Effect of Silver Nanoparticles in a Hydroxyapatite Coating applied by Atmospheric Plasma Spray

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Development of a peptide ELISA for the diagnosis of Equine arteritis virus

A peptide-based indirect ELISA was developed to detect antibodies against Equine arteritis virus (EAV). Two peptides for epitope C of protein GP5 and fragment E of protein M were designed, synthesized, purified and used as antigens either alone or combined. Ninety-two serum samples obtained from the 2010 Equine viral arteritis outbreak, analyzed previously by virus neutralization, were evaluated by the ELISA here developed. The best resolution was obtained using peptide GP5. The analysis of the inter- and intraplate variability showed that the assay was robust. The results allow concluding that this peptide-based ELISA is a good alternative to the OIE-prescribed virus neutralization test because it can be standardized between laboratories, can serve as rapid screening, can improve the speed of diagnosis of EAV-negative horses and can be particularly useful for routine surveillance in large populations. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ocorrência da raiva e de anticorpos antirrábicos em morcegos do noroeste de São Paulo

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

In vivo assessment of genotoxic, antigenotoxic and anticarcinogenic activities of Solanum lycocarpum fruits glycoalkaloidic extract

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Administração de maltodextrina em cavalos submetidos a teste de exercício progressivo e a exercícios sequenciais de alta intensidade e curta duração em esteira

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Caracterização da fauna de morcegos (Mammalia, Chiroptera) e ocorrência de vírus rábico na região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effects of primovaccination and booster vaccination on serum cortisol and humoral immune response in cattle

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of one or two doses of the anti-rabies vaccination on the serum concentration of cortisol and the humoral immune response in cattle as well as the correlation between serum cortisol concentrations and the titers of rabies-neutralizing antibodies. Nelore cattle were randomly assigned to one of three groups, which were vaccinated with one dose of rabies vaccine (group GVSR, N = 15), two doses of rabies vaccine (group GVR, N = 15) or were not vaccinated (group Gc, N = 15). A commercial liquid inactivated rabies vaccine was used. The stressors imposed on the cattle were vaccination, corral handling and the presence of people. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 30 and 60 post-vaccination. Serum cortisol concentrations were determined using a solid-phase radioimmunoassay, and rabies antibody titers were determined using a serum neutralization test with BHK21 cells (RFFIT). Both serum cortisol concentrations and antibody titers increased after the second (booster) vaccination (P < 0.05). In all the groups, the serum cortisol concentrations increased after the cattle were handled in the corral (P < 0.05). No correlation was observed between the serum cortisol concentrations and the antibody titers with any treatment or on any observation day. In conclusion, booster vaccination is indispensable for primovaccinated cattle in achieving high and protective levels of rabies antibodies. Although booster vaccination and frequent cattle handling in corrals are stressors, the response is not strong enough to cause immunosuppression in cattle.

Rates of Change in the Visual Field and Optic Disc in Patients with Distinct Patterns of Glaucomatous Optic Disc Damage

Purpose: To investigate the rate of visual field and optic disc change in patients with distinct patterns of glaucomatous optic disc damage. Design: Prospective longitudinal study. Participants: A total of 131 patients with open-angle glaucoma with focal (n = 45), diffuse (n = 42), and sclerotic (n = 44) optic disc damage. Methods: Patients were examined every 4 months with standard automated perimetry (SAP, SITA Standard, 24-2 test, Humphrey Field Analyzer, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) and confocal scanning laser tomography (CSLT, Heidelberg Retina Tomograph, Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany) for a period of 4 years. During this time, patients were treated according to a predefined protocol to achieve a target intraocular pressure (IOP). Rates of change were estimated by robust linear regression of visual field mean deviation (MD) and global optic disc neuroretinal rim area with follow-up time. Main Outcome Measures: Rates of change in MD and rim area. Results: Rates of visual field change in patients with focal optic disc damage (mean -0.34, standard deviation [SD] 0.69 dB/year) were faster than in patients with sclerotic (mean - 0.14, SD 0.77 dB/year) and diffuse (mean + 0.01, SD 0.37 dB/year) optic disc damage (P = 0.003, Kruskal-Wallis). Rates of optic disc change in patients with focal optic disc damage (mean - 11.70, SD 25.5 x 10(-3) mm(2)/year) were faster than in patients with diffuse (mean -9.16, SD 14.9 x 10(-3) mm(2)/year) and sclerotic (mean -0.45, SD 20.6 x 10(-3) mm(2)/year) optic disc damage, although the differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.11). Absolute IOP reduction from untreated levels was similar among the groups (P = 0.59). Conclusions: Patients with focal optic disc damage had faster rates of visual field change and a tendency toward faster rates of optic disc deterioration when compared with patients with diffuse and sclerotic optic disc damage, despite similar IOP reductions during follow-up. Financial Disclosure(s): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references. Ophthalmology 2012; 119: 294-303 (C) 2012 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.

