Biochemical characterization of a myelin fraction isolated from rat brain aggregating cell cultures.

Subcellular fractions isolated from rat brain aggregating cell cultures were studied by electron microscopy and showed the presence of typical myelin membranes. The chemical composition of purified culture myelin was similar to the fraction isolated from rat brain in terms of CNP specific activity, protein and lipid composition. The ratio of small to large components of myelin basic protein was comparable in culture and in vivo. These two proteins incorporated radioactive phosphorus. The major myelin glycoprotein was present and during development in culture its apparent molecular weight decreased although it never reached the position observed in myelin isolated from adult rats. In culture, the yield of myelin did not increase substantially between 33 and 50 days and was comparable to that of 15-day-old rat brain. The ratio basic protein to proteolipid protein resembled immature myelin and the cerebroside content was very low. A 'floating fraction' was isolated from the cultures and contained some myelin but mostly single membranes. Although these results indicate that myelin maturation is delayed in vitro this culture system provides substantial amounts of purified myelin to allow a complete biochemical analysis and metabolic studies during development.

Clinical growth rate of acoustic schwannomas: correlation with the growth fraction as defined by the monoclonal antibody ki-67.

The growth rate of acoustic tumors, although slow, varies widely. There may be a continuous spectrum or distinct groups of tumor growth rates. Clinical, audiologic, and conventional histologic tests have failed to shed any light on this problem. Modern immunohistochemical methods may stand a better chance. The Ki-67 monoclonal antibody stains proliferating cells and is used in this study to investigate the growth fraction of 13 skull base schwannomas. The acoustic tumors can be divided into two different growth groups, one with a rate five times the other. The literature is reviewed to see if this differentiation is borne out by the radiologic studies. Distinct growth rates have been reported: one very slow, taking 50 years to reach 1 cm in diameter, a second rate with a diameter increase of 0.2 cm/year, and a third rate five times the second, with a 1.0 cm increase in diameter per year. A fourth group growing at 2.5 cm/year is postulated, but these tumors cannot be followed for long radiologically, since symptoms demand surgical intervention. The clinical implications of these separate growth rates are discussed.

Characteristics and early and long-term outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke and low ejection fraction.

OBJECTIVES: We assessed the clinical characteristics of patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) with left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) ≤ 35% and investigated the association of low EF with early and long-term outcome. METHODS: A total of 2439 patients of the Acute Stroke Registry and Analysis of Lausanne (ASTRAL) were selected. Demographics, risk factors, pre-stroke treatment, and clinical, radiological and metabolic variables in patients with and without low EF were compared. Functional independence (modified Rankin Score ≤ 2) and mortality were recorded 1 week up to 12 months from admission. RESULTS: Low EF patients (n=119) were more commonly men, older, had higher rates of coronary artery disease and atrial fibrillation (AF), and more frequent pretreatment with anticoagulants, antiplatelets and antihypertensive agents. On admission, they presented with higher stroke severity and had lower values of systolic blood pressure, higher heart rate, and worse estimated glomerular filtration rate. Stroke-related disability and death rates were higher in low EF patients during follow-up (19.5% vs. 7.8% at 1 week, and 36.1% vs. 16.5% at 12 months). Increasing age, stroke severity, and AF were independent predictors of one-year mortality in these patients while prior use of statins had a favorable effect on early mortality. CONCLUSIONS: AIS in patients with low EF is associated with older age, cardiac comorbidities, and more severe clinical presentation. Low EF can identify a subset of AIS patients at high risk of early and long-term functional disability and mortality.

