Avaliação, tratamento e consolidação de madeira em edifícios antigos

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Semi-destructive in situ tests as support to the assessment of a conservation process

This paper refers to the assessment on site by semi-destructive testing (SDT) methods of the consolidation efficiency of a conservation process developed by Henriques (2011) for structural and non-structural pine wood elements in service. This study was applied on scots pine wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) degraded by fungi after treatment with a biocidal product followed by consolidation with a polymeric product. This solution avoids substitutions of wood moderately degraded by fungi, improving its physical and mechanical characteristics. The consolidation efficiency was assessed on site by methods of drill resistance and penetration resistance. The SDT methods used showed good sensitivity to the conservation process and could evaluate their effectiveness. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Puutuhkalannoituksen kannattavuus eräissä ojitusaluemänniköissä

Summary: the profitability of wood ash-fertilizing of drained peatland Scots pine stands

Kasvillisuuden ja maanmuokkauksen vaikutus männyn ja koivun taimettumiseen varpu- ja puolukkaturvekankailla

Summary: Effect of vegetation and site preparation on the restocking of Scots pine and birch in dwarf-schrub and Vaccinium vitis-idaea type peatland forests

Prospecciones liquenologicas en el alto Aragon occidental

This work includes the first results of some excursions to a number of representative localities of Spanish Pyrenees in the region of Jaca, mainly focused on the epiphytes of the fir and beech woods, of Scots pine and of Pinus uncinata, calcareous and siliceous alpine rocks, and also on urban tree lichens in Jaca. The result is an annotated list comprising 228 species, of which 47 are new to Spain and a hundred were not previously reported from the Spanish Pyrenees. Furthermore, it has been possible to recognize some typical examples of alpine associations and also of epiphytic associations rich in oceanic lichens, well known outside of Spain.

Varhaisperkauksen vaikutus männyn taimien elossa oloon, kasvuun ja lehtipuuston aiheuttamiin latvavaurioihin

Seloste artikkelista: Saksa, T. & Miina, J. 2007. Cleaning methods in planted Scots pine stands in southern Finland: 4-year results on survival, growth and whipping damage of pines. Silva Fennica 41 (4) : 661-670

Ensiharvennuksen ja puun metsikköaseman vaikutus männyn sädekasvuun ja puuaineen tiheyteen

Seloste artikkelista: Peltola, H., Kilpeläinen, A., Sauvala, K., Räisänen, T. & Ikonen, V.-P. 2007. Effects of early thinning regime and tree status on the radial growth and wood density of Scots pine. Silva Fennica 4 (3): 489-505.

Regressiomenetelmien vertailu männiköiden läpimittajakaumien ennustamiseksi ojitusalueilla

Seloste artikkelista: Siipilehto, J., Sarkkola, S. & Mehtätalo, L. 2007. Comparing regression estimation techniques when predicting diameter distributions of Scots pine on drained peatlands. Silva Fennica 4 (2): 333-349.

Elävän latvuksen supistumisen vaikutus neulasten alkuainepitoisuuksiin männiköissä

Seloste väitöskirjasta: Effects of living crown reduction on needle element status of Scots pine. Dissertationes Forestales 64.

Männyn kasvun ja puuaineen ominaisuuksien sekä saheiden laadun mallintaminen liittyen metsänhoitoon

Selostus väitöskirjasta: Modelling the growth and properties of stem and wood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) as related to silvicultural management with implications for sawing yield and properties of sawn pieces. Dissertationes Forestales 65.

