Diarrhea outbreaks in suckling piglets due to rotavirus group C single and mixed (rotavirus groups A and B) infections

Porcine group A rotavirus (PoRVA) is a major cause of neonatal diarrhea in suckling and recently weaned piglets worldwide. The involvement of non-group A rotavirus in cases of neonatal diarrhea in piglets are sporadic. In Brazil there are no reports of the porcine rotavirus group C (PoRVC) as etiologic agent of the diarrhea outbreaks in piglets. The aim of this study was to describe the identification of rotavirus group C in single and in mixed infection with rotavirus groups A and B in three neonatal diarrhea outbreaks in suckling (<21-day-old) piglets, with 70% to 80% and 20% to 25% of morbidity and lethality rates, respectively, in three pig herds located in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The diagnosis of PoRV in the diarrheic fecal samples was performed using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) to identify the presence of porcine rotavirus groups A, B (PoRVB), and C, and by RT-PCR (PoRVA and PoRVC) and semi-nested (SN)-PCR (PoRVB) to partially amplify the VP4 (VP8*)-VP7, NSP2, and VP6 genes of PoRVA, PoRVB, and PoRVC, respectively. One RT-PCR (PoRVA and PoRVC) and SN-PCR (PoRVB) product of each group of rotavirus of each diarrhea outbreak was submitted to nucleotide (nt) sequence analysis. Based on the PAGE technique, 4 (25%) and 1 (6.25%) of the 16 diarrheic fecal samples evaluated in the first outbreak presented PoRVA and PoRVC electropherotype, respectively, and 11 (68.75%) were negative. In the second outbreak, 3 (42.85%) of the 7 fecal samples evaluated presented PoRVA electropherotype, and in 3 (42.85%) and in 1 (14.3%) fecal samples were detected inconclusive and negative results, respectively. Three (30%) of the 10 fecal samples of the third outbreak presented PoRVC electropherotype; 5 (50%) and 2 (20%) samples showed negative and inconclusive results, respectively. Based on the RT-PCR and SN-PCR assays in the first neonatal diarrhea outbreak, PoRVC was detected in 13 (81.2%) of the 16 diarrheic fecal samples evaluated. PoRVC single infection was identified in 4 (25%) of these samples and mixed infections with PoRVA and PoRVB in 9 (56.2%) fecal samples. All of the seven diarrheic fecal samples evaluated from the second neonatal diarrhea outbreak were positive for PoRVC, whereas its mixed infection with other PoRV groups was detected in 4 (57.2%) samples. In the third outbreak, PoRVC in single infection was detected in all of the 10 diarrheic fecal samples analyzed. In the nt sequence analysis, the PoRVA strains of the first and second outbreaks demonstrated higher nt identity with G4P[6] and G9P[23] genotypes, respectively. The PoRVB strains (first and second outbreaks) and the PoRVC strains (first, second, and third outbreaks) showed higher nt identity and clustered in the phylogenetic tree with PoRVB and PoRVC strains that belong to the N4 and I1 genotypes, respectively. This is the first description in Brazil of the involvement of PoRVC in the etiology of diarrhea outbreaks in suckling piglets. The results of this study demonstrated that PoRVC, in both single and mixed infections, is an important enteropathogen involved in neonatal diarrhea outbreaks in piglets and that the use of more sensitive diagnostic techniques allows the identification of mixed infections involving two or even three groups of PoRV, which may be more common than previously reported.

Carcinoma hepatocelular e as infecções pelos vírus das hepatites B e C na Amazônia Oriental: estudo clínico-sorológico e de biologia molecular