Description of a pure seed fraction of oat through usual evaluations and radiographic images

The objective of this work was to evaluate the width and length incidence in a single seed fraction of oat [Avena sativa (L.)] cv. Cristal. The seeds were selected by a mechanical divider and by hand, and their correspondence to radiographic images in seeds with glumes and their caryopses. The width and length of the seeds with glumes and their caryopses were measured with electronic calliper, and their weight, with precision balance. Radiographic images of seeds with glumes were taken with an X-ray experimental equipment. The analyst selected seeds with glumes by the width and by the length previously determined and so with more weight, than that obtained by hand selection was slightly narrower, larger and lighter. The presence of the glumes masked the caryopses real dimensions (width and length), and conduced the analyst to select seeds that differed more by the width than by the length. The radiographic images showed the presence, or not, of caryopses inside the seed and its real dimensions. The mechanical partition method for seeds showed to be more efficient because the analyst subjectivity was not considered when the selection upon its dimensions was done. The X-ray analysis was a useful tool that complements the pure seed fraction selection as another factor of seed quality.

High pressure induced changes on sarcoplasmic protein fraction and quality indicators

The combined effect of pressure and mild temperature treatments on bovine sarcoplasmic proteins and quality parameters was assessed. M. longissimus dorsi samples were pressurised in a range of 200–600 MPa and 10–30 °C. High Pressure Processing (HPP) induced a reduction of protein solubility (p < 0.001) compared to non-treated controls (NT), more pronounced above 200 MPa. HPP at pressures higher than 200 MPa induced a strong modification (p < 0.001) of meat colour and a reduction of water holding capacity (WHC). SDS–PAGE analysis demonstrated that HPP significantly modified the composition of the sarcoplasmic protein fraction. The pressurisation temperature mainly affected protein solubility and colour; a smaller effect was observed on protein profiles. Significant correlations (p < 0.001) between sarcoplasmic protein solubility and both expressible moisture (r = −0.78) and colour parameters (r = −0.81 to −0.91) suggest that pressure induced denaturation of sarcoplasmic proteins could influence to some extent WHC and colour modifications of beef. Changes in protein band intensities were also significantly correlated with protein solubility, meat lightness and expressible moisture. These results describe the changes induced by HPP on sarcoplasmic proteins and confirm a relationship between modification of the sarcoplasmic protein fraction and alteration of meat quality characteristics

A Multi-SNP Locus-Association Method Reveals a Substantial Fraction of the Missing Heritability.

There are many known examples of multiple semi-independent associations at individual loci; such associations might arise either because of true allelic heterogeneity or because of imperfect tagging of an unobserved causal variant. This phenomenon is of great importance in monogenic traits but has not yet been systematically investigated and quantified in complex-trait genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Here, we describe a multi-SNP association method that estimates the effect of loci harboring multiple association signals by using GWAS summary statistics. Applying the method to a large anthropometric GWAS meta-analysis (from the Genetic Investigation of Anthropometric Traits consortium study), we show that for height, body mass index (BMI), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), 3%, 2%, and 1%, respectively, of additional phenotypic variance can be explained on top of the previously reported 10% (height), 1.5% (BMI), and 1% (WHR). The method also permitted a substantial increase (by up to 50%) in the number of loci that replicate in a discovery-validation design. Specifically, we identified 74 loci at which the multi-SNP, a linear combination of SNPs, explains significantly more variance than does the best individual SNP. A detailed analysis of multi-SNPs shows that most of the additional variability explained is derived from SNPs that are not in linkage disequilibrium with the lead SNP, suggesting a major contribution of allelic heterogeneity to the missing heritability.

Distribution de la fraction d'excrétion rénale du lithium et de l'acide urique dans l'étude de population Hercules

