The association of education with body mass index and waist circumference in the EPIC-PANACEA study

Background To examine the association of education with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Method This study included 141,230 male and 336,637 female EPIC-participants, who were recruited between 1992 and 2000. Education, which was assessed by questionnaire, was classified into four categories; BMI and WC, measured by trained personnel in most participating centers, were modeled as continuous dependent variables. Associations were estimated using multilevel mixed effects linear regression models. Results Compared with the lowest education level, BMI and WC were significantly lower for all three higher education categories, which was consistent for all countries. Women with university degree had a 2.1 kg/m2 lower BMI compared with women with lowest education level. For men, a statistically significant, but less pronounced difference was observed (1.3 kg/m2). The association between WC and education level was also of greater magnitude for women: compared with the lowest education level, average WC of women was lower by 5.2 cm for women in the highest category. For men the difference was 2.9 cm. Conclusion In this European cohort, there is an inverse association between higher BMI as well as higher WC and lower education level. Public Health Programs that aim to reduce overweight and obesity should primarily focus on the lower educated population.

Determinants of non- response to a second assessment of lifestyle factors and body weight in the EPIC-PANACEA study.

BACKGROUND This paper discusses whether baseline demographic, socio-economic, health variables, length of follow-up and method of contacting the participants predict non-response to the invitation for a second assessment of lifestyle factors and body weight in the European multi-center EPIC-PANACEA study. METHODS Over 500.000 participants from several centers in ten European countries recruited between 1992 and 2000 were contacted 2-11 years later to update data on lifestyle and body weight. Length of follow-up as well as the method of approaching differed between the collaborating study centers. Non-responders were compared with responders using multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Overall response for the second assessment was high (81.6%). Compared to postal surveys, centers where the participants completed the questionnaire by phone attained a higher response. Response was also high in centers with a short follow-up period. Non-response was higher in participants who were male (odds ratio 1.09 (confidence interval 1.07; 1.11), aged under 40 years (1.96 (1.90; 2.02), living alone (1.40 (1.37; 1.43), less educated (1.35 (1.12; 1.19), of poorer health (1.33 (1.27; 1.39), reporting an unhealthy lifestyle and who had either a low (<18.5 kg/m2, 1.16 (1.09; 1.23)) or a high BMI (>25, 1.08 (1.06; 1.10); especially ≥30 kg/m2, 1.26 (1.23; 1.29)). CONCLUSIONS Cohort studies may enhance cohort maintenance by paying particular attention to the subgroups that are most unlikely to respond and by an active recruitment strategy using telephone interviews.

Susceptibility and resistance to deltamethrin of wild and domestic populations of Triatoma infestans (Reduviidae: Triatominae) in Bolivia: new discoveries

Bolivia is a high-endemic country for Chagas disease, for which the principal vector is Triatoma infestans (Triatominae). This is a mainly domestic species that is also found in the wild environment. Recently, an increasing number of studies have shown the importance of Triatominae resistance to insecticides, especially in Bolivia. Data regarding the susceptibility/resistance of wild and domestic populations of T. infestans to deltamethrin are presented. For the first time, domestic populations of the department of Santa Cruz were tested, showing low resistance. Although most of the wild populations were found to be susceptible to deltamethrin, three populations from three departments showed a mortality rate of less than 100%. This result is emphasised here.

Meat consumption and mortality - results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.

BACKGROUND Recently, some US cohorts have shown a moderate association between red and processed meat consumption and mortality supporting the results of previous studies among vegetarians. The aim of this study was to examine the association of red meat, processed meat, and poultry consumption with the risk of early death in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). METHODS Included in the analysis were 448,568 men and women without prevalent cancer, stroke, or myocardial infarction, and with complete information on diet, smoking, physical activity and body mass index, who were between 35 and 69 years old at baseline. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine the association of meat consumption with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. RESULTS As of June 2009, 26,344 deaths were observed. After multivariate adjustment, a high consumption of red meat was related to higher all-cause mortality (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01 to 1.28, 160+ versus 10 to 19.9 g/day), and the association was stronger for processed meat (HR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.66, 160+ versus 10 to 19.9 g/day). After correction for measurement error, higher all-cause mortality remained significant only for processed meat (HR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.25, per 50 g/d). We estimated that 3.3% (95% CI 1.5% to 5.0%) of deaths could be prevented if all participants had a processed meat consumption of less than 20 g/day. Significant associations with processed meat intake were observed for cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and 'other causes of death'. The consumption of poultry was not related to all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS The results of our analysis support a moderate positive association between processed meat consumption and mortality, in particular due to cardiovascular diseases, but also to cancer.

Macronutrient composition of the diet and prospective weight change in participants of the EPIC-PANACEA study.

