Ernest Mercier, le pétrole et la France

Ernest Mercier est l’un des patrons les plus influents de l'entre-deux-guerres en France. Ses différentes activités industrielles l'ont conduit à siéger sur de vastes pans de l’économie française, notamment du secteur énergétique. La thèse retrace la carrière pétrolière d'un homme qui a joué un rôle central pour le développement d'une industrie devenue stratégique, mais qui est embryonnaire lorsqu'il rejoint ce secteur après la Première Guerre mondiale. Mercier assiste et assure la création d'une industrie pétrolière nationale. Les obstacles se font légion contre les ambitions pétrolières de la France. Elle se présente bien tard sur un marché étroitement contrôlé par de puissants trusts. La recherche et l'exploitation pétrolière demandent d'importantes ressources, et aucune société française n'a les moyens d'une politique indépendante. Certaines banques se lancent alors dans les affaires de pétrole en s'alliant aux grands trusts internationaux. C'est le cas de Paribas; la gestion de ses avoirs roumains représente la première expérience de Mercier dans ce secteur. L'État s'intéresse aussi au pétrole, il devient un acteur incontournable. Le gouvernement français n'a pourtant pas les moyens de ses ambitions dans le domaine pétrolier. La politique nationale mise en place durant l'entre-deux-guerres doit faire appel à l'épargne privée française. La création d'une compagnie nationale, la Compagnie française des pétroles, en 1924 regroupe ainsi les différentes banques et sociétés intéressées au pétrole. Mercier est personnellement choisi par le président Raymond Poincaré pour mener à bien cette mission. Cette carrière s'articule donc autour d'un fragile équilibre entre milieux privés et gouvernement. Mercier devient rapidement l'intermédiaire incontournable qui régit ces relations. La thèse s'appuie sur les archives bancaires et industrielles, mais aussi sur celles du gouvernement français et de ses différents ministères. Cette analyse de la carrière d'Ernest Mercier permet de retracer les origines du secteur pétrolier français et l'action déterminante d'un homme. Elle expose les mécanismes d'influence d'une puissante banque d'affaires et les conflits d'intérêts qu'engendre l'exploitation pétrolière.

The Amplifier - v. 11, no. 2

In this issue...Continental Oil Company, Big Butte, Bolivia, Rotary Scholarship, YMCA, Anaconda Company, Butte Wesley Foundation, American Yearbook Company

The Amplifier - v. 11, no. 7

In this issue...KXLF TV, Mine Rescue, Talent Show, Linda Plubell, Gulf Oil Company, Student Loans, Theta Tau, Alaska, Newman Club

The Amplifier - v. 15, no. 9

In this issue...Theta Tau, Continental Oil Company, International Club, Independent Party, Coed Housing, Pollution Control, KXLF TV, Athletic Department, Physical Education

The Amplifier - v. 15, no. 11

In this issue...Rotary Club, Petroleum Scholarship, Ossello's, Century Club, Lunch-In, Coach Stephens, Butte Civic Center, Continental Oil Company, Volunteer Military

The Amplifier - v. 17, no. 2

In this issue...Big Sky Resort, campus parking, Biology House, Cheerleaders, Silver bow County, Lewis and Clark, Yellowstone, Shell Oil Company, George Harrison

Percepción de los trabajadores acerca de la seguridad en el trabajo en una empresa del sector de gas natural en Casanare

