'Easter Rising', 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

Although a military failure, the 1916 rebellion transformed Ireland by destroying the possibility of a political settlement between Irish nationalists and the British state and by popularising a republican movement prepared to use violence to achieve independence. This essay surveys the political background to the Easter Rising, its planning, the motivations and ideology of the rebels and the battle for Dublin. It concludes by assessing the Rising’s political impact and briefly summarising historiographical interpretations and commemorative trends. It argues that the origins, conduct, impact and aftermath of the insurrection are best understood within the wider context of the First World War.

A visão holística do turismo e a sua modelação

A presente investigação concretiza a abordagem holística ao fenómeno do turismo interno, abordando aspectos conceptuais sobre o seu âmbito e dificuldades de medição. Por outro lado, equaciona o papel que esta forma de turismo pode representar, não só em termos de adequação às dinâmicas e às perspectivas que enquadram as actividades turísticas em geral, como também em relação aos efeitos que pode gerar nos domínios económico, social, cultural, ambiental e territorial. A pesquisa engloba igualmente a análise empírica de dados que permitiu caracterizar as particularidades do turismo interno no plano internacional e no caso específico de Portugal, bem como o reconhecimento do seu carácter estratégico. Perante esta última realidade materializou-se a criação de um modelo empírico de desenvolvimento do turismo interno, o qual referencia, numa primeira fase, a estrutura e as componentes sistémicas, para concluir com a referência ao quadro conceptual de organização do planeamento estratégico e a sua consequente aplicação à realidade portuguesa.

Labour and the free churches 1918-1939: radicalism, righteousness and religion

It is a commonplace that the labour movement was somehow nurtured within the witness for liberty of the Free Churches. Exploring this at a range of levels - including organisation, rhetoric, policies, electoral politics and people - this book demonstrates the extent to which this remained a reality into the inter-war years. The distinctive religious setting in which it emerged indeed helps to explain the differences between Labour and more Marxist counterparts on the Continent. It is shown here that this setting continued to influence Labour approaches towards welfare, nationalisation and industrial relations between the wars. In the process Labour also adopted some of the righteousness of tone of the Free Churches. This setting was, however, changing. Dropping their traditional suspicion of the State, Nonconformists instead increasingly invested it with religious values, turning it through its growing welfare functions into the provider of practical Christianity. This nationalisation of religion continues to shape British attitudes to the welfare state as well as imposing narrowly utilitarian and material tests of relevance upon the churches and other social institutions. The elevation of the State was not, however, intended as an end in itself. What mattered were the social and individual outcomes. Socialism, for those Free Churchmen and women who helped to shape Labour in the early twentieth century, was about improving society as much as systems.