Molecular epidemiology of animal rabies in the semiarid region of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil

In the semiarid of the state of Paraíba, the anti-rabies vaccination is not common, most of the local inhabitants who deal with the animals do not know the incidence of the disease in the region. In this study, samples of foxes (Pseudalopex vetulus), insectivorous bats (Molossus molossus), raccoons (Procyon cancrivorous) and domestic animals brains were submitted to the diagnosis of rabies, by using the direct fluorescent antibody technique (d-FAT) and mouse inoculation test (MIT). Of the 581 examined materials, 50 (8.60 %) were positive for d-FAT and 47 (8.09 %) for MIT. From the positive samples for rabies, RNAs were extracted and transformed to cDNA, at the Laboratory of Rabies/Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia/USP, SP. The phylogenetic characterization of the N gene was performed at the Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Universidade Nihon, Faculdade de Ciências Bioresource, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japão. Based on the results of genotyping and phylogenetic analyzes, it is concluded that the epidemiology of rabies is complex in the semiarid of Paraíba, with different viral variants being maintained in domestic dogs, foxes, insectivorous bats and vampire bats. All the isolates examined belong to the genotype I of the genus Lyssavirus and it is possible to state that in the region, foxes are important sylvatic reservoirs of the rabies virus.

Valutazione della persistenza in trattamento antiipertensivo: un’analisi multilivello paziente-medico attraverso modelli con effetti casuali