Introducción: La percepción puede ser considerada principalmente como un grupo de procesos internos en las personas que genera en los observadores una representación mental del entorno. Percibir es adelantarse al suceso, a lo que puede llegar a suceder, determinando lo que puede ser un peligro a nuestra seguridad y salud. Objetivo: El presente estudio tiene como objetivo determinar la percepción de los trabajadores acerca de la seguridad en el trabajo en áreas de procesos automatizados y mecánicas en una empresa del sector de gas natural en el departamento de Casanare, Colombia 2016. Metodología: Se llevó a cabo un estudio de corte transversal en 50 trabajadores de una empresa del sector de gas natural en Casanare. Se uttilizó el Cuestionario nórdico NOSACQ-50-Spanish, instrumento validado para evaluar la percepción acerca de la seguridad y salud en el lugar de trabajo. Se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas, laborales y las relacionadas con la percepción de la seguridad en el lugar del trabajo. Para el análsiis estadistico se calcularon medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión. El estudio de la percepción de seguridad tuvo como puntos de corte: < 2,5 mala percepción y > 2,5 buena percepción. Se emplearon pruebas de asociación X2 o test exacto de Fisher (valores esperados <5) y medidas de asociación OR con sus intervalos de confianza del 95% y se usaron modelos de regresión lineal. Resultados: El total de trabajadores fue de 50 personas, el 76% correspondió al sexo masculino y la mayor distribución se presentó en áreas mecánicas con 52% frente al 48% que se encontró en áreas automatizadas. Se halló asociación estadísticamente significativa entre las variables sociodemográficas área/sexo (Pr = 0,016), indicando que a los trabajadores de sexo femenino se les ubican en el área mecánica mientras que los de sexo masculino, laboran en todas las áreas sin darle relevancia al género. También se encontró asociación con las variables área/año de nacimiento (Pr =0.022), indicando que en el área automatizada se dejan profesionales con promedio de edad de 32 años, por el tipo de requisitos en competencias que exigen para ejecutar las labores. Para las demás variables ocupacionales que evaluaron la percepción de seguridad frente al trabajo, no se encontró asociación significativa. Conclusión: Los resultados permiten realizar acciones en pro de mejorar la percepción de los trabajadores dentro de la organización. Se podrán desarrollar programas de seguridad y salud en el trabajo, que respondan de manera efectiva a los peligros laborales detectados.

A randomized controlled trial of tea tree oil (5%) body wash versus standard body wash to prevent colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in critically ill adults: research protocol

Background
Over the past ten years MRSA has become endemic in hospitals and is associated with increased healthcare costs. Critically ill patients are most at risk, in part because of the number of invasive therapies that they require in the intensive care unit (ICU). Washing with 5% tea tree oil (TTO) has been shown to be effective in removing MRSA on the skin. However, to date, no trials have evaluated the potential of TTO body wash to prevent MRSA colonization or infection. In addition, detecting MRSA by usual culture methods is slow. A faster method using a PCR assay has been developed in the laboratory, but requires evaluation in a large number of patients.

Methods/Design
This study protocol describes the design of a multicentre, phase II/III prospective open-label randomized controlled clinical trial to evaluate whether a concentration of 5% TTO is effective in preventing MRSA colonization in comparison with a standard body wash (Johnsons Baby Softwash) in the ICU. In addition we will evaluate the cost-effectiveness of TTO body wash and assess the effectiveness of the PCR assay in detecting MRSA in critically ill patients. On admission to intensive care, swabs from the nose and groin will be taken to screen for MRSA as per current practice. Patients will be randomly assigned to be washed with the standard body wash or TTO body wash. On discharge from the unit, swabs will be taken again to identify whether there is a difference in MRSA colonization between the two groups.

Discussion
If TTO body wash is found to be effective, widespread implementation of such a simple colonization prevention tool has the potential to impact on patient outcomes, healthcare resource use and patient confidence both nationally and internationally.

Trial Registration
[ISRCTN65190967]

Tea tree oil (5%) body wash versus standard care (Johnson's Baby Softwash) to prevent colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in critically ill adults::a randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the daily use of 5% tea tree oil (TTO) body wash (Novabac 5% Skin Wash) compared with standard care [Johnson's Baby Softwash (JBS)] had a lower incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization.

PATIENTS: The study setting was two intensive care units (ICUs; mixed medical, surgical and trauma) in Northern Ireland between October 2007 and July 2009. The study population comprised 391 patients who were randomized to JBS or TTO body wash.

METHODS: This was a Phase 2/3, prospective, open-label, randomized, controlled trial. Trial registration: ISRCTN65190967. The primary outcome was new MRSA colonization during ICU stay. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of MRSA bacteraemia and maximum increase in sequential organ failure assessment score.

RESULTS: A total of 445 patients were randomized to the study. After randomization, 54 patients were withdrawn; 30 because of a positive MRSA screen at study entry, 11 due to lack of consent, 11 were inappropriately randomized and 2 had adverse reactions. Thirty-nine (10%) patients developed new MRSA colonization (JBS n?=?22, 11.2%; TTO body wash n?=?17, 8.7%). The difference in percentage colonized (2.5%, 95% CI -?8.95 to 3.94; P?=?0.50) was not significant. The mean maximum increase in sequential organ failure assessment score was not significant (JBS 1.44, SD 1.92; TTO body wash 1.28, SD 1.79; P?=?0.85) and no study patients developed MRSA bacteraemia.

