Iowa Development of Rubblized Concrete Pavement Base - Mills County, HR-315, 1995

Iowa counties have tried to rehabilitate deteriorating portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements with standard overlays, placement of engineering fabric, rock, open graded bituminous mixes and cracking and seating. While these methods prolong the life of the road, the cracks in the old pavement have eventually reflected to the surface. One possible alternative for rehabilitating severely deteriorated roads and preventing reflective cracking is the rubblization process. The objective of this research project was to rehabilitate and evaluate a severely deteriorated PCC roadway using a rubblization process. A 3.0 km (1.9 mi) section of L63 in Mills County was selected for this research. The road was divided into 16 sections. A resonate frequency vibration pavement breaker was used to rubblize the existing pavement. The variables of rubblization, drainage, and ACC overlay depths of 75 mm (3 in.), 100 mm (4 in.), and 125 mm (5 in.) were evaluated. The research on rubblized concrete pavement bases support the following conclusions: (1) The rubblization process prevents reflective cracking; (2) Edge drains improved the structural rating of the rubblized roadway; (3) An ACC overlay of 125 mm (5 in.) on a rubblized base provided an excellent roadway regardless of soil and drainage conditions; (4) An ACC overlay of 75 mm (3 in.) on a rubblized base can provide a good roadway if the soil structure below the rubblized base is stable and well drained; and (5) The Road Rater structural ratings of the rubblized test sections for this project are comparable to the nonrubblized test sections.

Mulch Iowa: A Guide to the Benefits of Mulch and Why you should use mulch produced in Iowa, December 17, 2003

Mulch helps to recreate the organic layer and soil structure of a wooded environment, which benefits your trees and shrubs... • Helps maintain even soil temperature in the roots by keeping them cool in the summer and warm in the winter. • Promotes plant growth. • Controls weeds. • Conserves soil moisture, meaning you use less water. • Improves soil structure and quality over the root area. • Protects from mechanical damage (mowers, string trimmers, etc.) • Helps beautify the new planting.

Design Methodology for Corrugated Metal Pipe Tiedowns, HR-362, Phase II, 1995

This investigation is the final phase of a three part study whose overall objectives were to determine if a restraining force is required to prevent inlet uplift failures in corrugated metal pipe (CMP) installations, and to develop a procedure for calculating the required force when restraint is required. In the initial phase of the study (HR-306), the extent of the uplift problem in Iowa was determined and the forces acting on a CMP were quantified. In the second phase of the study (HR- 332), laboratory and field tests were conducted. Laboratory tests measured the longitudinal stiffness ofCMP and a full scale field test on a 3.05 m (10 ft) diameter CMP with 0.612 m (2 ft) of cover determined the soil-structure interaction in response to uplift forces. Reported herein are the tasks that were completed in the final phase of the study. In this phase, a buried 2.44 m (8 ft) CMP was tested with and without end-restraint and with various configurations of soil at the inlet end of the pipe. A total of four different soil configurations were tested; in all tests the soil cover was constant at 0.61 m (2 ft). Data from these tests were used to verify the finite element analysis model (FEA) that was developed in this phase of the research. Both experiments and analyses indicate that the primary soil contribution to uplift resistance occurs in the foreslope and that depth of soil cover does not affect the required tiedown force. Using the FEA, design charts were developed with which engineers can determine for a given situation if restraint force is required to prevent an uplift failure. If an engineer determines restraint is needed, the design charts provide the magnitude of the required force. The design charts are applicable to six gages of CMP for four flow conditions and two types of soil.

Investigation of High Density Polyethylene Pipe for Highway Applications, HR-373, Phase 1, 1996