Com o objetivo de contribuir para um melhor conhecimento do eventual envolvimento das infecções pelos vírus das hepatites B e C, na etiopatogenia do carcinoma hapatocelular (CHC) na Amazônia Oriental, estudaram-se 36 pacientes internados em três hospitais públicos em Belém (PA), de janeiro de 1992 a março de 1999. Os critérios de inclusão adotados foram: o clínico, associado à imagenologia compatível, níveis séricos de alfafetoproteína (AFP) acima de 400ng/ml e/ou histopatologia compatível. Foram avaliados os aspectos clínicos, exames bioquímicos e hematológicos, imagenologia, histopatologia, níveis séricos de AFP e exames sorológicos das hepatites B e C. A presença dos ácidos nucléicos virais, o HBV-DNA e o HCV-RNA, foi avaliada a partir da detecção no soro pela reação em cadeia da polimerase. Observou-se um predomínio do sexo masculino (p<0.01), com reação M/F de 6,2: 1. Média e medianas gerais de idade foram, respectivamente, 50,8 e 53,0 anos, com amplitude de 6-81 anos. A maioria dos pacientes (52,7%) era procedente da zona rural, sendo a profissão de lavrador a mais freqüente (p<0,01). Etilismo foi encontrado em 33,3% dos casos. Dor abdominal e hepatomegalia, presentes em 94,4% dos casos, foram os sintomas e sinais mais freqüentes. Observou-se a presença de cirrose em 83,3% dos casos, sendo 80% enquadrados nas classes B e C (child-pugh). Cinqüenta por cento apresentaram complicações durante o diagnóstico, sendo as mais freqüentes a encefalopatia hepática e a hemorragia digestiva alta, relacionadas à doença hepática crônica de base. Marcadores sorológicos de infecção pelo HBV e pelo HCV foram encontrados em, respectivamente, 88,9% e 8,3% da casuística. Em 11,1% não se encontrou marcador sorológico. O HbsAg foi encontrado em 58, 3%. Anti-HBc foi encontrado em 86%, estando associado ao anti- HBs em 25%. Entre os HbsAg positivos: o anti- Hbe foi encontrado em 85%; o antiHBc IgM em 57,1%; e o anti-HD não foi detectado. O HBV- DNA foi encontrado em 37,7% do total de casos e em 65% dos HbsAG positivos. O HCV-RNA foi encontrado em 8,5% da amostra estudada e em 100% dos casos anti-HCV positivos. Não foi observada positividade para o HBV-DNA e para o HCV-RNA em soros de pacientes HbsAG ou anti- HCV negativos. A AFP esteve acima da normalidade em 88,9% dos casos, estando acima de 400 ng/ml em 75% e em 27,8% a titulações foi superior a 70.000 ng/ml. A ultrassonografia abdominal mostrou tumores com múltiplos nódulos em 63,9% e, nódulo único em 36,1% dos casos. O tipo histológico predominante foi carcinoma bem diferenciado do tipo trabecular (p<0,05). Os casos HbsAg positivos apresentaram menor média de idade e níveis de AFP mais elevados (p<0,01). A maioria dos pacientes se encontravam em fase avançada de doenças com uma taxa de óbito durante o diagnóstico de 38,9%. Conclui-se que, na Amazônia Oriental, a infecção pelo HBV parece exercer importância na etiologia do CHC, ressaltando-se a necessidade de incrementação de medidas preventivas, como vacinação e programa de detecção precoce do tumor em populações de risco. São necessários estudos adicionais controlados ou direcionados, para os possíveis co-fatores de importância na região, o que pode contribuir para um melhor entendimento dos mecanismos envolvidos na hepatocarcinogênese.

Soroepidemiologia da infecção pelo Vírus da hepatite B (VHB) e pelo Vírus da hepatite C (VHC) em cirurgiões-dentistas da cidade de Belém, Pará

