Intergroup bias in third-party punishment stems from both ingroup favoritism and outgroup discrimination

Social norms pervade almost every aspect of social interaction. If they are violated, not only legal institutions, but other members of society as well, punish, i.e., inflict costs on the wrongdoer. Sanctioning occurs even when the punishers themselves were not harmed directly and even when it is costly for them. There is evidence for intergroup bias in this third-party punishment: third-parties, who share group membership with victims, punish outgroup perpetrators more harshly than ingroup perpetrators. However, it is unknown whether a discriminatory treatment of outgroup perpetrators (outgroup discrimination) or a preferential treatment of ingroup perpetrators (ingroup favoritism) drives this bias. To answer this question, the punishment of outgroup and ingroup perpetrators must be compared to a baseline, i.e., unaffiliated perpetrators. By applying a costly punishment game, we found stronger punishment of outgroup versus unaffiliated perpetrators and weaker punishment of ingroup versus unaffiliated perpetrators. This demonstrates that both ingroup favoritism and outgroup discrimination drive intergroup bias in third-party punishment of perpetrators that belong to distinct social groups.

Can gender-fair language reduce gender stereotyping and discrimination?

Gender-fair language (GFL) aims at reducing gender stereotyping and discrimination. Two principle strategies have been employed to make languages gender-fair and to treat women and men symmetrically: neutralization and feminization. Neutralization is achieved, for example, by replacing male-masculine forms (policeman) with gender-unmarked forms (police officer), whereas feminization relies on the use of feminine forms to make female referents visible (i.e., the applicant… he or she instead of the applicant… he). By integrating research on (1) language structures, (2) language policies, and (3) individual language behavior, we provide a critical review of how GFL contributes to the reduction of gender stereotyping and discrimination. Our review provides a basis for future research and for scientifically based policy-making.

Three Experimental Approaches to Measure the Social Context Dependence of Prejudice Communication and Discriminatory Behavior

Empirical research on discrimination is faced with crucial problems stemming from the specific character of its object of study. In democratic societies the communication of prejudices and other forms of discriminatory behavior is considered socially undesirable and depends on situational factors such as whether a situation is considered private or whether a discriminatory consensus can be assumed. Regular surveys thus can only offer a blurred picture of the phenomenon. But also survey experiments intended to decrease the social desirability bias (SDB) so far failed in systematically implementing situational variables. This paper introduces three experimental approaches to improve the study of discrimination and other topics of social (un-)desirability. First, we argue in favor of cognitive context framing in surveys in order to operationalize the salience of situational norms. Second, factorial surveys offer a way to take situational contexts and substitute behavior into account. And third, choice experiments – a rather new method in sociology – offer a more valid method of measuring behavioral characteristics compared to simple items in surveys. All three approaches – which may be combined – are easy to implement in large-scale surveys. Results of empirical studies demonstrate the fruitfulness of each of these approaches.

The American Myth of Markets in Social Policy: Ideological Roots of Inequality

The American Myth of Markets in Social Policy examines how implementing American tropes in policy design inadvertently frustrates policy goals. It investigates multiple market-oriented designs including funding for private organizations to deliver public services, funding for individuals to buy services, and policies incentivizing or mandating private actors to provide social policy. The author shows that these solutions often not only fail to achieve social goals, but, in fact, actively undermine them, for example saddling the poor with debt or encouraging discrimination. The book carefully details the mechanisms through which this occurs, for example a mismatch between program goals and either contract terms or individual preferences. The author examines several policies in depth, covering universal social insurance programs like healthcare and pensions, as well as smaller interventions like programs for the homeless. The author builds the argument using detailed empirical evidence as well as anecdote, keeping the book accessible and entertaining.

Jóvenes excluidos : Límites y alcances de las políticas públicas de inclusión social a través de la capacitación laboral

Las dificultades que actualmente enfrentan los jóvenes para ingresar a la vida adulta se hacen presentes tanto en el contexto de economías desarrolladas como subdesarrolladas. Pero en estas últimas, el problema adquiere mayor extensión, constituye un factor de riesgo relativo de desempleo, de discriminación y de desafiliación socio-institucional. ¿Es este, en efecto, un problema general o cabe relativizarlo a grupos específicos de la juventud? En este caso, ¿quiénes son los jóvenes que están más expuestos a tales privaciones? En el marco de un diagnóstico controvertido, cabe preguntarse: ¿cuál es el sentido y el alcance de las políticas públicas que intentan dar respuesta a este problema en la Argentina? ¿Cuál es su pertinencia y eficacia? A estas preguntas, buscamos responder con una investigación cuasi-experimental que evalúa el impacto del Programa Incluir ?acciones de capacitación en oficios? sobre las oportunidades de afiliación socio-laboral de jóvenes excluidos en el Partido de Morón, Buenos Aires

Jóvenes excluidos : Límites y alcances de las políticas públicas de inclusión social a través de la capacitación laboral