Problématique¦L'évaluation fonctionnelle du tubule proximal du rein est intéressante pour la compréhension de la physiopathologie des anomalies du transport du sodium à ce niveau du néphron. Ces anomalies participent au développement de l'hypertension artérielle (HTA) et de la sensibilité au sel. Environ 60% à 80% du sodium est réabsorbé proximalement dans le néphron. Chez l'animal, la fonction du tube proximal peut être estimée directement par microponction. Une telle approche directe n'étant pas possible chez l'homme, seul des approches indirectes permettent de recueillir des informations sur la physiologie de ce segment du néphron, comme par exemple par la mesure de la clairance du lithium (endogène ou exogène) ou de l'acide urique. La fraction d'excrétion du lithium (FELi) et la fraction d'excrétion de l'acide urique (FEAU) permettent d'estimer la réabsorption proximale de sodium chez l'homme. Plusieurs études expérimentales et cliniques ont montré l'existence d'une relation linéaire entre la FELi et la fraction excrétée du sodium (FENa) chez l'animal et l'homme.¦Objectif¦Décrire la distribution de la FELi et de la FEAU et analyser les associations de ces deux variables avec l'âge, le sexe, la consommation d'alcool, le tabagisme, la pression artérielle et l'IMC dans l'étude de population Hercules.¦Méthodes¦Sélection au hasard d'un sous-groupe de participants de l'étude CoLaus (N=6188). Nombre de participants à l'étude Hercules: 437, dont 229 femmes et 208 hommes. Les participants ont effectué une récolte d'urine sur 24 heures afin de déterminer la fonction rénale et les FELi et FEAU. Le TFG a été mesuré à l'aide de la clairance de la créatinine. Le test des rangs signés de Wilcoxon pour données appariées ( Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test) et le test de comparaison des médianes ont été utilisés pour la comparaison entre groupes. Le coefficient de corrélation de Spearman a été utilisé pour évaluer la relation entre les variables continues. Les box-plots ont été utilisés pour la description de la distribution du lithium et de l'acide urique selon l'âge, le sexe et la période de la journée. Le logiciel Stata 11.0 a été utilisé pour les analyses statistiques.¦Résultats¦La prévalence de l'HTA dans la population de l'étude Hercules était 33%, la prévalence du diabète était 8%, la prévalence de l'obésité était 15.3%, la prévalence du tabagisme était 23%. La FELi reste stable avec l'âge et est similaire dans les deux sexes. Chez les hommes, la FELi est plus grande la nuit que le jour, c'est-à-dire qu'ils résorbent plus de sodium proximalement le jour que la nuit. Un IMC plus grand est associé à une FELi plus basse dans les deux sexes. Il y a une corrélation négative entre la FEAU et l'IMC (significative) et la consommation d'alcool.¦Conclusion¦Les résultats obtenus avec les données de l'étude Hercules sont similaires à ceux qu'on retrouve dans la littérature sur la FELi et la FEAU , ce qui rassure sur la qualité des données. La FELi varie peu avec l'âge et le sexe, contrairement à la FEAU, qui varie fortement avec l'âge et le sexe. L'HTA, le diabète, l'obésité, le tabagisme et la consommation d'alcool sont associées à une FELi et FEAU plus basses. Les sujets qui présentent ces caractéristiques réabsorbent donc plus de sodium au niveau proximal.

Molar substitution and C2/C6 ratio of hydroxyethyl starch: influence of blood coagulation