CONCLUSIONS: Compared with JBS, TTO body wash cannot be recommended as an effective means of reducing MRSA colonization.

Olive oil increases the number of triacylglycerol-rich chylomicron particles compared with other oils: an effect retained when a second standard meal is fed

Background: Compared with the postprandial events after a single meal, different events occur when a second meal is ingested 4–6 h after a first meal. There is a rapid appearance of chylomicrons in the circulation carrying fat ingested with the first meal, with a peak 1 h after the second meal. Objective: Our goal was to examine whether different dietary oils have effects on the storage of triacylglycerol as a result of differences in their digestion, absorption, and incorporation into chylomicrons. Design: A single-blind, randomized, within-subject crossover design was used to study the effects of palm oil, safflower oil, a mixture of fish and safflower oil, and olive oil on postprandial apolipoprotein (apo) B-48, retinyl ester, and triacylglycerol in the Sf > 400 fraction with the use of a sequential meal protocol. Results: For triacylglycerol, retinyl ester, and apo B-48, the time to reach peak concentration was significantly earlier after the second meal than after the first meal (P < 0.005). This was apparent with each of the dietary oils. The pattern of the apo B-48 response differed significantly among the dietary oils, with olive oil resulting in higher concentrations after both meals (P = 0.003). The ratio of triacylglycerol to apo B-48 was significantly lower after olive oil feeding than after feeding with the other oils (P = 0.02). Conclusions: The rapid entry of chylomicrons after the ingestion of a second meal 5 h after a first meal was seen with all of the oils investigated. The short-term ingestion of olive oil produced more chylomicrons than did the other dietary oils, which may have been due to differences in the metabolic handling of olive oil within the gut.

Managing non-standard international experience: evidence from a Finnish company

Purpose – This paper extends the increasing debates about the role of international experience through mechanisms other than standard expatriation packages, in particular through the use of short-term assignments. It explores the different forms of short-term assignments (project work, commuter assignments, virtual international working and development assignments) and the different sets of positive and negative implications these can have for the company and the individuals concerned. The integration-differentiation debate is reflected here as elsewhere in IHRM, with the company moving towards greater centralization and control of its use of these assignments. Design/methodology/approach – Since the research is exploratory, we adopted a qualitative approach to get a more in-depth understanding on the realities the corporations and the assignees are facing. The study was implemented through a single case study setting in which the data were collected by interviewing (n=20) line managers, human resource management (HRM) staff and assignees themselves. In addition corporate documentation and other materials were reviewed. Findings – The present case study provides evidence about the characteristics of short-term assignments as well as the on the management of such assignments. The paper identifies various benefits and challenges involved in the use of short-term assignments both from the perspectives of the company and assignees. Furthermore, the findings support the view that a recent increase in the popularity of short-term assignments has not been matched by the development of HRM policies for such assignments. Research limitations/implications – As a single case study, limitations in the generalizability of the findings should be kept in mind. More large-scale research evidence is needed around different forms of international assignments beyond standard expatriation in order to fully capture the realities faced by international HRM specialists Practical implications – The paper identifies many challenges but also benefits of using short-term assignments. The paper reports in-depth findings on HR development needs that organizations face when expanding the use of such assignments. Social implications – The paper identifies many challenges but also benefits of using short-term assignments. The paper reports in-depth findings on HR development needs that organizations face when expanding the use of such assignments. Originality/value – Empirical research on short-term assignments is still very limited. In that way the paper provides much needed in-depth evidence on why such assignments are used, what challenges are involved in the use of such assignments and what kinds of HR-development needs are involved.

Merry Company

Isaac Elias; 1 ft. 6 35/64 in.x 2 ft. 7/8 in.; oil on panel

Merry Company

Isaac Elias; oil on panel

Company of Captain Albert Bas and Lieutenant Lucan Conjin

Govert Flinck; 11 ft. 4 39/64 in.x 8 ft. 1/16 in.; oil on canvas