Introduzione L’importanza clinica, sociale ed economica del trattamento dell’ipertensione arteriosa richiede la messa in opera di strumenti di monitoraggio dell’uso dei farmaci antiipertensivi che consentano di verificare la trasferibilità alla pratica clinica dei dati ottenuti nelle sperimentazioni. L’attuazione di una adatta strategia terapeutica non è un fenomeno semplice da realizzare perché le condizioni in cui opera il Medico di Medicina Generale sono profondamente differenti da quelle che si predispongono nell’esecuzione degli studi randomizzati e controllati. Emerge, pertanto, la necessità di conoscere le modalità con cui le evidenze scientifiche trovano reale applicazione nella pratica clinica routinaria, identificando quei fattori di disturbo che, nei contesti reali, limitano l’efficacia e l’appropriatezza clinica. Nell’ambito della terapia farmacologica antiipertensiva, uno di questi fattori di disturbo è costituito dalla ridotta aderenza al trattamento. Su questo tema, recenti studi osservazionali hanno individuato le caratteristiche del paziente associate a bassi livelli di compliance; altri hanno focalizzato l’attenzione sulle caratteristiche del medico e sulla sua capacità di comunicare ai propri assistiti l’importanza del trattamento farmacologico. Dalle attuali evidenze scientifiche, tuttavia, non emerge con chiarezza il peso relativo dei due diversi attori, paziente e medico, nel determinare i livelli di compliance nel trattamento delle patologie croniche. Obiettivi Gli obiettivi principali di questo lavoro sono: 1) valutare quanta parte della variabilità totale è attribuibile al livello-paziente e quanta parte della variabilità è attribuibile al livello-medico; 2) spiegare la variabilità totale in funzione delle caratteristiche del paziente e in funzione delle caratteristiche del medico. Materiale e metodi Un gruppo di Medici di Medicina Generale che dipendono dall’Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale di Ravenna si è volontariamente proposto di partecipare allo studio. Sono stati arruolati tutti i pazienti che presentavano almeno una misurazione di pressione arteriosa nel periodo compreso fra il 01/01/1997 e il 31/12/2002. A partire dalla prima prescrizione di farmaci antiipertensivi successiva o coincidente alla data di arruolamento, gli assistiti sono stati osservati per 365 giorni al fine di misurare la persistenza in trattamento. La durata del trattamento antiipertensivo è stata calcolata come segue: giorni intercorsi tra la prima e l’ultima prescrizione + proiezione, stimata sulla base delle Dosi Definite Giornaliere, dell’ultima prescrizione. Sono stati definiti persistenti i soggetti che presentavano una durata del trattamento maggiore di 273 giorni. Analisi statistica I dati utilizzati per questo lavoro presentano una struttura gerarchica nella quale i pazienti risultano “annidati” all’interno dei propri Medici di Medicina Generale. In questo contesto, le osservazioni individuali non sono del tutto indipendenti poiché i pazienti iscritti allo stesso Medico di Medicina Generale tenderanno ad essere tra loro simili a causa della “storia comune” che condividono. I test statistici tradizionali sono fortemente basati sull’assunto di indipendenza tra le osservazioni. Se questa ipotesi risulta violata, le stime degli errori standard prodotte dai test statistici convenzionali sono troppo piccole e, di conseguenza, i risultati che si ottengono appaiono “impropriamente” significativi. Al fine di gestire la non indipendenza delle osservazioni, valutare simultaneamente variabili che “provengono” da diversi livelli della gerarchia e al fine di stimare le componenti della varianza per i due livelli del sistema, la persistenza in trattamento antiipertensivo è stata analizzata attraverso modelli lineari generalizzati multilivello e attraverso modelli per l’analisi della sopravvivenza con effetti casuali (shared frailties model). Discussione dei risultati I risultati di questo studio mostrano che il 19% dei trattati con antiipertensivi ha interrotto la terapia farmacologica durante i 365 giorni di follow-up. Nei nuovi trattati, la percentuale di interruzione terapeutica ammontava al 28%. Le caratteristiche-paziente individuate dall’analisi multilivello indicano come la probabilità di interrompere il trattamento sia più elevata nei soggetti che presentano una situazione clinica generale migliore (giovane età, assenza di trattamenti concomitanti, bassi livelli di pressione arteriosa diastolica). Questi soggetti, oltre a non essere abituati ad assumere altre terapie croniche, percepiscono in minor misura i potenziali benefici del trattamento antiipertensivo e tenderanno a interrompere la terapia farmacologica alla comparsa dei primi effetti collaterali. Il modello ha inoltre evidenziato come i nuovi trattati presentino una più elevata probabilità di interruzione terapeutica, verosimilmente spiegata dalla difficoltà di abituarsi all’assunzione cronica del farmaco in una fase di assestamento della terapia in cui i principi attivi di prima scelta potrebbero non adattarsi pienamente, in termini di tollerabilità, alle caratteristiche del paziente. Anche la classe di farmaco di prima scelta riveste un ruolo essenziale nella determinazione dei livelli di compliance. Il fenomeno è probabilmente legato ai diversi profili di tollerabilità delle numerose alternative terapeutiche. L’appropriato riconoscimento dei predittori-paziente di discontinuità (risk profiling) e la loro valutazione globale nella pratica clinica quotidiana potrebbe contribuire a migliorare il rapporto medico-paziente e incrementare i livelli di compliance al trattamento. L’analisi delle componenti della varianza ha evidenziato come il 18% della variabilità nella persistenza in trattamento antiipertensivo sia attribuibile al livello Medico di Medicina Generale. Controllando per le differenze demografiche e cliniche tra gli assistiti dei diversi medici, la quota di variabilità attribuibile al livello medico risultava pari al 13%. La capacità empatica dei prescrittori nel comunicare ai propri pazienti l’importanza della terapia farmacologica riveste un ruolo importante nel determinare i livelli di compliance al trattamento. La crescente presenza, nella formazione dei medici, di corsi di carattere psicologico finalizzati a migliorare il rapporto medico-paziente potrebbe, inoltre, spiegare la relazione inversa, particolarmente evidente nella sottoanalisi effettuata sui nuovi trattati, tra età del medico e persistenza in trattamento. La proporzione non trascurabile di variabilità spiegata dalla struttura in gruppi degli assistiti evidenzia l’opportunità e la necessità di investire nella formazione dei Medici di Medicina Generale con l’obiettivo di sensibilizzare ed “educare” i medici alla motivazione ma anche al monitoraggio dei soggetti trattati, alla sistematica valutazione in pratica clinica dei predittori-paziente di discontinuità e a un appropriato utilizzo della classe di farmaco di prima scelta. Limiti dello studio Uno dei possibili limiti di questo studio risiede nella ridotta rappresentatività del campione di medici (la partecipazione al progetto era su base volontaria) e di pazienti (la presenza di almeno una misurazione di pressione arteriosa, dettata dai criteri di arruolamento, potrebbe aver distorto il campione analizzato, selezionando i pazienti che si recano dal proprio medico con maggior frequenza). Questo potrebbe spiegare la minore incidenza di interruzioni terapeutiche rispetto a studi condotti, nella stessa area geografica, mediante database amministrativi di popolazione. Conclusioni L’analisi dei dati contenuti nei database della medicina generale ha consentito di valutare l’impiego dei farmaci antiipertensivi nella pratica clinica e di stabilire la necessità di porre una maggiore attenzione nella pianificazione e nell’ottenimento dell’obiettivo che il trattamento si prefigge. Alla luce dei risultati emersi da questa valutazione, sarebbe di grande utilità la conduzione di ulteriori studi osservazionali volti a sostenere il progressivo miglioramento della gestione e del trattamento dei pazienti a rischio cardiovascolare nell’ambito della medicina generale.