As hepatites virais representam um importante problema de saúde pública no Brasil e no mundo. A hepatite B e a hepatite C são as de principal interesse para os profissionais da área de saúde em função do modo de transmissão e da possibilidade de aquisição ocupacional. O presente trabalho teve por principal objetivo verificar a soroprevalência da infecção pelo Vírus da Hepatite B (VHB) e pelo Vírus da Hepatite C (VHC) em cirurgiões-dentistas e relacioná-la com os fatores de risco. Participaram do estudo 97 cirurgiões-dentistas, sendo 39 do gênero masculino e 58 do gênero feminino, no período de junho a dezembro de 2005, que atuam no município de Belém, Pará, Brasil. Os dados epidemiológicos foram obtidos por meio de inquéritos e os sorológicos por um ensaio imunoenzimático para a pesquisa de antígeno e anticorpo tanto para o VHB quanto para o VHC. O teste de Tendência foi utilizado para a análise estatística dos resultados. A prevalência do VHB foi de 6,2%, enquanto do VHC foi de 3,1% entre a população estudada. Das amostras sororreativas para os marcadores da hepatite B, a prevalência foi de 1,03% (1/97) para o anti-HBc total, 5,16% (5/97) para a presença simultânea do anti-HBc total e anti-HBs e 54,61% (53/97) para o anti-HBs. Quando comparado ao encontrado na população de doadores de sangue no Estado do Pará a prevalência do VHC na população estudada foi significativamente maior, enquanto a do VHB foi semelhante. Além disso, 37,7% (36/97) relataram terem tido algum tipo de exposição ocupacional, estando o acidente com objetos pérfuro-cortante como o mais relatado (86,1%). A medida adotada após a exposição foi sempre a lavagem com água e sabão e apenas 2,8% (1/36) dos acidentados relataram à realização de testes sorológicos. O conhecimento das normas de biossegurança e a utilização de pelo menos uma barreira de proteção individual foram relatados por todos, sendo o uso de luvas e máscara a resposta mais mencionada (96,9%). Encontravam-se imunizados contra o VHB por meio de vacina 54,61% (53/97) dos cirurgiões-dentistas, enquanto que imunes por infecção natural 5,16% (5/97). O elevado percentual de ocorrência de acidentes ocupacionais, aliado a baixa soroconversão pós-exposição dentre os cirurgiões-dentistas participantes demonstra a necessidade de se conhecer a prevalência de infecções de risco ocupacional em profissionais da área de saúde para que se adotem medidas de prevenção e controle mais eficazes contra os agentes causadores.

Infecções pelos vírus das hepatites B e C e o carcinoma hepatocelular na Amazônia oriental

Com o objetivo de contribuir para um melhor conhecimento do envolvimento das infecções pelos vírus das hepatites B e C, na etioepidemiologia do CHC na Amazônia Oriental, estudou-se 36 pacientes em Belém-PA. Foram avaliados marcadores sorológicos e a pesquisa do HBV-DNA e HCV-RNA pela reação em cadeia da polimerase. Observou-se etilismo em 33,3% e cirrose em 83,3%. Marcadores sorológicos das infecções pelo HBV e HCV foram encontrados respectivamente em 88,9% e 8,3%. O HBsAg foi encontrado em 58,3%; anti-HBc em 86%; anti-HBe em 85,7; HBeAg em 9,5%; anti-HBc IgM em 57,1%. O HBV-DNA foi detectado em 37,7% e em 65% dos HBsAg positivos; o HCV-RNA em 8,5% e em 100% dos anti-HCV positivos. AFP esteve alterada em 88,9% e acima de 400ng/ml em 75% dos casos. Conclui-se que a infecção pelo HBV parece ter importância na etiologia do CHC e ressalta-se a importância de implementar programas de vacinação e detecção precoce do tumor.

Ms. Ff. Mus. 1540 - Am 3. post Epiphan. : Wohl dem, des Hülffe der Gott Jacob ist ; C. A. T. B., 2 Violini, 2 Oboe, 1 Viola, Violoncello et Organo

von Telemann

Ms. Ff. Mus. 1492 - Dom: XXIII. post: Trin: : Werthes Zion sey getrost pp ; â. C. A. T. B., violino primo, violino secundo, hautbois primo, hautbois secundo, clarino primo, clarino secundo, clarino tertio, tympani, viola 1, viola 2, violoncello, chalcedon e. organo

di Telemann

Prevalence and determinants of hepatitis B co-infection among a United States Veterans Administration cohort with hepatitis C

