticancer activity studied. The non-electrolytic one electron paramagnetic complexes exhibit a d-d band near 700 nm in DMF. The dppz complex intercalatively binds to calf-thymus DNA with binding constant (K-b) values of similar to 10(6) M-1. This complex exhibits low chemical nuclease activity but excellent DNA photocleavage activity when irradiated with red light of 705 nm forming (OH)-O-center dot radical. It displays remarkable photocytotoxicity in human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) giving IC50 value of 0.9 mu M in visible light (400-700 nm) while being less toxic in darkness (IC50 : 23 mu M). The cellular uptake of the complexes seems to be via VB6 transporting membrane carrier mediated diffusion pathway. Photo-induced cell death follows apoptotic pathway involving photo-generated intracellular reactive oxygen species.

Mitochondrial selectivity and remarkable photocytotoxicity of a ferrocenyl neodymium(III) complex of terpyridine and curcumin in cancer cells

A series of four novel neodymium(III) complexes of the formulation Nd(R-tpy)(O-O)(NO3)(2)] (1-4), where R-tpy is 4'-phenyl-2,2': 6', 2''-terpyridine (Ph-tpy; 1, 2) and 4'-ferrocenyl-2,2': 6', 2''-terpyridine (Fc-tpy; 3, 4); O-O is the conjugate base of acetylacetone (Hacac; 1, 3) or curcumin (Hcurc; 2, 4), are synthesized and characterized. The single crystal structure of 1 shows that the complex is a discrete mononuclear species with the Nd(III) centre in a nine coordinate environment provided by a set of O6N3 donor atoms. Complexes 1 and 3 having the simple acac ligand are prepared as control compounds. Complex 4, possessing an appended ferrocenyl (Fc) and the curcumin moiety, is remarkably photocytotoxic to HeLa and MCF-7 cancer cells in visible light giving respective IC50 values of 0.7 mu M and 2.1 mu M while being significantly less toxic to MCF-10A normal cells (IC50 = 34 mu M) and in the dark (IC50 > 50 mu M). The phenyl appended complex 2, lacking a ferrocenyl moiety, is significantly less toxic to both the cell lines when compared with 4. Complexes 1 and 3, lacking the photoactive curcumin moiety, do not show any apparent toxicity both in light and in the dark. The cell death is apoptotic in nature and is mediated by the light-induced formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Fluorescence imaging experiment with HeLa cells reveals mitochondrial accumulation of complex 4 within 4 h of incubation. The complexes bind to calf thymus (ct) DNA with moderate affinity giving K-b values in the range of 10(4)-10(5) M-1. The curcumin complexes 2 and 4 cleave plasmid supercoiled DNA to its nicked circular form in visible light via O-1(2) and (OH)-O-center dot pathways. The presence of the ferrocenyl moiety is likely to be responsible for the enhanced cellular uptake and photocytotoxicity of complex 4. Thus, the mitochondria targeting complex 4, being remarkably cytotoxic in light but non-toxic in the dark and to normal cells, is a potential candidate for photochemotherapeutic applications.

Diagnóstico fitosanitario de la producción de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) en el Pacífico Sur de Nicaragua, época de postrera 1995-1996

Este trabajo consistió en un diagnóstico fitosanitario que se llevó a cabo durante la época de postrera (1995 1996), en la Región Pacífico sur de Nicaragua que comprende los departamentos de Rivas, Granada, Masaya y Carazo. El objetivo del trabajo fue conocer la problemática fitosanitaria del frijol en la zona. Para ello se seleccionaron productores de la zona, los cuales constituyeron la muestra de estudio. Los resultados indican que las principales plagas son Femitia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homóptera: Aleyrodidae) y Vaginutus plebema Fisher, (Gastropoda). Las medidas de control para el caso de la Femitia tabaci (Gennadius) fue básicamente cultural Mustia hilachosa Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk pudo haber sido la principal causa de bajos rendimientos en la zona presentándose en los lotes de frijol común de forma virulenta. También se presentó la mancha angular (Isariopsis griseola (Sacc) Ferr), la antracnosis (Colletotribum Indemuthimun Sacc Magnus) y la virosis. Para el caso de las malezas, las de mayor presencia en la zona fueron: Claunmelins dittiusa, Burn, f. (siempre viva), Cyperus spp. (coyolillo), Baltumara recta L. (me caso no me caso), Cynadan dactylon (L.) Pers (zacate gallina), Sida acuta Burn F. (escoba lisa), Ixofhonus unisetus K. B. Presl. (zacate dulce) y Paspalum conjugatum (pasto horqueta). En análisis económico del estudio en la zona indica que la producción en el ciclo estudiado no fue rentable globalmente hablando, ya que el 62 por ciento de los productores no recuperaron lo invertido en el ciclo productivo. Se pudo conocer por medio del estudio el poco apoyo técnico y económico por parte de los organismos gubernamentales y la banca estatal que tienen los productores de la zona, pudiendo esto haber sido un factor que incidiera en aspectos tales como la reducción de las áreas establecidas y altos costos de producción.

