Neural network based approach to standard cell placement

We propose a novel algorithm for placement of standard cells in VLSI circuits based on an analogy of this problem with neural networks. By employing some of the organising principles of these nets, we have attempted to improve the behaviour of the bipartitioning method as proposed by Kernighan and Lin. Our algorithm yields better quality placements compared with the above method, and also makes the final placement independent of the initial partition.

United We Stand - Divided We Fall : A Standard Model of Unit Cohesion

Research on unit cohesion has shown positive correlations between cohesion and valued outcomes such as strong performance, reduced stress, less indiscipline, and high re-enlistment intentions. However, the correlations have varied in strength and significance. The purpose of this study is to show that taking into consideration the multi-component nature of cohesion and relating the most applicable components to specific outcomes could resolve much of the inconsistency. Unit cohesion is understood as a process of social integration among members of a primary group with its leaders, and with the larger secondary groups of which they are a part. Correspondingly, included in the framework are four bonding components: horizontal (peer) and vertical (subordinate and leader) and organizational and institutional, respectively. The data were collected as part of a larger research project on cohesion, leadership, and personal adjustment to the military. In all, 1,534 conscripts responded to four questionnaires during their service in 2001-2002. In addition, sociometric questionnaires were given to 537 group members in 47 squads toward the end of their service. The results showed that platoons with strong primary-group cohesion differed from other platoons in terms of performance, training quality, secondary-group experiences, and attitudes toward refresher training. On the sociometric level it was found that soldiers who were chosen as friends by others were more likely to have higher expected performance, better performance ratings, more positive attitudes toward military service, higher levels of well-being during conscript service, and fewer exemptions from duty during it. On the group level, the selection of the respondents own group leader rather than naming a leader from outside (i.e., leader bonding) had a bearing not only on cohesion and performance, but also on the social, attitudinal, and behavioral criteria. Overall, the aim of the study was to contribute to the research on cohesion by introducing a model that takes into account the primary foci of bonding and their impact. The results imply that primary-group and secondary-group bonding processes are equally influential in explaining individual and group performance, whereas the secondary-group bonding components are far superior in explaining career intentions, personal growth, avoidance of duty, and attitudes toward refresher training and national defense. This should be considered in the planning and conducting of training. The main conclusion is that the different types of cohesion components have a unique, positive, significant, but varying impact on a wide range of criteria, confirming the need to match the components with the specific criteria.

Standard Gibbs' energies of formation of BaCuO2, Y2Cu2O5 and Y2BaCuO5

The Gibbs' energies of formation of BaCuO2, Y2Cu2O5 and Y2BaCuO5 from component oxides have been measured using solid state galvanic cells incorporating CaF2 as the solid electrolyte under pure oxygen at a pressure of 1.01 x 10(5) Pa Because the superconducting compound YBa2Cu3O7-delta coexists with any two of the phases CuO, BaCuO2 and Y2BaCuO5, the data on BaCuO2 and Y2BaCuO5 obtained in this study provide the basis for the evaluation of the Gibbs' energy of formation of the 1-2-3 compound at high temperatures.

A standard reference frame for the description of Nucleic Acid Base-Pair Geometry

A common point of reference is needed to describe the three-dimensional arrangements of bases and base-pairs in nucleic acid structures. The different standards used in computer programs created for this purpose give rise to con¯icting interpretations of the same structure.1 For example, parts of a structure that appear ``normal'' according to one computational scheme may be highly unusual according to another and vice versa. It is thus dif®cult to carry out comprehensive comparisons of nucleic acid structures and to pinpoint unique conformational features in individual structures

A critical assessment of the standard molar gibbs free energy of formation of NiWO4

Three independent studies have been reported on the free energy of formation of NiWO4. Results of these measurements are analyzed by the �third-law� method, using thermal functions for NiWO4 derived from both low and high temperature heat capacity measurements. Values for the standard molar enthalpy of formation of NiWO4 at 298·15 K obtained from �third-law� analysis are compared with direct calorimetric determinations. Only one set of free energy measurements is found to be compatible with calorimetric enthalpies of formation. The selected value for ?f H m 0 (NiWO4, cr, 298·15 K) is the average of the three calorimetric measurements, using both high temperature solution and combustion techniques, and the compatible free energy determination. A new set of evaluated data for NiWO4 is presented.