Elemental analysis of wood materials by external millibeam thick target PIXE

PIXE (Particle Induce X-ray Emission spectrometry) was used for analysing stem bark and stem wood of Scots pine, Norway spruce and Silver birch. Thick samples were irradiated, in laboratory atmosphere, with 3 MeV protons and the beam current was measured indirectly using a photo multiplicator (PM) tube. Both point scans and bulk analyses were performed with the 1 mm diameter proton beam. In bulk analyses, whole bark and sectors of discs of the stem wood were dry ashed at 550 ˚C. The ashes were homogenised by shaking and prepared to target pellets for PIXE analyses. This procedure generated representative samples to be analysed, but the enrichment also enabled quantification of some additional trace elements. The ash contents obtained as a product of the sample preparation procedure also showed to be of great importance in the evaluation of results in environmental studies. Spot scans from the pith of pine wood outwards, showed clearly highest concentrations of manganese, calcium and zinc in the first spot irradiated, or 2-3 times higher than in the surrounding wood. For stem wood from the crown part of a pine this higher concentration level was found in the first four spots/mms, including the pith and the two following growth rings. Zinc showed increasing concentrations outwards in sapwood of the pine stem, with the over-all lowest concentrations in the inner half of the sapwood. This could indicate emigration of this element from sapwood being under transformation to heartwood. Point scans across sapwood of pine and spruce showed more distinct variations in concentrations relative to hearth wood. Higher concentrations of e.g. zinc, calcium and manganese were found in earlywood than in denser latewood. Very high concentrations of iron and copper were also seen for some earlywood increments. The ash content of stem bark is up to and order higher than for the stem wood. However, when the elemental concentration in ashes of bark and wood of the same disc were compared, these are very similar – this when trees are growing at spots with no anthropogenic contamination from the atmosphere. The largest difference was obtained for calcium which appeared at two times high concentrations in ashes of bark than in ashes of the wood (ratio of 2). Pine bark is often used in monitoring of atmospheric pollution, where concentrations in bark samples are compared. Here an alternative approach is suggested: Bark and the underlying stem wood of a pine trees are dry ashed and analysed. The elemental concentration in the bark ash is then compared to the concentration of the same element in the wood ash. Comparing bark to wood includes a normalisation for the varying availability of an element from the soil at different sites. When this comparison is done for the ashes of the materials, a normalisation is also obtained for the general and locally different enrichment of inorganic elements from wood to bark. Already a ratio >2 between the concentration in the bark ash and the concentration in the wood ash could indicate atmospheric pollution. For monitoring where bark is used, this way of “inwards” comparison is suggested - instead of comparing to results from analyses of bark from other trees (read reference areas), growing at sites with different soil and, locally, different climate conditions. This approach also enables evaluation of atmospheric pollution from sampling of only relative few individual trees –preferable during forest felling.

Influence of Heat Treatment on Strength Properties of Finger-jointed Components

The purpose for the thesis was to study the thermo treatment of finger-jointed wood. The thesis concentrated on examining the tensile and bending strength of finger-jointed and thermo treated wood. The aim was to find out how different treatment temperature levels and adhesives influence the strength of wood that has been finger-jointed before heat treatment. Secondary objectives were to examine the influence of the treatment time at one temperature, determine differences in the strength between the joints in heartwood and sapwood, examine the visual appearance of the finger joints after the treatment and establish possibilities to reach a characteristic strength level corresponding to C14. Only minor differences in strength properties were measured between the finger-jointed wood treatments II and III. A greater difference was shown between these two treatment temperatures I, which lead to reduced strength. The average strength of joints glued with adhesive 2 was higher after treatments II and III compared to those glued with the adhesive 1. At the treatment temperature I, the adhesive 1 strength properties were at the same level compared to the adhesive 2 or better. There were not any significant differences.

Männyn ja kuusen biomassamallit Suomessa

Seloste artikkelista: Repola, J. 2009. Biomass equations for Scots pine and Norway spruce in Finland. Silva Fennica 43 (4) : 625–647.

Trakeidien poikkileikkausdimensiot männyssä : jakaumia ja vertailu kuuseen

Seloste artikkelista: Havimo, M., Rikala, J., Sirviö, J. & Sipi, M. 2009. Tracheid cross-sectional dimensions in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) – distributions and comparison with Norway spruce (Picea abies). Silva Fennica 43 (4) : 681–688.