In the past, culvert pipes were made only of corrugated metal or reinforced concrete. In recent years, several manufacturers have made pipe of lightweight plastic - for example, high density polyethylene (HDPE) - which is considered to be viscoelastic in its structural behavior. It appears that there are several highway applications in which HDPE pipe would be an economically favorable alternative. However, the newness of plastic pipe requires the evaluation of its performance, integrity, and durability; A review of the Iowa Department of Transportation Standard Specifications for Highway and Bridge Construction reveals limited information on the use of plastic pipe for state projects. The objective of this study was to review and evaluate the use of HDPE pipe in roadway applications. Structural performance, soil-structure interaction, and the sensitivity of the pipe to installation was investigated. Comprehensive computerized literature searches were undertaken to define the state-of-the-art in the design and use of HDPE pipe in highway applications. A questionnaire was developed and sent to all Iowa county engineers to learn of their use of HDPE pipe. Responses indicated that the majority of county engineers were aware of the product but were not confident in its ability to perform as well as conventional materials. Counties currently using HDPE pipe in general only use it in driveway crossings. Originally, we intended to survey states as to their usage of HDPE pipe. However, a few weeks after initiation of the project, it was learned that the Tennessee DOT was in the process of making a similar survey of state DOT's. Results of the Tennessee survey of states have been obtained and included in this report. In an effort to develop more confidence in the pipe's performance parameters, this research included laboratory tests to determine the ring and flexural stiffness of HDPE pipe provided by various manufacturers. Parallel plate tests verified all specimens were in compliance with ASTM specifications. Flexural testing revealed that pipe profile had a significant effect on the longitudinal stiffness and that strength could not be accurately predicted on the basis of diameter alone. Realizing that the soil around a buried HDPE pipe contributes to the pipe stiffness, the research team completed a limited series of tests on buried 3 ft-diameter HDPE pipe. The tests simulated the effects of truck wheel loads above the pipe and were conducted with two feet of cover. These tests indicated that the type and quality of backfill significantly influences the performance of HDPE pipe. The tests revealed that the soil envelope does significantly affect the performance of HDPE pipe in situ, and after a certain point, no additional strength is realized by increasing the quality of the backfill.

Bimodal pore distribution on soils under conservation management system for coffee crop

This study aims at detailing bimodal pore distribution by means of water retention curve in an oxidic-gibbsitic Latosol and in a kaolinitic cambisol Latossol under conservation management system of coffee crop. Samples were collected at depths of 20; 40; 80; 120 and 160 cm on coffee trees rows and between rows under oxidic-gibbsitic Latosol (LVd) and kaolinitic cambisol Latossol (LVAd). Water retention curve was determined at matrix potentials (Ψm) -1; -2; -4; -6; -10 kPa obtained from the suction unit; the Ψm of -33; -100; -500; -1,500 kPa were obtained by the Richards extractor, and WP4-T psychrometer was used to determine Ψm -1,500 to -300,000 kPa. The water retention data were adjusted to the double van Genuchten model by nonlinear model procedures of the R 2.12.1 software. Was estimated the model parameter and inflection point slope. The system promoted changes in soil structure and water retention for the conditions evaluated, and both showed bimodal pores distribution, which were stronger in LVd. There was a strong influence of mineralogy gibbsitic in the water retention more negative than Ψm -1500 kPa, reflected in the values of the residual water content.

Be-Fe coupled method for the analysis of 3D elastodynamic problems in the time domain

By coupling the Boundary Element Method (BEM) and the Finite Element Method (FEM) an algorithm that combines the advantages of both numerical processes is developed. The main aim of the work concerns the time domain analysis of general three-dimensional wave propagation problems in elastic media. In addition, mathematical and numerical aspects of the related BE-, FE- and BE/FE-formulations are discussed. The coupling algorithm allows investigations of elastodynamic problems with a BE- and a FE-subdomain. In order to observe the performance of the coupling algorithm two problems are solved and their results compared to other numerical solutions.

Suunnittelulla ja ruo´on hyötykäytöllä tehokkuutta rantojen hoitoon : Tuloksia ja kokemuksia VELHO-hankkeesta

Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskuksen toteuttamassa VELHO-hankkeessa kehitettiin kustannustehokkaita ratkaisuja ranta-alueiden umpeenkasvun aiheuttamiin ongelmiin luomalla uusi konsepti ranta-alueiden monikäyttösuunnitteluun, edistämällä järviruo’on hyötykäyttöä ja valmistelemalla esityksiä uuteen maaseudun kehittämisohjelmaan. Tässä julkaisussa esitellään työn tulokset ja johtopäätökset. Hankkeessa laadittiin kolme ranta-alueiden monikäyttösuunnitelmaa: Mynälahden Sarsalanaukko ja Musta-aukko, Oukkulanlahti – Naantalinaukko ja Eurajoen - Luvian rannikko. Suunnitelmissa sovitettiin yhteen ranta-alueiden eri käyttömuotoja ja pyrittiin löytämään optimaalinen verkosto hyötykäyttöön leikattavien ruovikoiden, avoimena pidettävien merenrantaniittyjen ja säilytettävien ruovikoiden välille. Kustannustehokkuuteen pyrittiin kohdentamalla hoitotoimet laajoihin kokonaisuuksiin sekä järviruo’on hyötykäytöllä. Suunnitelmat laadittiin laajassa osallistavassa prosessissa. Hankkeessa laadituissa ranta-alueiden monikäyttösuunnitelmissa esitettiin erilaisia maankäyttötavoitteita ja hoitosuosituksia yli 2000 hehtaarille. Ruovikoiden ja rantaniittyjen lisäksi suunnittelun kohteena olivat myös rantojen läheiset peltoalueet, reunavyöhykkeet ja muut perinnebiotoopit. Hoitotoimilla tavoitellaan alueiden luonnon monimuotoisuuden ja vesien tilan paranemista, maiseman avartumista ja virkistyskäytön helpottumista. Ruovikoiden erilaisia leikkuumenetelmiä (talvileikkuut, vesileikkuut, maaleikkuut) testattiin 90 hehtaarin alalla. Rantaniittyjen kunnostuksessa testattiin maaleikkuun lisäksi ruovikon niittomurskausta. Ruokomassan hyötykäyttökokeissa testattiin kahden eri ruokolaadun eli tuoreen kesäruo’on ja kuivan talviruo’on esikäsittelyä ja hyötykäyttöä energiantuotannossa (poltto, biokaasutus) ja maataloudessa (maanparannusaine, viherlannoite, kuivike, katemateriaali). Maaseudun kehittämisohjelmaan tehtiin esityksiä tukimuotojen kehittämiseksi: rantaniittyjen kunnostuksen lisääminen ja hoidon laadun parantaminen, ruovikoiden vesileikkuut ravinteiden poistajina sekä ruokomassojen käyttö maan orgaanisen aineen lisääjänä. Hankkeen kokemusten mukaan yksi kustannustehokkaimmista hoito- ja käyttöketjuista on ruovikon leikkuu loppukesällä ja siitä kertyvän massan käyttö ranta-alueiden läheisillä pelloilla viherlannoitteena ja maanparannusaineena. Yhden hehtaarin ruovikon kesäleikkuulla poistetaan keskimäärin 80 kg typpeä ja 7 kg fosforia. Vesiensuojelullisten hyötyjen lisäksi leikkuulla parannetaan umpeenkasvusta kärsivien lajien elinoloja, lisätään rantojen vetovoimaisuutta ja edistetään luonnonhoitoyrittäjyyden edellytyksiä. Peltokäytössä käsittelyketju on lyhyt eikä se vaadi pitkiä kuljetusmatkoja. Ruokomassa kierrättää ravinteita takaisin pelloille ja parantaa maan rakennetta. Järviruo’on hyötykäytöllä ei pystytä kattamaan koko leikkuu- ja käyttöketjun kustannuksia. Leikkuusta ja hyötykäytöstä saatavien monien eri aineellisten ja aineettomien ekosysteemipalveluhyötyjen vuoksi toimintaan on tarpeen suunnata yhteiskunnan tukea ja luoda käytännön toteutusta edistäviä tukimuotoja. Kustannustehokkuutta voidaan edelleen parantaa laitteita ja menetelmiä kehittämällä.

