Toughness Of Ni/Al2O3 Interfaces As Dependent On Micron-Scale Plasticity And Atomistic-Scale Separation

Ceramic/metal interfaces were studied that fail by atomistic separation accompanied by plastic dissipation in the metal. The macroscopic toughness of the specific Ni alloy/Al2O3 interface considered is typically on the order of ten times the atomistic work of separation in mode I and even higher if combinations of mode I and mode II act on the interface. Inputs to the computational model of interface toughness are: (i) strain gradient plasticity applied to the Ni alloy with a length parameter determined by an indentation test, and (ii) a potential characterizing mixed mode separation of the interface fit to atomistic results. The roles of the several length parameters in the strain gradient plasticity are determined for indentation and crack growth. One of the parameters is shown to be of dominant importance, thus establishing that indentation can be used to measure the relevant length parameter. Recent results for separation of Ni/Al2O3 interfaces computed by atomistic methods are reviewed, including a set of results computed for mixed mode separation. An approximate potential fit to these results is characterized by the work of separation, the peak separation stress for normal separation and the traction-displacement relation in pure shearing of the interface. With these inputs, the model for steady-state crack growth is used to compute the toughness of the interface under mode I and under the full range of mode mix. The effect of interface strength and the work of separation on macroscopic toughness is computed. Fundamental implications for plasticity-enhanced toughness emerge.

Study Of Mechanical Properties Of Amorphous Copper With Molecular Dynamics Simulation

The formation and mechanical properties of amorphous copper are studied using molecular dynamics simulation. The simulations of tension and shearing show that more pronounced plasticity is found under shearing, compared to tension. Apparent strain hardening and strain rate effect are observed. Interestingly, the variations of number density of atoms during deformation indicate free volume creation, especially under higher strain rate. In particular, it is found that shear induced dilatation does appear in the amorphous metal.

A unified model for dislocation nucleation, dislocation emission and dislocation free zone

In this paper, a unified model for dislocation nucleation, emission and dislocation free zone is proposed based on the Peierls framework. Three regions are identified ahead of the crack tip. The emitted dislocations, located away from the crack tip in the form of an inverse pileup, define the plastic zone. Between that zone and the cohesive zone immediately ahead of the crack tip, there is a dislocation free zone. With the stress field and the dislocation density field in the cohesive zone and plastic zone being, respectively, expressed in the first and second Chebyshev polynomial series, and the opening and slip displacements in trigonometric series, a set of nonlinear algebraic equations can be obtained and solved with the Newton-Raphson Method. The results of calculations for pure shearing and combined tension and shear loading after dislocation emission are given in detail. An approximate treatment of the dynamic effects of the dislocation emission is also developed in this paper, and the calculation results are in good agreement with those of molecular dynamics simulations.

On the unstable stacking criterion for ideal and cracked copper-crystals

The unstable stacking criteria for an ideal copper crystal under homogeneous shearing and for a cracked copper crystal under pure mode II loading are analysed. For the ideal crystal under homogeneous shearing, the unstable stacking energy gamma(us) defined by Rice in 1992 results from shear with no relaxation in the direction normal to the slip plane. For the relaxed shear configuration, the critical condition for unstable stacking does not correspond to the relative displacement Delta = b(p)/2, where b(p) is the Burgers vector magnitude of the Shockley partial dislocation, but to the maximum shear stress. Based on this result, the unstable stacking energy Gamma(us) is defined for the relaxed lattice. For the cracked crystal under pure mode II loading, the dislocation configuration corresponding to Delta = b(p)/2 is a stable state and no instability occurs during the process of dislocation nucleation. The instability takes place at approximately Delta = 3b(p)/4. An unstable stacking energy Pi(us) is defined which corresponds to the unstable stacking state at which the dislocation emission takes place. A molecular dynamics method is applied to study this in an atomistic model and the results verify the analysis above.

Dislocation nucleation and emission from crack-tip

The problems of dislocation nucleation and emission from a crack tip are analysed based on Peierls model. The concept adopted here is essentially the same as that proposed by Rice. A slight modification is introduced here to identify the pure linear elastic response of material. A set of new governing equations is developed, which is different from that used by Beltz and Rice. The stress field and the dislocation density field can be expressed as the first and second Chebyshev polynomial series respectively. Then the opening and slip displacements can be expanded as the trigonometric series. The Newton-Raphson Method is used to solve a set of nonlinear algebraic equations. The new governing equations allow us to extend the analyses to the case of dislocation emission. The calculation results for pure shearing, pure tension and combined tension and shear loading are given in detail.