Producción de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) bajo tres sistemas de labranza y tres métodos de control de malezas y su evaluación económica, primera 1996

Durante el ciclo de primera (mayo-agosto) 1996, se realizó el presente trabajo en la estación experimental La Compañía, ubicada en el municipio de San Marcos departamento de Carazo. Los objetivos fueron: evaluar la efectividad e influencia de tres sistemas de labranzas (cero, mínima y convencional), y tres métodos de control de malezas (pre­ emergente más post-emergente, pre-emergente más chapia y pre-emergente más cobertura), sobre la dinámica de las malezas, la incidencia y severidad de la enfermedad mustia hilachosa del frijol común (Phaseolu vulgaris L.) causada por el hongo Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donck, el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo de frijol. El diseño utilizado en el experimento fue de Bloques Completamente al Azar donde sus tratamientos fueron arreglados en un parcelas divididas. En la parcela grande se estableció el factor labranzas de suelo y en la parcela pequeña los controles de malezas. Los datos recopilados de las variables en estudio fueron sometidos a un análisis de varianza y comparaciones de medias por Duncan al 5 por ciento. Los resultados muestran que labranza convencional y el control de malezas pre-emergente más cobertura obtuvieron los mejores resultados en la reducción de la abundancia y dominancia de malezas, de igual forma labranza convencional presentó la menor diversidad de malezas con el control de malezas pre-emergente más chapia. Respecto a las variables de crecimiento en frijol, labranza cero y mínima y el control de malezas pre-emergente más cobertura resultaron con mayores promedios de altura de plantas. En cuanto a las variables del rendimiento en el cultivo del frijol común, labranza cero obtuvo el mayor rendimiento de grano con (1923.9 kg/ha) y el control de malezas pre­ emergente más cobertura con (1719.4 kg/ha), no así labranza convencional presentó el menor rendimiento de grano con (1470.3 kg/ha) y el control de malezas pre-emergente más post-emergente con (1634.8 kg/ha). La comparación de individuos/m2 en el banco de semillas versus individuosfm2 en el campo muestra que los individuos con mayor porcentaje de germinación fueron Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers, lxophorus unisetus K. B. Presl, Cyperus rotundus L y Ageratum conyzoides L, encontrando mayor número de individuosfm2 en el banco de semillas (invernadero). Los resultados del análisis económico a través del presupuesto parcial y de dominancia muestra que labranza cero y el control de malezas pre-emergente más post - emergente presentó mayor rentabilidad a nivel de costos y beneficios más altos, ya que sus costos son moderados y se obtienen ingresos netos rentables. La mayor taza de retomo marginal se obtiene al cambiar de labranza mínima (pre emergente más cobertura) a labranza cero (pre-emergente más cobertura) con una tasa de retomo marginal de 2 454 (C$/ha).

Estudio de las cualidades nutricionales e industriales del crescentia alata HBK. en Nicaragua

El árbol de Crescentic alata H.B.K encontrado en las sabanas de nuestro país, alcanza un tamaño de 4 a 8 metros, diámetro de tallo de 0.1 a 0.25 metros, corteza gris, hojas trifoliadas, flores color amarillo, hermafroditas y colocadas en ramas y tallo principal, comienzan a salir de Abril a Noviembre. de flor a fruto hay un termino de tiempo de 240 a 270 días. Los frutos tienen largo y diámetro que oscilan entre 8 a 15 cms. y sus formas son múltiples de acuerdo a la variedad. Con excepción de una variedad de fruto que tiene parte de su pulpa endurecida y que al campesino nomina "garabatillo", el resto es consumida normalmente en el campo por el ganado vacuno, equino, porcino, aves de corral y el hombre que utiliza la pulpa como medicamento. La semilla se utiliza para refrescos, confituras y manjares. Para fines industriales existe una variedad de fruto conocida por el campesino como "mediana"; esta tiene largo y diámetro de 10 cms. y un promedio de semillas de 800, que es una cifra no alcanzada por otras variedades que como máximo llegan a 500. La variedad mediana es la que mas rinde al procesador de semillas y por tanto es la preferida al cosecharse. La cantidad de frutos por planta va de acuerdo al tamaño de ellas, oscilando entre 300 a 1000, pero cuando existe la competencia de otras especies de planta y el terreno es pedregoso la cosecha disminuye considerablemente, también disminuye cuando el árbol es parasitado por plantas epifitas e insectos como hormigas y comejenes. Todas las sabanas de nuestro país están localizadas en la región del pacifico y pertenecen al tipo de sabana de Crescentia alata H.B.K. Se observo en todas las zonas visitadas que ademas del Crescentia alata H.B.K. existen en la sabana otras especies de plantas de tipo espinoso que compiten por las condiciones de vida con Crescentia alata K.B.K. y hacen difícil su uso para ganadería. Dada la importancia que en Nicaragua se ha dado al fruto de Crescentia alata H.B.K. por sus variados usos, se efectuo analisis nutritivas son excelentes, pues su pulpa entera y semilla tienen niveles de nutrientes que justifican el empleo en dieteticos humana y animal. Estas cualidades nutricionales del fruto son explotadas actualmente por el ganadero quien lo proporciona maduro a su ganado, previo almacenamiento de 22 días para que alcance un grado particular que lo hace mas apetecido. Los campesinos de la zona conocida como "Jicote" en el departamento de Chinandega, explotan la industria de la semilla para lo cual se usan implementos rusticos fabricados por el procesador. La semilla se comercializa en el mismo lugar de proceso o en Chinandega, y el costo de producción, estimado para un quintal es de 71.60 dejando utilidades hasta de un 60%, sobre este costo.

