Comparisons between OMI SO2 data and ground-based SO2 measurements at Turrialba volcano

Turrialba is one of the largest and most active stratovolcanoes in the Central Cordillera of Costa Rica and an excellent target for validation of satellite data using ground based measurements due to its high elevation, relative ease of access, and persistent elevated SO2 degassing. The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) aboard the Aura satellite makes daily global observations of atmospheric trace gases and it is used in this investigation to obtain volcanic SO2 retrievals in the Turrialba volcanic plume. We present and evaluate the relative accuracy of two OMI SO2 data analysis procedures, the automatic Band Residual Index (BRI) technique and the manual Normalized Cloud-mass (NCM) method. We find a linear correlation and good quantitative agreement between SO2 burdens derived from the BRI and NCM techniques, with an improved correlation when wet season data are excluded. We also present the first comparisons between volcanic SO2 emission rates obtained from ground-based mini-DOAS measurements at Turrialba and three new OMI SO2 data analysis techniques: the MODIS smoke estimation, OMI SO2 lifetime, and OMI SO2 transect techniques. A robust validation of OMI SO2 retrievals was made, with both qualitative and quantitative agreements under specific atmospheric conditions, proving the utility of satellite measurements for estimating accurate SO2 emission rates and monitoring passively degassing volcanoes.

SO2 emissions at Volcan de Colima, 2003-2007

Volcán de Colima has been continuously erupting since the onset of dome growth in 1998. This period of unrest has had 4 prominent periods; 1998-1999, 2003, 2004-2005, and the current dome growth that began in February of 2007. Each of these episodes was marked by lava extrusion forming a dome and lava flows, followed by explosions that destroyed the dome. The Correlation Spectrometer (COSPEC) was used to determine SO2 emission rates on 164 days from May 2003 to February 2007, using both stationary ground based scans and some flight traverses. Scans were separated into the categories of explosive degassing and passive, or background degassing. These scans show variation in the SO2 flow rate from below detection limit (~3 t/d depending on environmental conditions) during background, passive emissions to a peak of 2949 t/d (34 kilograms/second) during an explosion on 9 October, 2004. Both passive and explosive degassing increased when there was lava extrusion in 2004 and with the increased explosive activity in 2005. These two different processes of degassing wax with each other when activity increases and wane together as well, indicating a parallel cyclicity in the volcanic eruption and degassing rates, where the conduit partially seals (pressurizes) between explosions. Colima’s gas and eruptive behavior is compared to similar systems such as Santiaguito and Soufrière Hills, Montserrat. About 2/3 of Colima’s SO2 degassing, amounting to 1.3 x 105 tonnes in 3.74 yrs has come in short lived small (VEI=0-1) vertical explosions that occurred at the rate of 100-3000explosions/ month, and the remaining third has occured in continuous passive degassing. Colima emits sulfur at a rate equivalent to about 0.04 to 0.08 wt % S, similar to other andesitic convergent plate boundary volcanoes. There has been an explosive destruction of the dome in every cycle for that past 5 years, and it is assumed that the current dome which began growth in February, 2007 (just at the end of this study) will be destroyed. Higher emission rates seen in the quiescence of 2006 may have eased the pressure at the time, resulting in the slow effusion of the current dome and lack of explosivity.

Cardiac toxicity with anti-HER-2 therapies: what have we learned so far?

Trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody that blocks HER-2 receptor, improves the survival of women with HER-2-positive early and advanced breast cancer when given with chemotherapy. Lapatinib, a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor of EGFR and HER-2, is approved for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer patients after failure of prior anthracycline, taxanes and trastuzumab therapies in combination with capecitabine. Importantly, cardiac toxicity, manifested as symptomatic congestive heart failure or asymptomatic left ventricular ejection fraction decline, has been reported in some of the patients receiving these novel anti-HER-2 therapies, particularly when these drugs are used following anthracyclines, whose cardiotoxic potential has been recognized for decades. This review will focus on the incidence, natural history, underlying mechanisms, management, and areas of uncertainty regarding trastuzumab-and lapatinib-induced cardiotoxicity.

