Optimization of cruciform specimens for biaxial fatigue loading with direct multi search

In order to correctly assess the biaxial fatigue material properties one must experimentally test different load conditions and stress levels. With the rise of new in-plane biaxial fatigue testing machines, using smaller and more efficient electrical motors, instead of the conventional hydraulic machines, it is necessary to reduce the specimen size and to ensure that the specimen geometry is appropriate for the load capacity installed. At the present time there are no standard specimen's geometries and the indications on literature how to design an efficient test specimen are insufficient. The main goal of this paper is to present the methodology on how to obtain an optimal cruciform specimen geometry, with thickness reduction in the gauge area, appropriate for fatigue crack initiation, as a function of the base material sheet thickness used to build the specimen. The geometry is optimized for maximum stress using several parameters, ensuring that in the gauge area the stress distributions on the loading directions are uniform and maximum with two limit phase shift loading conditions (delta = 0 degrees and (delta = 180 degrees). Therefore the fatigue damage will always initiate on the center of the specimen, avoiding failure outside this region. Using the Renard Series of preferred numbers for the base material sheet thickness as a reference, the reaming geometry parameters are optimized using a derivative-free methodology, called direct multi search (DMS) method. The final optimal geometry as a function of the base material sheet thickness is proposed, as a guide line for cruciform specimens design, and as a possible contribution for a future standard on in-plane biaxial fatigue tests

Heidegger leitor de Agostinho: A memoria como fenómeno existencial

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Filosofia Geral

Sea urchin granuloma

Injuries caused by venomous and poisonous aquatic animals may provoke important morbidity in humans. The phylum Echinoderma include more than 6000 species of starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers some of which have been found responsible for injuries to humans. Initial injuries by sea urchins are associated with trauma and envenomation, but later effects can be observed. Sea urchin granuloma is a chronic granulomatous skin disease caused by frequent and successive penetration of sea urchin spines which have not been removed from wounds. The authors report a typical case of sea urchin granuloma in a fisherman and its therapeutic implications.

Melhoria energética do sector de soda leve conforme a nova metodologia manufacturing excellence solvay Portugal

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica

Rastreio combinado do 1º trimestre e doenças autoimunes : Impacto das variaveis pré-analíticas na avaliação do risco