Background and aim. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection is associated with increased risk of cirrhosis, decompensation, hepatocellular carcinoma, and death. Yet, there is sparse epidemiologic data on co-infection in the United States. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and determinants of HBV co-infection in a large United States population of HCV patients. ^ Methods. The National Veterans Affairs HCV Clinical Case Registry was used to identify patients tested for HCV during 1997–2005. HCV exposure was defined as two positive HCV tests (antibody, RNA or genotype) or one positive test combined with an ICD-9 code for HCV. HCV infection was defined as only a positive HCV RNA or genotype. HBV exposure was defined as a positive test for hepatitis B core antibodies, hepatitis B surface antigen, HBV DNA, hepatitis Be antigen, or hepatitis Be antibody. HBV infection was defined as only a positive test for hepatitis B surface antigen, HBV DNA, or hepatitis Be antigen within one year before or after the HCV index date. The prevalence of exposure to HBV in patients with HCV exposure and the prevalence of HBV infection in patients with HCV infection were determined. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify demographic and clinical determinants of co-infection. ^ Results. Among 168,239 patients with HCV exposure, 58,415 patients had HBV exposure for a prevalence of 34.7% (95% CI 34.5–35.0). Among 102,971 patients with HCV infection, 1,431 patients had HBV co-infection for a prevalence of 1.4% (95% CI 1.3–1.5). The independent determinants for an increased risk of HBV co-infection were male sex, positive HIV status, a history of hemophilia, sickle cell anemia or thalassemia, history of blood transfusion, cocaine and other drug use. Age >50 years and Hispanic ethnicity were associated with a decreased risk of HBV co-infection. ^ Conclusions. This is the largest cohort study in the United States on the prevalence of HBV co-infection. Among veterans with HCV, exposure to HBV is common (∼35%), but HBV co-infection is relatively low (1.4%). There is an increased risk of co-infection with younger age, male sex, HIV, and drug use, with decreased risk in Hispanics.^

L.M.B.C. memoirs on typical British marine plants and animals.

Imprint varies. No. 24-34 published: Liverpool : Liverpool University Press.

Características bioativas, funcionais e efeito protetor do resíduo desidratado de camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia H.B.K. (McVaugh)) sobre doenças degenerativas utilizando modelos in vivo C. elegans

Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia H.B.K. (McVaugh)) is a native Amazon fruit, recognized worldwide as one of the main natural sources of ascorbic acid. Due to its great acidity, this fruit is generally consumed after processing into juice or as ingredient in food preparations. As a co-product of the camu-camu processing, a significant amount of agroindustrial residue is generated. Despite the studies showing the bioactive value and biological potential of the fruit, few studies have approached the possible processing techniques, transformation and preservation of camu-camu fruits and its agroindustrial pomace. Therefore, the present work has the objective of evaluating two different drying processes applied to camu-camu pomace (peel and seeds with residual pulp), freeze drying and hot air drying, in order to obtain a functional fruit product. This thesis was divided into three stages: the first one shows the studies related to the freeze drying and hot air drying, where we demonstrated the impact of the selected drying techniques on the bioactive components of camu-camu, taking the fresh pomace as the control group. Among the investigated conditions, the groups obtained at 50ºC and 4 m/s (SC50) and 80ºC and 6 m/s (SC80) were selected as for further studies, based on their ascorbic acid final content and Folin-Ciocalteau reducing capacity. In addition to SC50 and SC80, the fresh pomace (RF) and freeze dried (RL) samples were also evaluated in these further stages of the research. Overall, the results show higher bioactive concentration in the RF samples, followed by RL, SC50 and SC80. On the second step of the research, the antioxidant, antimicrobial and antienzymatic activities were evaluated and the same tendency was observed. It was also reported, for the first time in the literature, the presence of syringic acid in dried camu-camu pomace. In the third and final stage of the research, it was investigated the effect of dried camu-camu on aging and neuroprotective disorders, using the in vivo model C.elegans. It was observed that camu-camu extracts were able to modulate important signaling genes relevant to thermal and oxidative stresses (p < 0.05). The polar acid, polar basic and polar neutral fractions obtained from the low molecular extracts of SC50 were able to extend the lifespan of wild type N2 C. elegans in 20% and 13% (p < 0.001). Results also showed that the paralysis induced by the β1-42 amyloid was significantly (p < 0.0001) retarded in CL4176 worms. Similarly, the camu-camu extracts attenuated the dopaminergic induction associated to Parkinson’s disease. Finally, a global analysis of the data presented here reveal that the camu-camu pomace, a co-product obtained from the industrial processing of a native Brazilian fruit, is a relevant natural source of health relevant compounds. This thesis, shows for the first time, the multifunctionality of camu-camu pomace, a natural resource still underexploited for scientific, commercial and technological purposes.