Interessante Rechts-Verhältnisse zwischen Christen und Juden als Religions-Parteien betrachtet, insonderheit staatskirchenrechtl. u. kirchenrechtl. Erörterung d. Fragen : 1. über d. Möglichkeit d. Ehen zwischen Christen u. Juden, so wie wegen einem dafür allgemein befriedigenden Kopulationsritual, dann 2. hinsichtl. eines Verbots d. Beschneidung an unehelichen Knaben christl. Väter u. jüdischer Mütter ...

ein Versuch von J. S. Klüber

Einige Erklärungen zu meinem am 2. Juni hinausgegebenen Programm, nebst einem Anschluß über meinen Tagsbefehl vom 5. Juni 1848: "Bis hieher und nicht weiter", so sagte ich in der Darlegung meiner Gesinnungen und Ansichten ...

Welsch (Projektbearbeiter): Bekräftigung des Appells vom 3. (nicht 2.) Juni 1848, die Grenze der von Kaiser Ferdinand bewilligten Volksfreiheiten nicht zu überschreiten sowie Erläuterung des Tagesbefehls vom 5. Juni, die unerlaubte Entfernung von der Truppe mit Ehren- statt wie bislang mit Geldstrafen zu ahnden

2. Armee-Bulletin vom 18. December 1848: Nach einer so eben angekommenen telegraphischen Depeche aus Tyrnau ...

Welsch (Projektbearbeiter): Sieg über die ungarische Revolutionsarmee bei Tirnau sowie Einnahme Kaschaus. Beginnende Zernierung Preßburgs durch Windisch-Graetz von Westen her

Warhafftige Abbildung eines Sehr grossen und raren Sternfish : so den 2 August. 1679 zu Regensburg in der Donau gefangen Worden ...

IFW f. [d.i. vermutlich Johann Franz Wussim]

Eigentliche Kupffer-Vorstellung, Des Ansehnlichen Aus- und Einzugs des Ehr-Löbl. Roth-Gießer Hand-Wercks : vom Weissen Lamm, auf der Hintern Füll, bis zur Faisten-Kuchen, so geschehen den 2. Jenner, dieses mit Gott angetrettenen 1682. Jahrs ... ; Mit beygefügten Ehren-Zeilen von dieser Ruhm-würdigen Handwercks-Zunfft

Hearuas gegeben und dem Preißlöbl. Handwerck zum schönen Angedencken verfertiget von Thomas Hirschmann, Kupfferstecher

Wir Prinz Carneval, Beherrscher des Reichs der grenzenlosen Narrheit ... Unsern närrischsten Gruss! : grosse Festlichkeiten am 10. Februar ; so gegeben in unserer alten Reichsresidenz und freien Stadt Frankfurt am 2. Februar des Jahres IX der Narrheit und Unserer Regierung des I. Carneval

das närrische Gesammtstaatsministerium. [Verf.: Friedrich Stoltze]

Theodor Döring als Sir John Falstaff, Rollenbild, in: William Shakespeare: König Heinrich der IV., 2. Akt, 3. Szene : Beim Himmel, ich kannte Euch so gut Eure Mütter Euch kennen.

Signatur des Originals: S 36/G02972

Bathymetry grids and maps of Mozambique Ridge compiled from cruises 64PE305, 64PE306, SO-87, SO-182, SO-183, ME-33/2, ME-63/1 bathymetry

Based on data from R.V. Pelagia, R.V. Sonne and R.V. Meteor multibeam sonar surveys, a high resolution bathymetry was generated for the Mozambique Ridge. The mapping area is divided into five sheets, one overview and four sub-sheets. The boundaries are (west/east/south/north): Sheet 1: 28°30' E/37°00' E/36°20' S/24°50' S; Sheet 2: 32°45' E/36°45' E/28°20' S/25°20' S; Sheet 3: 31°30' E/36°45' E/30°20' S/28°10' S; Sheet 4: 30°30' E/36°30' E/33°15' S/30°15' S; Sheet 5: 28°30' E/36°10' E/36°20' S/33°10' S. Each sheet was generated twice: one from swath sonar bathymetry only, the other one is completed with depths from ETOPO2 predicted bathymetry. Basic outcome of the investigation are Digital Terrain Models (DTM), one for each sheet with 0.05 arcmin (~91 meter) grid spacing and one for the entire area (sheet 1) with 0.1 arcmin grid spacing. The DTM's were utilized for contouring and generating maps. The grid formats are NetCDF (Network Common Data Form) and ASCII (ESRI ArcGIS exchange format). The Maps are formatted as jpg-images and as small sized PNG (Portable Network Graphics) preview images. The provided maps have a paper size of DIN A0 (1189 x 841 mm).