Standard Gibbs energy of formation of Pb2Ru2O6.5

Lead ruthenate is used as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for both oxygen evolution and reduction and as a conducting component in thick-film resistors. It also has potential applications in supercapacitors and solid oxide fuel cells. However, thermodynamic properties of the compound have not been reported in the literature. The standard Gibbs energy of formation has now been determined in the temperature range from 873 to 1123 K using a solid-state cell incorporating yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) as the electrolyte, a mixture of PbO + Pb2Ru2O6.5 + Ru as the measuring electrode, and Ru + RuO2 as the reference. The design of the measuring electrode is based on a study of phase relations in the ternary system Pb–Ru–O at 1123 K. For the reaction,S0884291400095625_eqnU1 the standard enthalpy of formation and standard entropy at 298.15 K are estimated from the high-temperature measurements. An oxygen potential diagram for the system Pb–Ru–O is composed based on data obtained in this study and auxiliary information from the literature

Voltage and Temperature Scalable Standard Cell Leakage Models Based on Stacks for Statistical Leakage Characterization

With extensive use of dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) there is increasing need for voltage scalable models. Similarly, leakage being very sensitive to temperature motivates the need for a temperature scalable model as well. We characterize standard cell libraries for statistical leakage analysis based on models for transistor stacks. Modeling stacks has the advantage of using a single model across many gates there by reducing the number of models that need to be characterized. Our experiments on 15 different gates show that we needed only 23 models to predict the leakage across 126 input vector combinations. We investigate the use of neural networks for the combined PVT model, for the stacks, which can capture the effect of inter die, intra gate variations, supply voltage(0.6-1.2 V) and temperature (0 - 100degC) on leakage. Results show that neural network based stack models can predict the PDF of leakage current across supply voltage and temperature accurately with the average error in mean being less than 2% and that in standard deviation being less than 5% across a range of voltage, temperature.

The standard molar Gibbs energy of formation of YbPt3 and LuPt3 intermetallics

The standard molar Gibbs energies of formation of YbPt3 and LuPt3 intermetallic compounds have been measured in the temperature range 880 K to 1100 K using the solid-state cells:View the MathML source and View the MathML source The trifluoride of Yb is not stable in equilibrium with Yb or YbPt3. The results can be expressed by the equations: View the MathML source View the MathML source The standard molar Gibbs energy of formation of LuPt3 is −41.1 kJ · mol−1 more negative than that for YbPt3 at 1000 K. Ytterbium is divalent in the pure metal and trivalent in the intermetallic YbPt3. The energy required for the promotion of divalent Yb to the trivalent state is responsible for the less negative ΔfGmo of YbPt3. The enthalpies of formation of the two intermetallics are in reasonable agreement with Miedema's model. Because of the extraordinary stability of these compounds it is possible to reduce oxides of Yb and Lu with hydrogen in the presence of platinum at View the MathML source. The equilibrium chemical potential of oxygen corresponding to the reduction of Yb2O3 and Lu2O3 by hydrogen in the presence of platinum is presented in the form of an Ellingham diagram.

The standard enthalpy and entropy of formation of Rh2O3 - A third-law optimization

The standard Gibbs energy of formation of Rh203 at high temperature has been determined recently with high precision. The new data are significantly different from those given in thermodynamic compilations.Accurate values for enthalpy and entropy of formation at 298.15 K could not be evaluated from the new data,because reliable values for heat capacity of Rh2O3 were not available. In this article, a new measurement of the high temperature heat capacity of Rh2O3 using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is presented.The new values for heat capacity also differ significantly from those given in compilations. The information on heat capacity is coupled with standard Gibbs energy of formation to evaluate values for standard enthalpy and entropy of formation at 289.15 K using a multivariate analysis. The results suggest a major revision in thermodynamic data for Rh2O3. For example, it is recommended that the standard entropy of Rh203 at 298.15 K be changed from 106.27 J mol-' K-'given in the compilations of Barin and Knacke et al. to 75.69 J mol-' K". The recommended revision in the standard enthalpy of formation is from -355.64 kJ mol-'to -405.53 kJ mol".