A, B, C… Anorexia, bulimia y comedor compulsivo. Manual para docentes

Los trastornos relacionados con la alimentación se han convertido, en los úl- timos años, en un grave problema de salud pública, tanto por la gravedad que estas patologías adquieren con el tiempo, como por la alarma social que se ha despertado frente a la, cada vez más frecuente, aparición de estos trastornos. A este respecto baste señalar que, según los últimos datos, de la población de jóvenes escolarizados en la Comunidad de Madrid, con edades comprendidas entre los quince y dieciocho años, un 3.4% padecen un TCA y un 7,6% presen- tan riesgo de padecerlo, lo que, unido a la prevalencia actual, supone que este problema de salud afecta a un 11% de los adolescentes escolarizados en Madrid. Junto a los jóvenes que padecen un trastorno relacionado con la alimentación hay una cantidad considerable de menores que presentan conductas de riesgo relacionadas con la aparición de estos trastornos. Así, según los últimos estudios con adolescentes, un 7,1% de los chicos y un 34,1% de las chicas han iniciado una dieta para adelgazar en el último año, mientras que un 1,1% de los chicos y un 9,1% de las chicas se han provocado el vómito con la intención de adelgazar. Un joven que está empezando a desarrollar una anorexia o una bulimia puede pasar desapercibido para su entorno, la diferencia entre la salud y la enfer- medad es, en sus orígenes, muy sutil. Así, es difícil diferenciar al adolescente que se pone a dieta porque es la moda y acaba dejando la dieta pasadas unas semanas, del joven que, con idéntico inicio, acaba desarrollando un trastorno. El INUTCAM, consciente de la compleja situación a la que se enfrentan los docentes en cuanto a los TCA, publica este manual con la intención de brindar una ayuda más de cara a la prevención, detección y atención a los jóvenes con estas patologías.

The conceptualisation of music in ancient Greek thought (V century B.C. – II century B.C.)

The focus of this dissertation is the analysis of the music-related philosophical passages from the 5th century B.C. to the 2nd century B.C. It aims to provide a multifaceted view towards music as a cultural phenomenon, which is based primarily on the philological and culturological explorations instead of the technical-musicological approach. The texts from our selected period attest that mousikē had an extremely broad conceptualisation which led to the attribution of the different, sometimes completely opposite value: from an insignificant performative practice to an activity which corresponds to the divine laws and directly affects the human soul. The discussed testimonia provide evidence of defining music both as an exclusively acoustic phenomenon and as a philosophically significant concept that oversteps the sonic definition. Our sources clearly demonstrate that mousikē was a polysemous term: it was understood as an interdisciplinary form of art (as the arts of the Muses), though it was also used to indicate the exclusively instrumental music or a philosophical concept, which does not necessarily define sound as its essential quality. The aim of this dissertation is to clarify the arguments behind each of these positions, to analyse whether such different modes of conceptualisation are compatible among themselves, and to see how they fit together into explaining what was understood as music in Antiquity. In this thesis we explore the conceptual framework of mousikē and analyse what enabled the musical thought to be worthy of the attention of the greatest philosophical minds. We will demonstrate that it was not the sound or the artistic practices that were central in the philosophical thought on music, but instead the embedded structural qualities that have correspondence to the universal proportions of the cosmic world and which are perceptible to the listeners through the medium of sound.

Avaliação do teor e da estabilidade de vitaminas do complexo B e vitamina C em bebidas isotônicas e energéticas

Vitamin C stability and concentration was evaluated in isotonic beverages and B group vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5 and B6) in power beverages. The amount of vitamins was found to be above of that declared on the labels, even after the shelf life had been exceeded. A small decrease in the amount of B group vitamins was observed during the shelf life of the products. In the case of vitamin C this decrease was slightly higher. The present research shows the need of increased quality control and inspection.