Transverse plane wave analysis of short elliptical chamber mufflers: An analytical approach

Short elliptical chamber mufflers are used often in the modern day automotive exhaust systems. The acoustic analysis of such short chamber mufflers is facilitated by considering a transverse plane wave propagation model along the major axis up to the low frequency limit. The one dimensional differential equation governing the transverse plane wave propagation in such short chambers is solved using the segmentation approaches which are inherently numerical schemes, wherein the transfer matrix relating the upstream state variables to the downstream variables is obtained. Analytical solution of the transverse plane wave model used to analyze such short chambers has not been reported in the literature so far. This present work is thus an attempt to fill up this lacuna, whereby Frobenius solution of the differential equation governing the transverse plane wave propagation is obtained. By taking a sufficient number of terms of the infinite series, an approximate analytical solution so obtained shows good convergence up to about 1300 Hz and also covers most of the range of muffler dimensions used in practice. The transmission loss (TL) performance of the muffler configurations computed by this analytical approach agrees excellently with that computed by the Matrizant approach used earlier by the authors, thereby offering a faster and more elegant alternate method to analyze short elliptical muffler configurations. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Oxidation and decomposition of NH3 over combustion synthesized Al2O3 and CeO2 supported Pt, Pd and Ag catalysts

The catalytic oxidation and decomposition of NH3 have been carried out over combustion synthesized Al2O3 and CeO2 supported Pt, Pd and Ag catalysts using temperature programmed reaction (TPR) technique in a packed bed tubular reactor. Metals are ionically dispersed over CeO2 and fine metal particles are found on Al2O3. NH3 oxidation occurs over 1% Pt/Al2O3, 1% Pd/Al2O3 and 1% Ag/Al2O3 at 175, 270 and 350 C respectively producing N-2, NO, N2O and H2O, whereas 1% Pt/CeO2, 1% Pd/CeO2 and 1% Ag/CeO2 give N-2 along with NO, N2O and H2O at 200, 225 and 250degreesC respectively. N-2 predominates over other nitrogen-containing products during the reaction on all catalysts. At less O-2 concentration, N-2 and H2O are the only products obtained during NH3 Oxidation. NH3 decomposition over all the catalysts occurs above 450degreesC.

The advection-condensation model and water-vapour probability density functions

The statistically steady humidity distribution resulting from an interaction of advection, modelled as an uncorrelated random walk of moist parcels on an isentropic surface, and a vapour sink, modelled as immediate condensation whenever the specific humidity exceeds a specified saturation humidity, is explored with theory and simulation. A source supplies moisture at the deep-tropical southern boundary of the domain and the saturation humidity is specified as a monotonically decreasing function of distance from the boundary. The boundary source balances the interior condensation sink, so that a stationary spatially inhomogeneous humidity distribution emerges. An exact solution of the Fokker-Planck equation delivers a simple expression for the resulting probability density function (PDF) of the wate-rvapour field and also the relative humidity. This solution agrees completely with a numerical simulation of the process, and the humidity PDF exhibits several features of interest, such as bimodality close to the source and unimodality further from the source. The PDFs of specific and relative humidity are broad and non-Gaussian. The domain-averaged relative humidity PDF is bimodal with distinct moist and dry peaks, a feature which we show agrees with middleworld isentropic PDFs derived from the ERA interim dataset. Copyright (C) 2011 Royal Meteorological Society

Direct ultrafast laser written C-band waveguide amplifier in Er-doped chalcogenide glass

This paper reports the fabrication and characterization of an ultrafast laser written Er-doped chalcogenide glass buried waveguide amplifier; Er-doped GeGaS glass has been synthesized by the vacuum sealed melt quenching technique. Waveguides have been fabricated inside the 4 mm long sample by direct ultrafast laser writing. The total passive fiber-to-fiber insertion loss is 2.58 +/- 0.02 dB at 1600 nm, including a propagation loss of 1.6 +/- 0.3 dB. Active characterization shows a relative gain of 2.524 +/- 0.002 dB/cm and 1.359 +/- 0.005 dB/cm at 1541 nm and 1550 nm respectively, for a pump power of 500 mW at a wavelength of 980 nm. (C) 2012 Optical Society of America

Regionalization of precipitation in India-a review

Regionalization of precipitation refers to delineation of rain gauges in an area into homogeneous groups (clusters or regions). Various regionalization procedures are employed by researchers in hydrometeorology for addressing a wide spectrum of problems. This paper provides an overview of underlying concepts as well as advantages and limitations of procedures that have been developed over the past six decades. Emphasis is given to studies that have been carried out in India. Following this, gaps where more research needs to be focussed are highlighted, and challenges for regionalization in a climate change scenario are discussed.