Germination, initial growth and cotyledon protein content of bean cultivars under salinity stress

Excess salts in the root zone inhibit water uptake by plants, affect nutrient uptake and may result in toxicities due to individual salts in the soil solution. Excess exchangeable sodium in the soil may destroy the soil structure to a point where water penetration and root aeration become impossible. Sodium is also toxic to many plants. Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are consumed as protein source in northeastern Brazil, although little is known about common bean cultivar tolerance to salinity. The germination of bean cultivars under salt stress was studied. The cultivars 'Carioca' and 'Mulatinho' were submitted to germination test in a germinator at 25ºC, at the Seed Analysis Laboratory of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation unit in the Semi- Arid region (Embrapa Semi Árido), Petrolina, Pernambuco State. These seeds were germinated on "germitest" papers imbibed in distilled water or in 10, 50, 100 e 200 mol.m-3sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions. At the first and second counts of the germination test, normal seedlings were counted, measured, weighed and dried, supplying data for vigor, total germination, fresh matter weight and dry matter weight and seedlings length. Total protein was quantified in cotyledons at 3, 6 and 9 days after sowing. The results indicated that the NaCl content influenced seed germination and concentrations above 50 mol.m-3 decreased germination and seedling growth.

Effects of tillage on processes of organic matter sequestration

To increase the organic matter (OM) content in the soil is one main goal in arable soil management. The adoption of tillage systems with reduced tillage depth and/or frequency (reduced tillage) or of no-tillage was found to increase the concentration of soil OM compared to conventional tillage (CT; ploughing to 20-30 cm). However, the underlying processes are not yet clear and are discussed contradictorily. So far, few investigations were conducted on tillage systems with a shallow tillage depth (minimum tillage = MT; maximum tillage depth of 10 cm). A better understanding of the interactions between MT implementation and changes in OM transformation in soils is essential in order to evaluate the possible contribution of MT to a sustainable management of arable soils. The objectives of the present thesis were (i) to compare OM concentrations, microbial biomass, water-stable aggregates, and particulate OM (POM) between CT and MT soils, (ii) to estimate the temporal variability of water-stable aggregate size classes occurring in the field and the dynamics of macroaggregate (>250 µm) formation and disruption under controlled conditions, (iii) to investigate whether a lower disruption or a higher formation rate accounts for a higher occurrence of macroaggregates under MT compared to CT, (iv) to determine which fraction is the major agent for storing the surplus of OM found under MT compared to CT, and (v) to observe the early OM transformation after residue incorporation in different tillage systems simulated. Two experimental sites (Garte-Süd and Hohes Feld) near Göttingen, Germany, were investigated. Soil type of both sites was a Haplic Luvisol. Since about 40 years, both sites receive MT by a rotary harrow (to 5-8 cm depth) and CT by a plough (to 25 cm depth). Surface soils (0-5 cm) and subsoils (10-20 cm) of two sampling dates (after fallow and directly after tillage) were investigated for concentrations of organic C (Corg) and total N (N), different water-stable aggregate size classes, different density fractions (for the sampling date after fallow only), microbial biomass, and for biochemically stabilized Corg and N (by acid hydrolysis; for the sampling date after tillage only). In addition, two laboratory incubations were performed under controlled conditions: Firstly, MT and CT soils were incubated (28 days at 22°C) as bulk soil and with destroyed macroaggregates in order to estimate the importance of macroaggregates for the physical protection of the very labile OM against mineralization. Secondly, in a microcosm experiment simulating MT and CT systems with soil <250 µm and with 15N and 13C labelled maize straw incorporated to different depths, the mineralization, the formation of new macroaggregates, and the partitioning of the recently added C and N were followed (28 days at 15°C). Forty years of MT regime led to higher concentrations of microbial biomass and of Corg and N compared to CT, especially in the surface soil. After fallow and directly after tillage, a higher proportion of water-stable macroaggregates rich in OM was found in the MT (36% and 66%, respectively) than in the CT (19% and 47%, respectively) surface soils of both sites (data shown are of the site Garte-Süd only). The subsoils followed the same trend. For the sampling date after fallow, no differences in the POM fractions were found but there was more OM associated to the mineral fraction detected in the MT soils. A large temporal variability was observed for the abundance of macroaggregates. In the field and in the microcosm simulations, macroaggregates were found to have a higher formation rate after the incorporation of residues under MT than under CT. Thus, the lower occurrence of macroaggregates in CT soils cannot be attributed to a higher disruption but to a lower formation rate. A higher rate of macroaggregate formation in MT soils may be due to (i) the higher concentrated input of residues in the surface soil and/or (ii) a higher abundance of fungal biomass in contrast to CT soils. Overall, as a location of storage of the surplus of OM detected under MT compared to CT, water-stable macroaggregates were found to play a key role. In the incubation experiment, macroaggregates were not found to protect the very labile OM against mineralization. Anyway, the surplus of OM detected after tillage in the MT soil was biochemically degradable. MT simulations in the microcosm experiment showed a lower specific respiration and a less efficient translocation of recently added residues than the CT simulations. Differences in the early processes of OM translocation between CT and MT simulations were attributed to a higher residue to soil ratio and to a higher proportion of fungal biomass in the MT simulations. Overall, MT was found to have several beneficial effects on the soil structure and on the storage of OM, especially in the surface soil. Furthermore, it was concluded that the high concentration of residues in the surface soil of MT may alter the processes of storage and decomposition of OM. In further investigations, especially analysis of the residue-soil-interface and of effects of the depth of residue incorporation should be emphasised. Moreover, further evidence is needed on differences in the microbial community between CT and MT soils.