Résumé Cette étude a démontré l'effet individuel sur la coagulation sanguine humaine des deux principales caractéristiques de la molécule d'hydroxyéthylamidon (HES) : la substitution molaire et le rapport C2/C6. L'analyse par thrombélastographe (TEG®) indique que la molécule de HES dont la substitution molaire est de 0.42 et le rapport C2/C6 de 2.7 a le moins d'effet sur la coagulation sanguine chez l'être humain. Objectifs de l'étude Le développement d'hydroxyéthylamidons (HES) qui ont à la fois peu d'impact sur la coagulation sanguine et une longue persistance intravasculaire est d'un grand intérêt clinique. Une précédente étude in vitro a démontré qu'une solution de HES de haut poids moléculaire et de bas degré de substitution molaire ne compromettait pas plus la coagulation sanguine qu'une solution HES de poids moléculaire moyen (1). La présente étude examine l'effet individuel de la substitution molaire et du rapport C2/C6 d'une solution de HES de haut poids moléculaire (700 kDa) sur la coagulation sanguine. Matériel et méthode Nous avons prélevé du sang chez 30 adultes en bonne santé; le sang a été mélangé avec 6 solutions de HES qui diffèrent par leur degré de substitution molaire (0.42 et 0.51) et leur rapport C2/C6 (2.7, 7 et 14) à trois degrés de dilution : 20%, 40% et 60%. Les échantillons ont ensuite été analysés par thrombélastographe. Les données ont été étudiées par analyse de variance à trois voies pour mesures répétées sur une voie (dilution). Résultats Plus la substitution molaire est élevée, plus la coagulation sanguine est compromise et ce concernant tous les paramètres du TEG® (tous les p sont < à 0.05). La solution HES avec le rapport C2/C6 le plus bas a l'effet le moins prononcé sur le temps r (p<0.001), l'angle α (p=0.003) et l'Index de Coagulation CI (p<0.001) ; on n'a pas observé d'effet sur le temps k (p=0.513) et l'amplitude maximale (p=0.699) concernant ce paramètre. Conclusion L'analyse par thrombélastographe révèle qu'une molécule de HES avec une substitution molaire de 0.42 et un rapport C2/C6 de 2.7 a un effet minimal sur la coagulation sanguine humaine in vitro.

Novel method to estimate the phenotypic variation explained by genome-wide association studies reveals large fraction of the missing heritability.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are conducted with the promise to discover novel genetic variants associated with diverse traits. For most traits, associated markers individually explain just a modest fraction of the phenotypic variation, but their number can well be in the hundreds. We developed a maximum likelihood method that allows us to infer the distribution of associated variants even when many of them were missed by chance. Compared to previous approaches, the novelty of our method is that it (a) does not require having an independent (unbiased) estimate of the effect sizes; (b) makes use of the complete distribution of P-values while allowing for the false discovery rate; (c) takes into account allelic heterogeneity and the SNP pruning strategy. We applied our method to the latest GWAS meta-analysis results of the GIANT consortium. It revealed that while the explained variance of genome-wide (GW) significant SNPs is around 1% for waist-hip ratio (WHR), the observed P-values provide evidence for the existence of variants explaining 10% (CI=[8.5-11.5%]) of the phenotypic variance in total. Similarly, the total explained variance likely to exist for height is estimated to be 29% (CI=[28-30%]), three times higher than what the observed GW significant SNPs give rise to. This methodology also enables us to predict the benefit of future GWA studies that aim to reveal more associated genetic markers via increased sample size.

Aqueous photocatalytic oxidation of steroid estrogens

Concerns have increased regarding the detection of endocrine-disrupting compounds in the effluents of sewage treatment plants (STPs). These compounds are able to disrupt normal function of the endocrine system of living organisms even at trace concentrations. Natural and synthetic steroid estrogens (SEs) are believed to be responsible for the majority of the endocrine-disrupting effects. Municipal sewage, the main source of SEs in the environment, is a complex mixture of a wide range of pollutants at concentrations much higher than those of SEs. Low concentrations of SEs in the presence of copollutants thus make their removal problematic. The main objectives of the present work were to study the potential of photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) to effectively treat SE-containing aqueous solutions and to identify the optimum conditions for such treatment. The results showed that SEs can be effectively degraded photocatalytically. Due to the adsorption properties of SEs on the TiO2 photocatalyst surface alkaline medium was found to be beneficial for SE oxidation despite the presence of co-pollutants in concentrations characteristic for the sanitary fraction of municipal sewage. The potential of PCO to selectively oxidise SEs was examined in the presence of copollutants of the sanitary fraction of sewage - urea, saccharose and human urine. The impact of ethanol, often used as a solvent in the preparation of SE stock solutions, was also studied and the results indicated the need to use organic solvent-free solutions for the study of SE behaviour. Photocatalytic oxidation of SEs appeared to be indifferent towards the presence of urea in concentrations commonly found in domestic sewage. The effect of other co-pollutants under consideration was far weaker than could be expected from their concentrations, which are from one hundred to a few thousands times higher than those of the SEs. Although higher concentrations can dramatically slow down the PCO of SEs, realistic concentrations of co-pollutants characteristic for the sanitary fraction of domestic sewage allowed selective removal of SEs. This indicates the potential of PCO to be a selective oxidation method for SE removal from the separate sanitary fraction of municipal sewage.