Slow Slip Acceleration beneath Andaman Islands Triggered by the 11 April 2012 Indian Ocean Earthquakes

The M-w 8.6 and 8.2 strike-slip earthquakes that struck the northeast Indian Ocean on 11 April 2012 resulted in coseismic deformation both at near and distant sites. The slip distribution, deduced using seismic-wave analysis for the orthogonal faults that ruptured during these earthquakes, is sufficient to predict the coseismic displacements at the Global Positioning System (GPS) sites, such as NTUS, PALK, and CUSV, but fall short at four continuous sites in the Andaman Islands region. Slip modeling, for times prior to the events, suggests that the lower portion of the thrust fault beneath the Andaman Islands has been slipping at least at the rate of 40 cm/yr, in response to the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman coseismic stress change. Modeling of GPS displacements suggests that the en echelon and orthogonal fault ruptures of the 2012 intraplate oceanic earthquakes could have possibly accelerated the ongoing slow slip, along the lower portion of the thrust fault beneath the islands with a month-long slip of 4-10 cm. The misfit to the coseismic GPS displacements along the Andaman Islands could be improved with a better source model, assuming that no local process contributed to this anomaly.

Fracture Testing at Small-Length Scales: From Plasticity in Si to Brittleness in Pt

The field of micro-/nano-mechanics of materials has been driven, on the one hand by the development of ever smaller structures in devices, and, on the other, by the need to map property variations in large systems that are microstructurally graded. Observations of `smaller is stronger' have also brought in questions of accompanying fracture property changes in the materials. In the wake of scattered articles on micro-scale fracture testing of various material classes, this review attempts to provide a holistic picture of the current state of the art. In the process, various reliable micro-scale geometries are shown, challenges with respect to instrumentation to probe ever smaller length scales are discussed and examples from recent literature are put together to exhibit the expanse of unusual fracture response of materials, from ductility in Si to brittleness in Pt. Outstanding issues related to fracture mechanics of small structures are critically examined for plausible solutions.

Space-Vector-Based Hybrid PWM Technique to Reduce Peak-to-Peak Torque Ripple in Induction Motor Drives

Constant-volts-per-hertz induction motor drives and vector-controlled induction motor drives utilize pulsewidth modulation (PWM) to control the voltage applied on the motor. The method of PWM influences the pulsations in the torque developed by the motor. A space-vector-based approach to PWM facilitates special switching sequences involving the division of active state time. This paper proposes a space-vector-based hybrid PWM technique, which is a combination of the conventional and special switching sequences. The proposed hybrid PWM technique results in a lower peak-to-peak torque ripple than conventional space vector PWM(CSVPWM) at high speeds of an induction motor drive. Furthermore, the magnitude of the dominant torque harmonic due to the proposed hybrid PWM is significantly lower than that due to CSVPWM at high speeds of the drive. Experimental results from a 3.75-kW sensorless vector-controlled induction motor drive under various load conditions are presented to support analytical and simulation results.

Evaluación de siete variedades de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) y su respuesta a dosis creciente de fertilizantes (N-P)