Untersuchungen zu Controlled Traffic Farming und satellitenbasierten Lenksystemen

Diese Arbeit behandelt Controlled Traffic Farming (CTF) Anbausysteme, bei denen für alle Arbeitsgänge satellitengesteuert immer dieselben Fahrspuren benutzt werden. Lässt sich mit CTF die Belastung des Bodens verringern und die Effizienz von Direktsaat-Anbausystemen steigern? Neben agronomischen und bodenphysikalischen Parametern wurden Auswirkungen von Lenksystemen und Umsetzungsmöglichkeiten von CTF in die Praxis untersucht. Die Analyse einer CTF-Umsetzung unter europäischen Bedingungen mit der Verwendung von Standardmaschinen zeigte, dass sich CTF-Anbausysteme mit den heute zur Verfügung stehenden Maschinen für Dauergrünland, Mähdruschfrüchte und Mais auf kleiner und grösser strukturierten Flächen relativ einfach mechanisieren lassen. Bei Zuckerrüben und Kartoffeln können Kompromisse notwendig sein. Generell erfordern CTF-Anbausysteme eine sorgfältige Planung und Umsetzung in die Praxis. Im dreijährigen Feldversuch (Winterweizen, Wintergerste, Kunstwiese mit Kleegrasmischung) auf einem Lehmboden wurde CTF-Direktsaat mit konventionell zufällig befahrenen Direktsaat- und Pflugverfahren verglichen. Unter CTF zeigte sich eine Differenzierung der nicht, gering und intensiv befahrenen Varianten. Auf dem vorliegenden kompakten Boden mit 1150 mm Jahresniederschlag waren die Unterschiede zwischen den nicht befahrenen Flächen und den mit niedrigem Kontaktflächendruck befahrenen Flächen eher gering. In den nicht befahrenen Flächen entwickelten Eindringwiderstand und Kohlendioxidgehalt der Bodenluft nach drei Jahren signifikant bessere Werte. Bodendichte und Porosität zeigten hingegen keinen eindeutig interpretierbaren Trend. Aufgrund teils suboptimaler Feldaufgänge liess sich keine generelle agronomische Tendenz ableiten. Die intensive Befahrung der Pflegefahrgassen zeigte allerdings klar negative bodenkundliche und planzenbauliche Auswirkungen. Es bietet sich daher an, vor allem für Pflegearbeiten permanent dieselben Fahrspuren zu nutzen. In der Untersuchung zu den Auswirkungen von Lenksystemen zeigten sich signifikante Vorteile von Lenksystemen in einer Verminderung der Fahrerbelastung und einer höheren Lenkgenauigkeit vor allem bei grossen Arbeitsbreiten ohne Spuranreisser. Die meisten anderen Messparameter waren mit Lenksystem leicht vorteilhafter als ohne, unterschieden sich aber nicht signifikant voneinander. Fahrer und naturräumliche Gegebenheiten wie die Schlagform hatten einen wesentlich grösseren Einfluss. Gesamthaft betrachtet erweitert CTF in Kombination mit weiteren Bodenschutzmass-nahmen die Möglichkeiten, Bodenverdichtungen zu vermeiden, den Bedarf an energieintensiver Bodenlocke-rung zu reduzieren und die Entwicklung einer stabileren Bodenstruktur mit höherer Tragfähigkeit zu fördern. Zusammen mit einer an Kultur und Anbausystem angepassten Saatbettbereitung und den in geraden Reihen einfacher durchführbaren mechanischen Pflegemassnahmen ergeben sich gute Voraussetzungen für die Gestaltung agronomisch leistungsfähiger und ökologisch nachhaltiger Anbausysteme.

