Role of oxidation in the neurotoxic effects of intrastriatal dopamine injections.

We have examined the biochemical and histological effects of high concentrations of dopamine (0.05-1.0 micromol) injected into the rat striatum. Twenty-four hours after such injections, the oxidation products of dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were detected as both free and protein-bound cysteinyl dopamine and cysteinyl dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. Protein-bound cysteinyl catechols were increased 7- to 20-fold above control tissue levels. By 7 days postinjection, the protein-bound cysteinyl catechols were still detectable, although reduced in concentration, whereas the free forms could no longer be measured. Histological examination of striatum at 7 days revealed a central core of nonspecific damage including neuronal loss and gliosis. This core was surrounded by a region containing a marked reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity but no apparent loss of serotonin or synaptophysin immunoreactivity. When dopamine was injected with an equimolar concentration of either ascorbic acid or glutathione, the formation of protein-bound cysteinyl catechols was greatly reduced. Moreover, the specific loss of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity associated with dopamine injections was no longer detectable, although the nonspecific changes in cytoarchitecture were still apparent. Thus, following its oxidation, dopamine in high concentrations binds to protein in the striatum, an event that is correlated with the specific loss of dopaminergic terminals. We suggest that the selective degeneration of dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease may be caused by an imbalance between the oxidation of dopamine and the availability of antioxidant defenses.

SQL Server Management Studio Express Instalación

Instalación de SQL Server Management Studio Express en un MS Windows 7 Profesional.

SQL Server Management Studio Express 01

Primeros pasos en el uso de este programa cliente de acceso y administración de SQL Server. Este cliente, en su versión Express, es gratuito. El ejemplo del vídeo se conecta con un servidor remoto SQL Server 2008 R2.

SQL Server Management Studio Express 02

Segunda parte de los primeros pasos en el uso de este programa cliente de acceso y administración de SQL Server. Este cliente, en su versión Express, es gratuito. El ejemplo del vídeo se conecta con un servidor remoto SQL Server 2008 R2. Modificar tablas. Exportar definiciones del esquema. Resultados a cuadrícula o texto. Guardar resultados.

Transacciones en SQL Server

Una introducción a los objetivos y contenidos de la sesión 2 del curso de Bases de Datos dentro del Máster Universitario en Desarrollo de Aplicaciones y Servicios Web de la Universidad de Alicante. Se describe someramente qué se entiende por una transacción y se nombran los niveles de aislamiento en SQL Server. Todo enfocado a la realización de los ejercicios-demostraciones de esos niveles de aislamiento. Ingenuo y con fallos de encuadre e iluminación clamorosos, pero no tiene más ambiciones que la de dejar constancia de algunas de las cosas que se dijeron en clase.

Ejemplos de transacciones en SQL Server

Descripción de cómo facilitar la ejecución de los ejercicios de la sesión de transacciones del moodle de la asignatura. Se trata de reorganizar las ventanas y hacer espacio para tener dos consultas a la vista. En cada una de ellas se mantendrán una o varias transacciones que pretendemos ejecutar simultáneamente. De esta forma podremos ver qué transacciones esperan a las otras y pasar de una a otra consulta con facilidad.

Paginación en SQL Server

Una introducción a los objetivos y contenidos de la sesión 3 del curso de Bases de Datos dentro del Máster Universitario en Desarrollo de Aplicaciones y Servicios Web de la Universidad de Alicante. El trabajo que permite la calificación de esta primera parte del curso se basa, precisamente, en lo que se describe en este vídeo. La paginación de resultados es una técnica que pretende agilizar el manejo remoto de grandes cantidades de datos. El ejemplo clásico es la navegación por un catálogo de productos. Si es el servidor el que, por el procedimiento que sea, divide la lista completa en páginas y solo envía una de ellas al cliente, estamos ahorrando en tiempo y uso de red. En SQL Server, para esta tarea, es fácil encontrar opiniones que desaconsejan el uso de cursores puesto que se supone que el entorno objetivo es de alta concurrencia. No obstante, se puede usar TOP() y ROW_NUMBER(). La sesión consiste en una serie de ejemplos sobre todas estas herramientas.

Fundamentos de las Bases de Datos. SQL lecciones

No existe el fichero T10.

Fundamentos de las Bases de Datos. SQL ejercicios

Como no existe la lección T10, tampoco hay ejercicios numerados como T10.xxx.

Iodothérapie ou De l'emploi médico-chirurgical de l'iode et de ses composés et particulièrement des injections iodées /

Mode of access: Internet.

Intravenous injections /

Reprinted from the American veterinary review, February 1904.

Du microscope et des injections... /

Mode of access: Internet.

Prolotherapy injections for chronic low back pain - A systematic review

Study Design. A systematic review of randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials. Objectives. To determine the efficacy of prolotherapy injections in adults with chronic low back pain. Summary of Background Data. Prolotherapy is an injection-based treatment for chronic low back pain. Proponents of prolotherapy suggest that some back pain stems from weakened or damaged ligaments. Repeatedly injecting them with irritant solutions is thought to strengthen the ligaments and reduce pain and disability. Prolotherapy protocols usually include co-interventions to enhance the effectiveness of the injections. Methods. The authors searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Science Citation Index up to January 2004, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register 2004, issue 1, and consulted content experts. Both randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials comparing prolotherapy injections to control injections, either alone or in combination with other treatments, were included. Studies had to include measures of pain and disability before and after the intervention. Two reviewers independently selected the trials and assessed them for methodologic quality. Treatment and control group protocols varied from study to study, making meta-analysis impossible. Results. Four studies, all of high quality and with a total of 344 participants, were included. All trials measured pain and disability levels at 6 months, three measured the proportion of participants reporting a greater than 50% reduction in pain or disability scores from baseline to 6 months. Two studies showed significant differences between the treatment and control groups for those reporting more than 50% reduction in pain or disability. Their results could not be pooled. In one, cointerventions confounded interpretation of results; in the other, there was no significant difference in mean pain and disability scores between the groups. In the third study, there was little or no difference between groups in the number of individuals who reported more than 50% improvement in pain and disability. The fourth study reporting only mean pain and disability scores showed no differences between groups. Conclusions. There is conflicting evidence regarding the efficacy of prolotherapy injections in reducing pain and disability in patients with chronic low back pain. Conclusions are confounded by clinical heterogeneity among studies and by the presence of co-interventions. There was no evidence that prolotherapy injections alone were more effective than control injections alone. However, in the presence of co-interventions, prolotherapy injections were more effective than control injections, more so when both injections and co-interventions were controlled concurrently.