BACKGROUND The effect of the macronutrient composition of the usual diet on long term weight maintenance remains controversial. METHODS 373,803 subjects aged 25-70 years were recruited in 10 European countries (1992-2000) in the PANACEA project of the EPIC cohort. Diet was assessed at baseline using country-specific validated questionnaires and weight and height were measured at baseline and self-reported at follow-up in most centers. The association between weight change after 5 years of follow-up and the iso-energetic replacement of 5% of energy from one macronutrient by 5% of energy from another macronutrient was assessed using multivariate linear mixed-models. The risk of becoming overweight or obese after 5 years was investigated using multivariate Poisson regressions stratified according to initial Body Mass Index. RESULTS A higher proportion of energy from fat at the expense of carbohydrates was not significantly associated with weight change after 5 years. However, a higher proportion of energy from protein at the expense of fat was positively associated with weight gain. A higher proportion of energy from protein at the expense of carbohydrates was also positively associated with weight gain, especially when carbohydrates were rich in fibre. The association between percentage of energy from protein and weight change was slightly stronger in overweight participants, former smokers, participants ≥60 years old, participants underreporting their energy intake and participants with a prudent dietary pattern. Compared to diets with no more than 14% of energy from protein, diets with more than 22% of energy from protein were associated with a 23-24% higher risk of becoming overweight or obese in normal weight and overweight subjects at baseline. CONCLUSION Our results show that participants consuming an amount of protein above the protein intake recommended by the American Diabetes Association may experience a higher risk of becoming overweight or obese during adult life.

Plasma Elaidic Acid Level as Biomarker of Industrial Trans Fatty Acids and Risk of Weight Change: Report from the EPIC Study.

BACKGROUND Few epidemiological studies have examined the association between dietary trans fatty acids and weight gain, and the evidence remains inconsistent. The main objective of the study was to investigate the prospective association between biomarker of industrial trans fatty acids and change in weight within the large study European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. METHODS Baseline plasma fatty acid concentrations were determined in a representative EPIC sample from the 23 participating EPIC centers. A total of 1,945 individuals were followed for a median of 4.9 years to monitor weight change. The association between elaidic acid level and percent change of weight was investigated using a multinomial logistic regression model, adjusted by length of follow-up, age, energy, alcohol, smoking status, physical activity, and region. RESULTS In women, doubling elaidic acid was associated with a decreased risk of weight loss (odds ratio (OR) = 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.55-0.88, p = 0.002) and a trend was observed with an increased risk of weight gain during the 5-year follow-up (OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 0.97-1.56, p = 0.082) (p-trend<.0001). In men, a trend was observed for doubling elaidic acid level and risk of weight loss (OR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.66-1.01, p = 0.062) while no significant association was found with risk of weight gain during the 5-year follow-up (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.88-1.33, p = 0.454). No association was found for saturated and cis-monounsaturated fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that a high intake of industrial trans fatty acids may decrease the risk of weight loss, particularly in women. Prevention of obesity should consider limiting the consumption of highly processed foods, the main source of industrially-produced trans fatty acids.

Plasma phospholipid long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and body weight change.

OBJECTIVE We investigated the association between the proportion of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in plasma phospholipids from blood samples drawn at enrollment and subsequent change in body weight. Sex, age, and BMI were considered as potential effect modifiers. METHOD A total of 1,998 women and men participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) were followed for a median of 4.9 years. The associations between the proportion of plasma phospholipid long-chain n-3 PUFA and change in weight were investigated using mixed-effect linear regression. RESULTS The proportion of long-chain n-3 PUFA was not associated with change in weight. Among all participants, the 1-year weight change was -0.7 g per 1% point higher long-chain n-3 PUFA level (95% confidence interval: -20.7 to 19.3). The results when stratified by sex, age, or BMI groups were not systematically different. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that the proportion of long-chain n-3 PUFA in plasma phospholipids is not associated with subsequent change in body weight within the range of exposure in the general population.

Membership and internal democracy. Immigrant organisations in the city of Oslo

Immigrant organisations in the City of Oslo receive support from the government for their daily operation. In order to receive such support, each organisation must be membership-based and have internal democratic procedures. This paper raises the question of how we can understand this combination of support for ethnic based organisations and requirements of membership and internal democracy. It explores the usefulness of two partly overlapping ways of understanding this policy and discusses their interrelationship. Firstly, within the context of the crisis of multiculturalism, the paper discusses whether this combination is based on the aim of strengthening the organisations’ procedural commitment to liberal-democratic principles. Secondly, the paper analyses whether requirements of membership and internal democracy can mainly be understood within the framework of the Nordic model of voluntary organisation. By comparing the policy at three empirical levels, the paper concludes that this combination can mainly be understood within the framework of the traditional historical Nordic model, but that there is an ambiguity in this policy related to minority rights.