Cropping systems, carbon sequestration and erosion in Brazil, a review

Soils represent a large carbon pool, approximately 1500 Gt, which is equivalent to almost three times the quantity stored in terrestrial biomass and twice the amount stored in the atmosphere. Any modification of land use or land management can induce variations in soil carbon stocks, even in agricultural systems that are perceived to be in a steady state. Tillage practices often induce soil aerobic conditions that are favourable to microbial activity and may lead to a degradation of soil structure. As a result, mineralisation of soil organic matter increases in the long term. The adoption of no-tillage systems and the maintenance of a permanent vegetation cover using Direct seeding Mulch-based Cropping system or DMC, may increase carbon levels in the topsoil. In Brazil, no-tillage practices (mainly DMC), were introduced approximately 30 years ago in the south in the Parana state, primarily as a means of reducing erosion. Subsequently, research has begun to study the management of the crop waste products and their effects on soil fertility, either in terms of phosphorus management, as a means of controlling soil acidity, or determining how manures can be applied in a more localised manner. The spread of no-till in Brazil has involved a large amount of extension work. The area under no-tillage is still increasing in the centre and north of the country and currently occupies ca. 20 million hectares, covering a diversity of environmental conditions, cropping systems and management practices. Most studies of Brazilian soils give rates of carbon storage in the top 40 cm of the soil of 0.4 to 1.7 t C ha(-1) per year, with the highest rates in the Cerrado region. However, caution must be taken when analysing DMC systems in terms of carbon sequestration. Comparisons should include changes in trace gas fluxes and should not be limited to a consideration of carbon storage in the soil alone if the full implications for global warming are to be assessed.

A framework for designing multi-functional cover crops

Cover crops are sown to provide a number of ecosystem services including nutrient management, mitigation of diffuse pollution, improving soil structure and organic matter content, weed suppression, nitrogen fixation and provision of resources for biodiversity. Although the decision to sow a cover crop may be driven by a desire to achieve just one of these objectives, the diversity of cover crops species and mixtures available means that there is potential to combine a number of ecosystem services within the same crop and growing season. Designing multi-functional cover crops would potentially help to reconcile the often conflicting agronomic and environmental agendas and contribute to the optimal use of land. We present a framework for integrating multiple ecosystem services delivered by cover crops that aims to design a mixture of species with complementary growth habit and functionality. The optimal number and identity of species will depend on the services included in the analysis, the functional space represented by the available species pool and the community dynamics of the crop in terms of dominance and co-existence. Experience from a project that applied the framework to fertility building leys in organic systems demonstrated its potential and emphasised the importance of the initial choice of species to include in the analysis

Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin): an agricultural and biological challenge worldwide

Clubroot disease and the causal microbe Plasmodiophora brassicae offer abundant challenges to agriculturists and biological scientists. This microbe is well fitted for the environments which it inhabits. Plasmodiophora brassicae exists in soil as microscopic well protected resting spores and then grows actively and reproduces while shielded inside the roots of host plants. The pathogen is active outside the host for only short periods. Consequently, scientific studies are made challenging by the biological context of the host and pathogen and the technology required to investigate and understand that relationship. Controlling clubroot disease is a challenge for farmers, crop consultants and plant pathology practitioners because of the limited options which are available. Full symptom expression happens solely in members of the Brassicaceae family. Currently, only a few genes expressing strong resistance to P. brassicae are known and readily available. Agrochemical control is similarly limited by difficulties in molecule formulation which combines efficacy with environmental acceptability. Manipulation of husbandry encouraging improvements in soil structure, texture, nutrient composition and moisture content can reduce populations of P. brassicae. Integrating such strategies with rotation and crop management will reduce but not eliminate this disease. There are indications that forms of biological competition may be mobilised as additions to integrated control strategies. The aim of this review is to chart key themes in the development of scientific biological understanding of this host-pathogen relationship by offering signposts to grapple with clubroot disease which devastates crops and their profitability. Particular attention is given to the link between soil and nutrient chemistry and activity of this microbe.