Growth hormone (GH) deficiency type II: a novel GH-1 gene mutation (GH-R178H) affecting secretion and action

Context and Objective: Main features of the autosomal dominant form of GH deficiency (IGHD II) include markedly reduced secretion of GH combined with low concentrations of IGF-I leading to short stature. Design, Setting, and Patients: A female patient presented with short stature (height -6.0 sd score) and a delayed bone age of 2 yr at the chronological age of 5 yr. Later, at the age of 9 yr, GHD was confirmed by standard GH provocation test, which revealed subnormal concentrations of GH and a very low IGF-I. Genetic analysis of the GH-1 gene revealed the presence of a heterozygous R178H mutation. Interventions and Results: AtT-20 cells coexpressing both wt-GH and GH-R178H showed a reduced GH secretion after forskolin stimulation compared with the cells expressing only wt-GH, supporting the diagnosis of IGHD II. Because reduced GH concentrations found in the circulation of our untreated patient could not totally explain her severe short stature, functional characterization of the GH-R178H performed by studies of GH receptor binding and activation of the Janus kinase-2/signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 pathway revealed a reduced binding affinity of GH-R178H for GH receptor and signaling compared with the wt-GH. Conclusion: This is the first report of a patient suffering from short stature caused by a GH-1 gene alteration affecting not only GH secretion (IGHD II) but also GH binding and signaling, highlighting the necessity of functional analysis of any GH variant, even in the alleged situation of IGHD II.

You Can't Touch This: Touch-free Navigation Through Radiological Images

Keyboards, mice, and touch screens are a potential source of infection or contamination in operating rooms, intensive care units, and autopsy suites. The authors present a low-cost prototype of a system, which allows for touch-free control of a medical image viewer. This touch-free navigation system consists of a computer system (IMac, OS X 10.6 Apple, USA) with a medical image viewer (OsiriX, OsiriX foundation, Switzerland) and a depth camera (Kinect, Microsoft, USA). They implemented software that translates the data delivered by the camera and a voice recognition software into keyboard and mouse commands, which are then passed to OsiriX. In this feasibility study, the authors introduced 10 medical professionals to the system and asked them to re-create 12 images from a CT data set. They evaluated response times and usability of the system compared with standard mouse/keyboard control. Users felt comfortable with the system after approximately 10 minutes. Response time was 120 ms. Users required 1.4 times more time to re-create an image with gesture control. Users with OsiriX experience were significantly faster using the mouse/keyboard and faster than users without prior experience. They rated the system 3.4 out of 5 for ease of use in comparison to the mouse/keyboard. The touch-free, gesture-controlled system performs favorably and removes a potential vector for infection, protecting both patients and staff. Because the camera can be quickly and easily integrated into existing systems, requires no calibration, and is low cost, the barriers to using this technology are low.