Sairaanhoitajien ammatillisten kehittymistarpeiden kartoitus Länsi-Tallinnan keskussairaalan kirurgian klinikalla

Työn tarkoituksena oli kartoittaa sairaanhoitajien ammatillisia kehittymistarpeita sekä työympäristön vaikutusta ammatilliseen kehittymiseen. Opinnäytetyö tehtiin Länsi-Tallinnan keskussairaalan kirurgian klinikan toimeksiannosta. Tavoitteena oli tutkimustulosten perusteella vaikuttaa hoitotyön laadun kehittämiseen Länsi-Tallinnan keskussairaalassa. Aineisto kerättiin kyselylomakkeella, jossa oli strukturoituja kysymyksiä, sekä yksi avoin kysymys. Kyselylomakkeita jaettiin 71, joista täytettyinä palautettiin 59. Lopulliseksi vastausprosentiksi muodostui 83,1 %. Aineisto analysointiin SPSS- tilasto -ohjelmalla. Kvantitatiivisen aineiston tuloksia kuvailtiin prosentteina, taulukoina ja kuvioina. Lisäksi laskettiin keskiarvo ja keskihajonta. Avoimen kysymyksen vastaukset analysoitiin induktiivisella sisällön analyysillä. Sairaanhoitajat arvioivat ammatillisen osaamisensa keskimäärin hyväksi (ka 3,39) alle tämän keskiarvon olivat taito käyttää potilaan hoidossa tarvittavia hoitovälineitä, työssä tarvittavien tietokoneohjelmien käyttötaito sekä tieto ergonomisesta työskentelystä. Lisäksi alle tämän keskiarvon olivat eri kulttuuritaustaisten potilaiden erityistarpeiden huomioiminen, potilaan tilassa tapahtuvien muutosten huomioiminen, lääkehoidon osaaminen, hoitotyön kirjaamisen taito sekä näyttöön perustuvan tiedon hyödyntäminen. Sairaanhoitajat kokivat työympäristön vaikutuksen ammatilliseen kehittymiseen keskimäärin hyväksi (ka 3,19) Alle tämän keskiarvon olivat kehityskeskusteluissa esille tuotuihin kehittymistarpeisiin vastaaminen, kehityskeskusteluiden tuki ammatilliseen kompetenssiin, työpaikan tarjoamat koulutusmahdollisuudet, sekä työyhteisön asioiden käsittely yhteisissä kokouksissa. Sairaanhoitajien ammatillista tietoa ja osaamista voisi hyödyntää sairaalan sisällä. Kehityskeskusteluja tulisi pitää säännöllisesti kaikkien sairaanhoitajien kanssa ja vastata niissä esille tulleisiin kehittymistarpeisiin. Lisäkoulutus mahdollisuuksia tulisi tarjota kaikille tasapuolisesti. Kartoituksen tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää työpaikan koulutuksien sekä mahdollisten jatkotutkimusten suunnittelussa.

5-6-vuotiaan lapsen leikkauksen jälkeinen kipukokemus

Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli kuvata 5-6-vuotiaan lapsen leikkauksen jälkeistä kipukokemusta lapsen itsensä kertomana. Opinnäytetyömme kuuluu Helsingin ammattikorkeakoulun, HUS-piirin Lasten ja nuorten sairaalan ja Turun yliopiston yhteistyöprojektiin. Hankkeen tavoitteena on taiteen ja koulutuksen keinoin kehittää lasten kivun hoitotyötä. Tiedonkeruu toteutettiin Lasten ja nuorten sairaalan kahdella eri kirurgisella osastolla keväällä 2005. Aineisto (n=11) kerättiin puolistrukturoidulla teemahaastattelulla. Teemahaastattelussa käytettiin sairaala-aiheista kuvamateriaalia. Haastattelut nauhoitettiin, litteroitiin ja analysoitiin induktiivisella sisällönanalyysillä. Tulosten mukaan lasten leikkauksen jälkeinen kipu liittyi kipupaikkaan, liikkumiseen ja pistämiseen. Lapset kuvasivat leikkauksen jälkeistä kivuntunnetta voimakkaasti epämiellyttävänä, jännityksenä, pelkona, puristavana ja nipistävänä. Tuloksissa kävi ilmi, että lapset eivät aina osanneet kuvata kivuntunnetta tai kuvasivat sitä kivun voimakkuutta ilmaisevilla sanoilla. Leikkauksen jälkeistä kivun voimakkuutta kuvattiin monella erilaisella kivun määrää kuvaavalla sanalla. Kivun voimakkuus oli kovaa, kohtalaista tai lievää kipua. Kipua ilmaistiin esimerkiksi sanoilla kovasti, tosi paljon, aika kipee, jonkun verran, vähäsen ja pikkasen. Opinnäytetyömme tulokset yhdessä hankkeen muiden töiden kanssa tuottivat tietoa lapsen pelon ja kivun kokemuksista. Hoitotyössä tarvitaan tutkittua tietoa lapsen kokemuksesta, jotta osataan paremmin ymmärtää, huomioida ja hoitaa lapsen kipua kokonaisvaltaisesti.