Análise dinâmica de solos submetidos à ação simultânea das três componentes da excitação na base rochosa

Durante a análise sísmica de estruturas complexas, o modelo matemático empregado deveria incluir não só as distribuicões irregulares de massas e de rigidezes senão também à natureza tridimensional da ecitação sísmica. Na prática, o elevado número de graus de liberdade involucrado limita este tipo de análise à disponibilidade de grandes computadoras. Este trabalho apresenta um procedimento simplificado, para avaliar a amplificação do movimento sísmico em camadas de solos. Sua aplicação permitiria estabelecer critérios a partir dos quais avalia-se a necessidade de utilizar modelos de interação solo-estrutura mais complexos que os utilizados habitualmente. O procedimento proposto possui as seguientes características : A- Movimento rígido da rocha definido em termos de três componentes ortagonais. Direção de propagação vertical. B- A ecuação constitutiva do solo inclui as características de não linearidade, plasticidade, dependência da história da carga, dissipação de energia e variação de volume. C- O perfil de solos é dicretizado mediante um sistema de massas concentradas. Utiliza-se uma formulação incremental das equações de movimento com integração directa no domínio do tempo. As propriedades pseudo-elásticas do solo são avaliadas em cada intervalo de integração, em função do estado de tensões resultante da acção simultânea das três componentes da excitação. O correcto funcionamento do procedimento proposto é verificado mediante análises unidimensionais (excitação horizontal) incluindo estudos comparativos com as soluções apresentadas por diversos autores. Similarmente apresentam-se análises tridimensionais (acção simultânea das três componentes da excitação considerando registros sísmicos reais. Analisa-se a influência que possui a dimensão da análise (uma análise tridimensional frente a três análises unidimensionais) na resposta de camadas de solos submetidos a diferentes níveis de exçitação; isto é, a limitação do Princípio de Superposisão de Efeitos.

Dinâmica da água no solo em cultivos de milho sob plantio direto e preparo convencional

A dinâmica da água em sistema de plantio direto (PD) é alterada em relação ao preparo convencional (PC) devido a modificações na estrutura do solo e a presença de palha na superfície. Para avaliar estas diferenças foram conduzidos experimentos de campo, em 2001/02 e 2002/03, em Eldorado do Sul, RS. O objetivo geral foi quantificar alterações físico-hídricas no perfil e na superfície do solo em PD e PC, com ênfase na dinâmica da água e respostas das plantas de milho. Os sistemas de manejo do solo foram implantados na área em 1995. Foram avaliadas propriedades físicas, a movimentação e a armazenagem de água no solo. Mediu-se a infiltração e a capacidade de campo e monitorou-se a dinâmica da água durante o ciclo da cultura, enfocando a secagem do solo e a extração de água em períodos sem precipitação. Nestes períodos também foi determinada a evaporação da água na superfície e avaliadas respostas das plantas. Os efeitos do plantio direto se evidenciaram nas camadas de solo próximas à superfície. A mesoporosidade foi a propriedade física mais afetada, apresentando uma distribuição exponencial de mesoporos no plantio direto, enquanto no preparo convencional a mesma se aproximou de uma curva normal. Em geral, a condutividade hidráulica, a retenção e a disponibilidade de água foram mais elevadas em plantio direto, principalmente, próximo à superfície. O solo em PD também apresentou maior umidade volumétrica com menor energia de retenção, resultando em redução no avanço da frente de secagem do solo e extração de água. A evaporação também foi maior em PD, demonstrando que a maior umidade no solo em plantio direto se deve ao aumento na capacidade de armazenagem de água. O aprofundamento radicular foi sempre maior no preparo convencional. O plantio direto altera propriedades físicas ligadas à dinâmica da água, proporcionando maior disponibilidade hídrica no solo ao longo do tempo.