A Review of the Aquatic Environmental Fate of Triclopyr and its Major Metabolites

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the aquatic environmental fate of triclopyr and its major metabolites, TCP and TMP. This review is primarily based on results of laboratory and field studies conducted by various Federal Agencies and the registrant to support the US aquatic registration for triclopyr TEA.

Herbicidan control of water hyacinth at Ere, Ogun State: implications for fish production

A brief account is given of a pilot demonstration of the chemical control of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) at Ere (a channel) in Nigeria using the herbicide glyphosphate. Results suggest that there was an increase in the nutrient content of the channel after herbicide application. This implied an upsurge of available food for fish and other aquatic organisms within the channel after the herbicide application. The decaying water hyacinth mass which sinks into the medium is likely to boost nutrient content, promoting the growth of fish and other aquatic animals. It is concluded that herbicidal control of water hyacinth is possible, especially under specialists' management with the conservation of fish and other non-target aquatic organisms alongside improved fish production

A comparative assessment of the methods of control of water hyacinth infestation with regards to fish production

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) has been subject of three control methods since its arrival into the Nigerian freshwater lagoon system in 1984 - mechanical, chemical and biological. An assessment of these three methods seems to suggest that mechanical and chemical control methods, both of which being costly, must be applied either solely or integrated to combat the present level of considerable infestation in Nigeria. The biological control methods are advisable for slow, sustained control and can only cope with low levels of infestation. It is thus concluded that the preliminary control method should be mechanical or chemical to effectively abate the nuisance plant, followed by biological control once infestation levels have been sufficiently reduced

Incidence of mayfly (Povilla sp.) infestation of wooden infrastructures of artisanal fishers in the lagoon and marine fisheries locations of Ogun State, Nigeria

A diagnostic survey of the incidence of mayfly (Povilla sp.) infestation of wooden infrastructures of the artisanal fishers in ten (10) lagoons and marine fishing villages of Ogun States (Nigeria) was carried out through the application of structured questionnaire and participatory Rural Appraisal interviews. The demographic, infrastructural and socioeconomic characteristics of the ten fishing villages sampled were derived and analyzed. The infestation which occurs all year round is found to be most prevalent (70%) in the wet season, increasing proportionally with salinity from 56% (brackish water); to 63% (marine water). The life-span of Povilla sp. is reduced from 55% to 62% (freshwater); 41% (brackish water) and 38% (marine water). Annual financial loss of N10,000.00 per fisher or N80,000,000.00 to the 8000 artisanal fishers affected in Ogun State is discussed. It is recommended that fishers should preferably use non-wood crafts and infrastructures while adopting appropriate management strategies for containing the existing infestation

Giant diamagnetism of gold nanorods

The presence of giant diamagnetism in Au nanorods, NRs, is shown to be a possible consequence of field induced currents in the surface electrons. The distance, Delta , between quantum surface energy levels has been calculated as a function of the NRs radius. Note that those electrons occupying states for which Delta > k(B)T are steadily orbiting with constant orbital moment. The diamagnetic response induced when a field is turned on remains constant during the time the field is acting. As the NRs radius increases, Delta decreases and accordingly the electron fraction available to generate constant currents decreases, consequently the surface diamagnetic susceptibility decreases towards its bulk value. The surface electronic motion induced by the axial applied field on electrons confined into a cylindrical surface accounts with extremely good quantitative agreement for the giant diamagnetism recently measured and reported.

Food and feeding habits of Synodontis nigrita from the Osun River, SW Nigeria

An investigation was conducted into the food and feeding habits of Synodontis nigrita from the Osun River near Epe, Lagos, Nigeria. The food items in the stomach of the S. nigrita covered a wide spectrum, ranging from various types of plankton to invertebrates and plants. A seasonal variation was also noted in the stomach contents of S. nigrita over the period of investigation. The predominant food items found in the stomach were Polycystis spp., Closterium spp., Oedogonium spp., plant tissues, insect parts and detritus. This suggests that S. nigrita is an omnivore.