On post-instability processes in adiabatic shear in hot rolled steel

EXPERIMENTS carried out using a split Hopkinson torsional bar have shown that only one shear band develops in specimens of hot rolled steel which break during testing. We observed, however, that in specimens which were not deformed to failure, several fine shear bands appeared. We believe that these formed during the loading cycle before the appearance of the final shear band and were not due to the effect of unloading. So we developed a numerical model to study the evolution of shear banding from several finite amplitude disturbances (FADs) in both temperature and strain rate. This numerical model reveals the detailed processes by which the FADs evolve into a fully developed shear band and suggests that beyond instability, the so-called shear banding process consists of two stages: inhomogeneous shearing and true shear-banding. The latter is characterized by the collapse of the stress and an abrupt increase of the local shear strain rate.

Local stresses and strains in axially cracked cylindrical shells

A perturbation solution is obtained for the local stress-strain fields in an axially cracked cylindrical shell. The tenth-order differential equations are used that take into account the transverse shear deformation. The perturbation of a curvature parameter, λ, is employed, where . The stress intensity factors for finite size cylindrical shells subjected to bending and internal pressure are evaluated. Sufficient accuracy can be obtained without using fine mesh sizes in regions near the crack tip. Also analyzed are the influence of cylinder diameter and shearing stiffness on bulging.

Study on cracked spherical shells

The local-global anatysis method is systematically extended to the fracture analysis of spherical shells. On the basis of the shallow shell theory, which takes into account transverse shear deformations, governing equations for cracked spherical shells expressed in displacement and stress functions f, F and φ are proposed, and then a general solution including Modes, Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ for stress-strain fields at crack tip in a spherical shell is obtained, which plays the same role as Williams's expansion in plane elasticity. The numerical results for finite-size spherical shells under different boundary conditions have been obtained. Furthermore, the bulging factors are analyzed with regard to shearing stiffness and an approximate formula is given.

On the origin of shear banding instability in metallic glasses

To uncover the physical origin of shear-banding instability in metallic glass (MG), a theoretical description of thermo-mechanical deformation of MG undergoing one-dimensional simple shearing is presented. The coupled thermo-mechanical model takes into account the momentum balance, the energy balance and the dynamics of free volume. The interplay between free-volume production and temperature increase being two potential causes for shear-banding instability is examined on the basis of the homogeneous solution. It is found that the free-volume production facilitates the sudden increase in the temperature before instability and vice versa. A rigorous linear perturbation analysis is used to examine the inhomogeneous deformation, during which the onset criteria and the internal length and time scales for three types of instabilities, namely free-volume softening, thermal softening and coupling softening, are clearly revealed. The shear-banding instability originating from sole free-volume softening takes place easier and faster than that due to sole thermal softening, and dominates in the coupling softening. Furthermore, the coupled thermo-mechanical shear-band analysis does show that an initial slight distribution of local free volume can incur significant strain localization, producing a shear band. During such a localization process, the local free-volume creation occurs indeed prior to the increase in local temperature, indicating that the former is the cause of shear localization, whereas the latter is its consequence. Finally, extension of the above model to include the shear-induced dilatation shows that such dilatation facilitates the shear instability in metallic glasses.