El experimento fue conducido en la Estación Experimental "La Compañía" Carazo, en época de postrera (octubre diciembre de 1991), en suelos jóvenes de origen volcánico, con altos contenidos de carbono orgánico y alto porcentaje de saturación de bases, ricos en potasio y en algunos sectores deficiente en fósforo (1.5 ppm). Su textura es franca, moderadamente profundos, bien drenados y medianamente ácido a neutro. El experimento se estableció con el objetivo de evaluar la respuesta diferencial de siete variedades de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) a dosis creciente de fertilizantes (N+P) utilizando como fuente la formula completa 18-48-0 El diseño utilizado fue Bloque Complete al Azar (BCA) con arreglo bifactorial con tres repeticiones, la parcelas las constituyeron seis surcos separados a 5O cm y con una longitud de 5 m., las parcelas útiles fueron los cuatro surcos centrales de cuatro metros de largo y las evaluaciones realizadas fueron: altura de planta, diámetro del tallo, número de plantas cosechadas por parcela útil, número de vaina por planta, número de grano por vaina peso de 100 granos, rendimiento de granos 14% de humedad y análisis foliar. Los resultados indican que el rendimiento de grano no mostró diferencias estadísticas significativas tanto para variedades como para los niveles de fertilizantes (N+P), sin embargo, podemos señalar que todas las variedades superaron numéricamente al testigo Rev-79, presentando el mayor promedio la DOR-391. En cuanto a los niveles, también presentaron diferencias numéricas obteniendo el mayor promedio el testigo (cero aplicación), lo cual indica que en el suelo se encontraban suficiente nutrientes para satisfacer la demanda de la planta.

应县木塔环境振动试验

对于复杂的塔状古建筑物,建立一个合适的简化的数学模型是不易实现的.与强迫振动试验相比,环境振动试验比较简单、方便,所确定出的小振幅水平下的木塔结构动力特性具有足够的精度.本文首先结合应县木塔结构环境振动测试实例对环境振动测试方法作了简要介绍,并采用随机信号数据频域分析方法对测试数据进行了分析,确定木塔结构的自振频率.同时,依据不同测点在固有频率处响应的比及零迟时互相关函数确定木塔结构的振型.最后,本文依据自功率谱和互功率谱采用半功率点法计算各振型的阻尼比.本文分析结果表明,在两水平方向上木塔的振动特性存在

Efecto de densidades de siembra y frecuencias de control mecánico de malezas, sobre la dinámica de las malezas y el crecimiento y rendimiento del frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Var. Rev. 84

El experimento fue realizado durante la postrera de 1993, en la finca experimental La Compañía, San Marcos, Carazo; perteneciente al Instituto Nicaragüense de tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Este estudio fue establecido con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de diferentes densidades de plantas y formas de control de maleza, sobre el crecimiento, y rendimiento de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris I.), la cenosis de las malezas y evaluar la rentabilidad de los tratamiento en estudio. El diseño utilizado fue un Bloques Completos al Azor, en arreglo factorial, con cuatro repeticiones. Los factores evaluados fueron: densidad de siembra, siendo estas: densidad alta (400 000 plantas/ha), densidad media (300 000 plantas/ha) y densidad baja (200 000 plantas/ha) y formas de control de malezas, donde se utilizaron tres tratamientos: Enmalezado (sin control), período crítico (control mecánico a los 21 dds) y limpia periódica (controles mecánicos a los 14, 28, 42 y 56 dds). Los resultados obtenidos se pueden sintetizar de lo forma siguiente: no existió un efecto significativo de las diferentes densidades de plantas sobre la abundancia y la cobertura de las malezas, sin embargo La densidad alta presento el menor peso seco de malezas, evidenciándose el efecto de este tratamiento sobre el desarrollo de las mismas. Respecto a los controles de maleza, el control durante el período crítico y limpia periódica ejercieron un excelente control de malezas, reduciendo grandemente la abundancia y dominancia de las malezas. El número de vainas por planta disminuye conforme se aumenta la densidad de siembra, sin embargo el comportamiento de la población por unidad de oreo es opuesto, ya que a mayor densidad, el rendimiento del cultivo es superior. El tratamiento con mejor rentabilidad es el tratamiento con densidad alta, sin embargo la diferencia es mínima con respecto a las restantes densidades. De los tratamiento con control de maleza, el tratamiento limpia periódica es el que muestra mejores resultados, si analizamos la tasa de retorno marginal, sin embargo es suficiente un único control de malezas durante los períodos de mayor susceptibilidad del frijol común al efecto de las malezas

Análise das 200 maiores empresas brasileiras

Apresenta os principais resultados das maiores empresas brasileiras no ano de 2003, divulgados pelo jornal Valor Econômico em sua edição especial 'Valor Grandes Grupos'.

Empreendedorismo - jovens - experiências internacional e brasileira : impactos sobre o emprego

Consultoria Legislativa - Área V - Direito do Trabalho e Processual do Trabalho.

Soundings: the Newsletter of the Monterey Bay Chapter of the American Cetacean Society. 1986

(PDF contains 62 pages.)