Las dificultades que actualmente enfrentan los jóvenes para ingresar a la vida adulta se hacen presentes tanto en el contexto de economías desarrolladas como subdesarrolladas. Pero en estas últimas, el problema adquiere mayor extensión, constituye un factor de riesgo relativo de desempleo, de discriminación y de desafiliación socio-institucional. ¿Es este, en efecto, un problema general o cabe relativizarlo a grupos específicos de la juventud? En este caso, ¿quiénes son los jóvenes que están más expuestos a tales privaciones? En el marco de un diagnóstico controvertido, cabe preguntarse: ¿cuál es el sentido y el alcance de las políticas públicas que intentan dar respuesta a este problema en la Argentina? ¿Cuál es su pertinencia y eficacia? A estas preguntas, buscamos responder con una investigación cuasi-experimental que evalúa el impacto del Programa Incluir ?acciones de capacitación en oficios? sobre las oportunidades de afiliación socio-laboral de jóvenes excluidos en el Partido de Morón, Buenos Aires

Jóvenes excluidos : Límites y alcances de las políticas públicas de inclusión social a través de la capacitación laboral

Las dificultades que actualmente enfrentan los jóvenes para ingresar a la vida adulta se hacen presentes tanto en el contexto de economías desarrolladas como subdesarrolladas. Pero en estas últimas, el problema adquiere mayor extensión, constituye un factor de riesgo relativo de desempleo, de discriminación y de desafiliación socio-institucional. ¿Es este, en efecto, un problema general o cabe relativizarlo a grupos específicos de la juventud? En este caso, ¿quiénes son los jóvenes que están más expuestos a tales privaciones? En el marco de un diagnóstico controvertido, cabe preguntarse: ¿cuál es el sentido y el alcance de las políticas públicas que intentan dar respuesta a este problema en la Argentina? ¿Cuál es su pertinencia y eficacia? A estas preguntas, buscamos responder con una investigación cuasi-experimental que evalúa el impacto del Programa Incluir ?acciones de capacitación en oficios? sobre las oportunidades de afiliación socio-laboral de jóvenes excluidos en el Partido de Morón, Buenos Aires

Stigma, social relationship and HIV testing in the workplace : evidence from South Africa

This paper explores whether a worker's unwillingness to make his/her HIV-positive status or test-taking experience known by colleagues impedes his/her decision to test for HIV. After analyzing the new survey data provided by employees working for a large multinational enterprise in South Africa (2009-2010), this study finds that this unwillingness is negatively associated with test-taking (at the enterprise's on-site clinic) of workers who are extensively networked with close colleagues (i.e., know their phone numbers). It appears that the expected disutility associated with HIV/AIDS-related stigma prohibits test uptake. When introducing HIV counseling and testing programs into a corporate sector, providing all workers with an excuse to test in the workplace and/or inducing them to privately test outside the workplace may be effective in encouraging the uptake.

Low-status monkeys “play dumb” when learning in mixed social groups

Many primates, including humans, live in complex hierarchical societies where social context and status affect daily life. Nevertheless, primate learning studies typically test single animals in limited laboratory settings where the important effects of social interactions and relationships cannot be studied. To investigate the impact of sociality on associative learning, we compared the individual performances of group-tested rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) across various social contexts. We used a traditional discrimination paradigm that measures an animal’s ability to form associations between cues and the obtaining of food in choice situations; but we adapted the task for group testing. After training a 55-member colony to separate on command into two subgroups, composed of either high- or low-status families, we exposed animals to two color discrimination problems, one with all monkeys present (combined condition), the other in their “dominant” and “subordinate” cohorts (split condition). Next, we manipulated learning history by testing animals on the same problems, but with the social contexts reversed. Monkeys from dominant families excelled in all conditions, but subordinates performed well in the split condition only, regardless of learning history. Subordinate animals had learned the associations, but expressed their knowledge only when segregated from higher-ranking animals. Because aggressive behavior was rare, performance deficits probably reflected voluntary inhibition. This experimental evidence of rank-related, social modulation of performance calls for greater consideration of social factors when assessing learning and may also have relevance for the evaluation of human scholastic achievement.

La integración cultural y social en las migraciones intraeuropeas

Cuando un migrante llega a una sociedad distinta, debe elegir cómo vivir en ella. En esta elección cuentan su pasado, su presente y especialmente su futuro en términos de expectativas de movilidad. Comprender cómo viven los residentes extranjeros en su país de destino implica considerar conceptos clave como procesos de socialización, shock cultural, competencia intercultural o procesos de aculturación que implican aprender nuevas competencias culturales. A partir de los datos de la Encuesta Social de Migraciones Internas Europeas (EIMSS) este trabajo se centra en el análisis de dos dimensiones, la integración cultural y la integración social, que van a caracterizar el modo en que los migrantes europeos viven en su nuevo entorno social, y su relación con la percepción de la discriminación que tiene el migrante o su adaptación psicológica, en términos de nostalgia y satisfacción con la vida.

A proposal for teaching with authentic texts in order to develop social awareness in a language subject in tertiary education

The University of the 21st century has to establish links with society and prepare students for the demands of the working world. Therefore, this article is a contribution to the integral preparation of university students by proposing the use of authentic texts with social content in English lessons so that students acquire emotional and social competencies while still learning content. This article will explain how the choice of texts on global issues such as racism and gender helps students to develop skills such as social awareness and critical thinking to deepen their understanding of discrimination, injustice or gender differences in both oral and written activities. A proposal will be presented which involves using the inauguration speech from Mandela's presidency and texts with photographs of women so that students analyse them whilst utilising linguistic tools that allow them to explore a text's social dimension.

Social security and the changing roles of men and women /

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Age discrimination in employment.

"This booklet was prepared ... by Jane Addams College of Social Work, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle ..."

Social welfare implications of Federal marketing orders for fruits and vegetables /

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