Experimental Investigation of Thrust Fault Rupture Mechanics

Thrust fault earthquakes are investigated in the laboratory by generating dynamic shear ruptures along pre-existing frictional faults in rectangular plates. A considerable body of evidence suggests that dip-slip earthquakes exhibit enhanced ground motions in the acute hanging wall wedge as an outcome of broken symmetry between hanging and foot wall plates with respect to the earth surface. To understand the physical behavior of thrust fault earthquakes, particularly ground motions near the earth surface, ruptures are nucleated in analog laboratory experiments and guided up-dip towards the simulated earth surface. The transient slip event and emitted radiation mimic a natural thrust earthquake. High-speed photography and laser velocimeters capture the rupture evolution, outputting a full-field view of photo-elastic fringe contours proportional to maximum shearing stresses as well as continuous ground motion velocity records at discrete points on the specimen. Earth surface-normal measurements validate selective enhancement of hanging wall ground motions for both sub-Rayleigh and super-shear rupture speeds. The earth surface breaks upon rupture tip arrival to the fault trace, generating prominent Rayleigh surface waves. A rupture wave is sensed in the hanging wall but is, however, absent from the foot wall plate: a direct consequence of proximity from fault to seismometer. Signatures in earth surface-normal records attenuate with distance from the fault trace. Super-shear earthquakes feature greater amplitudes of ground shaking profiles, as expected from the increased tectonic pressures required to induce super-shear transition. Paired stations measure fault parallel and fault normal ground motions at various depths, which yield slip and opening rates through direct subtraction of like components. Peak fault slip and opening rates associated with the rupture tip increase with proximity to the fault trace, a result of selective ground motion amplification in the hanging wall. Fault opening rates indicate that the hanging and foot walls detach near the earth surface, a phenomenon promoted by a decrease in magnitude of far-field tectonic loads. Subsequent shutting of the fault sends an opening pulse back down-dip. In case of a sub-Rayleigh earthquake, feedback from the reflected S wave re-ruptures the locked fault at super-shear speeds, providing another mechanism of super-shear transition.

近衍射极限半导体激光束波面检测

在星间半导体激光通信系统中，如何检测发射光束波面的质量是个较难处理的问题，为了较好地解决这一问题，在简单介绍白光横向双剪切干涉仪的基础上，报道了用此干涉仪对近衍射极限半导体激光光束波面的检测，在此基础上推导出计算远场发散度的公式。实验测得近场光束的波高差为0．2A，通过夫朗和费衍射求得光束的发散度仅为64．8μrad，这表明光束接近光学衍射极限。同时，表明双剪切干涉仪灵敏度高、实用性好。

Wave-front analysis method of circular aperture sampling for collimation testing

A new type of wave-front analysis method for the collimation testing of laser beams is proposed. A concept of wave-front height is defined, and, on this basis, the wave-front analysis method of circular aperture sampling is introduced. The wave-front height of the tested noncollimated wave can be estimated from the distance between two identical fiducial diffraction planes of the sampled wave, and then the divergence is determined. The design is detailed, and the experiment is demonstrated. The principle and experiment results of the method are presented. Owing to the simplicity of the method and its low cost, it is a promising method for checking the collimation of a laser beam with a large divergence. © 2005 Optical Society of America.

马赫-曾德尔型相移矢量剪切干涉仪

为了实现对激光波面的等光程测试，设计了一个新颖的相移矢量剪切干涉仪。该干涉仪以马赫一曾德尔结构为基础，为等光程干涉仪。通过在相干的两路光束中分别插入楔角方向正交放置的楔板实现矢量剪切；其中一块楔板分成两块（平板部分和楔板部分），楔板部分沿平板部分的表面移动，通过改变光程差来实现相移，2π相移所需的移动距离为几毫米的量级，该相移方法在相移精度控制上比较简单。文中还对楔板引入的横向剪切误差和相移误差进行了分析，最后给出了实验所得的一组相移干涉图。

一种基于平板横向剪切干涉的角位移测量方法

在一种已有的角位移干涉测量技术的基础上,提出一种改进的角位移测量方法。通过选择合适的初始入射角,使从平板前后表面反射的两光束实现剪切干涉。采用一维位置探测器测量光束经透镜会聚后在探测器光敏面上的光点偏移量。根据干涉信号的相位和光点偏移量可以计算出被测物体的角位移。在该测量方案中,引入的一平面反射镜与被测物体的反射面形成光程差放大系统,提高了角位移测量灵敏度。分析了初始入射角对剪切比的影响,并讨论了基于该方案的角位移测量精度。实验结果表明,基于该技术的角位移重复测量精度达到10-8 rad数量级。

用于高重复频率热容主振荡功率放大器激光系统的波前检测技术

高重复频率热容主振荡功率放大器(MOPA)激光系统的工作过程一般只持续几秒至几十秒,在此过程中系统输出光束的波前畸变是动态变化的。采用环路径向剪切干涉(CRWSI)技术对高重复频率热容MOPA系统波前畸变的变化过程进行检测,并对系统的总体结构进行了设计。搭建了一个简化的实验系统,采用平凹透镜来代替光放大器产生波前畸变,并由此对环路径向剪切干涉仪的测量精度进行了验证。结果表明,实验测量结果与理论计算值之间的峰值误差为7.8%(0.02λ)。