Nutritional potential of green banana flour obtained by drying in spouted bed

This study evaluated the chemical composition of peeled and unpeeled green banana Cavendish (AAA) flour obtained by drying in spouted bed, aiming at adding nutritional value to food products. The bananas were sliced and crushed to obtain a paste and fed to the spouted bed dryer (12 cm height and T = 80 ºC) in order to obtain flour. The flours obtained were subjected to analysis of moisture, protein, ash, carbohydrates, total starch, resistant starch, fiber. The green banana flours, mainly unpeeled, are good sources of fiber and resistant starch with an average of 21.91g/100g and 68.02g/100g respectively. The protein content was found in an average of 4.76g/100g, being classified as a low biological value protein with lysine as the first limiting amino acid. The results showed that unpeeled green banana flour obtained by spouted bed drying can be a valuable tool to add nutritional value to products in order to increase their non-digestible fraction.

Prosessimuuttujien vaikutus märän rainan irrotustapahtumaan

Työn tavoitteena oli selvittää rainan irrotukseen puristinosan keskitelalta vaikuttavat tärkeimmät tekijät. Työn avulla pyrittiin ymmärtämään tuotantokoneella esiintyvien prosessimuuttujien vaikutusta rainan irrotustapahtumaan ja puristin- ja kuivatusosan väliseen vetoerotarpeeseen. Samalla tutkittiin märkävetojen vaikutusta paperin laatuun ja fluting-käyttäytymiseen HSWO-painossa. Kirjallisuusosassa käsiteltiin märän rainan irrotuksen perusteoriaa sekä rainan ja telapinnan väliseen adheesioon vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Kirjallisuusviitteiden avulla koottiin yhteen tärkeimmät rainan irrotukseen ja keskitelan ajettavuuteen vaikuttavat tekijät. Kirjallisuuden antamien viitteiden perusteella valittiin seurattavat prosessimuuttujat kokeelliseen osaan. Työn kokeellinen osa suoritettiin tuotantokoneella prosessiseurantana. Irrotusta tutkittiin rainan irrotuskohdan muutosten ja puristin- ja kuivatusosan välisen vetoeron avulla. Seurannan perusteella pyrittiin löytämään normaalissa ajotilanteessa rainan irrotusetäisyyteen suurimmat vaihteluita aiheuttavat tekijät. Lisäksi suoritettiin muutamia koeajoja, joiden uskottiin vaikuttavan irrotukseen. Valikoiduista koepisteistä analysoitiin myös vaikutus paperin laatusuureisiin. Työn perusteella selvitettiin suurin osa kyseisellä koneella irrotukseen vaikuttavista muuttujista. Tutkituista viira- ja puristinosan mekaanisista muuttujista eniten irrotukseen vaikuttivat koneen nopeus ja suihkuviirasuhde. Myös viiraosan vedenpoistoelementeillä ja puristinosan höyrylaatikolla havaittiin olevan vaikutusta irrotukseen. Prosessiin lisätyistä raaka-aineista irrotukseen vaikuttivat eniten CTMP:n osuus tuoremassasta, kationinen retentioaine sekä massatärkkelys. Massojen jauhatuksella sekä pohjapaperin täyteainepitoisuudella oli myös selvä vaste irrotukseen. Prosessin kemiallista tilaa kuvaavista suureista irrotukseen vaikutti selvimmin massasysteemin varaustila. Puristin- ja kuivatusosan välisen vetoeron korvaaminen viira- ja puristinosan välisellä vetoerolla helpotti irrotusta keskitelalta, mutta ei tuonut etuja paperin laatuominaisuuksiin eikä vähentänyt fluting-käyttäytymistä.