Epidemiological study of pestiviruses in South American camelids in Switzerland

BACKGROUND: In the context of the ongoing eradication campaign for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in cattle in Switzerland, the role of South American camelids (SAC) as a possible virus reservoir needed to be evaluated. OBJECTIVE: To assess and characterize the prevalence of pestivirus infections in SAC in Switzerland. ANIMALS: Serum samples collected from 348 animals (40 herds) in 2008 and from 248 animals (39 herds) in 2000 were examined for antibodies against pestiviruses and for the presence of BVDV viral RNA. METHODS: Cross-sectional study using stratified, representative herd sampling. An indirect BVDV-ELISA was used to analyze serum samples for pestivirus antibodies, and positive samples underwent a serum neutralization test (SNT). Real-time RT-PCR to detect pestiviral RNA was carried out in all animals from herds with at least 1 seropositive animal. RESULTS: In 2008, the overall prevalence of animals positive for antibodies (ELISA) and pestiviral RNA or was 5.75 and 0%, respectively. In 2000, the corresponding prevalences were 3.63 and 0%, respectively. The seroprevalences (SNT) for BVDV, border disease virus or undetermined pestiviruses were estimated to be 0, 1.73, and 4.02% in 2008, and 0.40, 1.21, and 2.02% in 2000, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: At the present time, SAC appear to represent a negligible risk of re-infection for the BVDV eradication program in cattle in Switzerland.

Humoral response to 2 inactivated bluetongue virus serotype-8 vaccines in South American camelids

BACKGROUND: Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) has caused disease in domestic ruminants in several countries of northern Europe since 2006. In 2008 a mass-vaccination program was launched in most affected countries using whole virus inactivated vaccines. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate 2 inactivated vaccines (Bovilis BTV 8; BTVPUR AlSap8) for immunogenicity and safety against BTV-8 in South American camelids (SAC) in a field trial. ANIMALS: Forty-two SAC (25 Alpacas, 17 Llamas) aged between 1 and 16 years. METHODS: The animals were vaccinated twice at intervals of 21 days. They were observed clinically for adverse local, systemic, or both reactions throughout the trial. Blood samples collected on days 0, 14, 21, 43, and 156 after vaccination were tested for the presence of BTV-8 virus by real time-polymerase chain reaction and of specific antibodies by competitive ELISA and a serum neutralization test. RESULTS: All vaccinated animals developed antibodies to BTV-8 after the 2nd administration of the vaccine. No adverse effects were observed except for moderate local swellings at the injection site, which disappeared within 21 days. Slightly increased body temperatures were only observed in the first 2 days after vaccination. The BTV was not detected in any of the samples analyzed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The administration of the 2 inactivated commercial vaccines was safe and induced seroconversion against BTV-8 in all vaccinated animals. The results of this study suggest that 2 doses injected 3 weeks apart is a suitable vaccination regimen for SAC.

Enhanced bone apposition around biofunctionalized sandblasted and acid-etched titanium implant surfaces. A histomorphometric study in miniature pigs

Microrough titanium (Ti) surfaces of dental implants have demonstrated more rapid and greater bone apposition when compared with machined Ti surfaces. However, further enhancement of osteoblastic activity and bone apposition by bio-functionalizing the implant surface with a monomolecular adsorbed layer of a co-polymer - i.e., poly(L-lysine)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLL-g-PEG) and its derivatives (PLL-g-PEG/PEG-peptide) - has never been investigated. The aim of the present study was to examine early bone apposition to a modified sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) surface coated with an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-peptide-modified polymer (PLL-g-PEG/PEG-RGD) in the maxillae of miniature pigs, and to compare it with the standard SLA surface. Test and control implants had the same microrough topography (SLA), but differed in their surface chemistry (polymer coatings). The following surfaces were examined histomorphometrically: (i) control - SLA without coating; (ii) (PLL-g-PEG); (iii) (PLL-g-PEG/PEG-RDG) (RDG, Arg-Asp-Gly); and (iv) (PLL-g-PEG/PEG-RGD). At 2 weeks, RGD-coated implants demonstrated significantly higher percentages of bone-to-implant contact as compared with controls (61.68% vs. 43.62%; P < 0.001). It can be concluded that the (PLL-g-PEG/PEG-RGD) coatings may promote enhanced bone apposition during the early stages of bone regeneration.