RESUMO: Contexto: As anomalias congénitas, com particular destaque para as neuploidias , afectam aproximadamente 2% dos recém-nascidos, constituindo causas frequentes de morbilidade e mortalidade. Actualmente, a avaliação do grau de risco para as aneuploidias mais prevalentes (T21, T13, T18) é efectuada através do “Rastreio Combinado do 1º Trimestre”, devendo as grávidas com risco acrescido ser sujeitas a exames invasivos (ex.biópsia das vilosidades coriónicas,amniocentese). Quanto mais qualidade existir num rastreio, menos falsos positivos existirão e menor o número de exames diagnósticos invasivos desnecessários. As doenças autoimunes são doenças inflamatórias crónicas em cuja fisiopatologia se encontram distúrbios da imunidade humoral e celular, dependentes de factores genéticos, hormonais,psicológicos e ambientais. Atingem mais o sexo feminino e durante a idade fértil,podendo influenciar o outcome da gravidez e a saúde neonatal causando significativa morbilidade e mortalidade. O lúpus eritematoso sistémico para além de potencialmente afectado pelas alterações imunoendócrinas fisiológicas da gravidez, associa-se frequentemente a problemas de fertilidade. Recentemente, foi sugerido que as anormalidades ocorridas durante a invasão precoce do sinciciotrofoblasto, resultando em deficiente diferenciação, deficiente maturação e diminuição na produção de hCG, poderão ser o mecanismo fisiopatológico primário para as perdas fetais no primeiro trimestre, nos doentes com SLE. A ocorrência de níveis elevados de hCG total e ß-hCG livre no rastreio para despiste de síndrome de Down do segundo e do primeiro trimestre foi assinalada em grávidas portadoras de lúpus, mas a escassez de estudos comprovativos e a pequena dimensão das amostras estudadas constituiu uma limitação significativa na fidedignidade dos resultados obtidos. Objectivos: O estudo teve como objectivos i. estabelecer valores normativos Portugueses e de distribuição para as MoM’s dos parâmetros séricos do primeiro trimestre, por semana de gestação:(PAPP-A e ß-hCG livre), ii. avaliar a influência que as doenças autoimunes têm sobre as MoM’s individuais dos parâmetros bioquímicos PAPP-A e/ou ß-hCG livre, utilizados no rastreio pré-natal combinado do 1º trimestre, e iii. saber se as doenças autoimunes podem condicionar um aumento da taxa de resultados falsos positivos, com consequente aumento do número de amniocenteses. Metodologia: Estudo longitudinal prospectivo, consistindo num rastreio pré-natal combinado de 1º trimestre para pesquisa de aneuploidias, em duas amostras provenientes do Reino Unido (n= 45,854) e de Portugal (n=3122). Foram avaliados parâmetros socio-demográficos, ecográficos, laboratoriais, e calculados os indicadores de desempenho do rastreio combinado. A execução analítica dos testes bioquímicos séricos (PAPP-A e ß-hCG livre) foi realizada no autoanalisador Brahms Kryptor e no autoanalizador 6000 Delfia Xpress. Compararam-se os grupos autoimune e não autoimune das amostras. Resultados: Relativamente às características populacionais, o grupo auto imune tinha valores significativamente superiores nas variáveis idade materna e idade gestacional. Comparando os grupos com e sem doença autoimune, constatou-se a existência de uma elevação das MoM’s da ß-hCG livre nas grávidas com doença autoimune, nomeadamente nos casos de lúpus eritematoso sistémico. Conclusões: os resultado obtidos reforçam a indicação do rastreio combinado do 1º trimestre certificado pela FMF nas grávidas com doenças autoimunes, nomeadamente para as doentes com LES; no entanto, devem ser calculados e introduzidos factores de correcção no algoritmo de risco, de modo a evitar a subida no número de resultados falso-positivos, e consequentemente a sobre- utilização de métodos invasivos.------------ ABSTRACT: Context: Congenital anomalies, with particular reference to aneuploidias, affect approximately 2% of newborns, and are frequent causes of morbidity and mortality. Currently, the risk evaluation for the most prevalent aneuploidias (T21, T13, T18) is carried out through the “combined first trimester screening”, and pregnant women with increased risk are subjected to invasive tests (e.g. villus biopsy done, amniocentesis). The more quality exists in a screening, less false positives exists and fewer unnecessary invasive diagnostic exams. Autoimmune diseases are chronic inflammatory diseases in whose pathophysiology are immune humoral and cellular disorders, dependent on genetic factors, hormonal, psychological and environmental factors. The disease is more prevalent among females, during the child-bearing age, and may influence the outcome of pregnancy and neonatal health causing significant morbidity and mortality. Lupus Erythematosus in addition to potentially affected by immunoendocrine physiological changes of pregnancy, is often associated with fertility problems. Recently, it has been suggested that the abnormalities that occurred during the early invasion of the syncytiotrophoblast, resulting in insufficient differentiation, deficient maturation and decrease in production of hCG may be the primary pathophysiological mechanism for fetal losses in the first quarter, in patients with SLE. The occurrence of elevated levels of total hCG and free ß-hCG in screening for Down’s syndrome of the second and first trimester was reported in pregnant women with lupus, but the paucity of supporting studies and the small size of the samples studied constituted a significant limitation on the trustworthiness of the results obtained. Objectives: this study aims to i. establish normative values for the serum parameters MoM’s (PAPP-A and free β-hCG) and it’s distribution, in the first trimester, by week of pregnancy; ii. assess the influence that the autoimmune diseases have on the MoM’s of individual biochemical PAPP-A and/or β-hCG, used in antenatal screening combined for the first trimester, and iii. whether the autoimmune diseases may make an increased rate of false positives, with consequent increase in the number of amniocenteses.Methodology: Prospective longitudinal study, consisting of a combined first trimester antenatal screening for aneuploidies lookup in two samples from the United Kingdom (n=45.854) and Portugal (n= 3.122). Socio-demographic, echographic and laboratory parameters were evaluated, and combined screening performance indicators were calculated. The analytical run of serum biochemical tests (PAPP-A and ß-hCG) was held at the Brahms Kryptor and in Delfia Xpress 6000. Comparisons between autoimmune group and non-autoimmune group were made. Results: Relating to population characteristics, the autoimmune group had significantly diferente values in the variables maternal age and gestational age. Comparing the groups with and without autoimmune disease, it was noted that there is an elevation of the MoM’s of free ß-hCG levels in pregnant women with autoimmune disease, particularly in cases of systemic lupus erythematosus. Conclusions: The results obtained reinforce the indication of FMF certified combined screening in pregnant women with autoimmune diseases, notably to the patients with SLE; However, correction factors should be calculated and entered in the risk algorithm, in order to avoid the rise in the number of false positive results, and consequently the over-use of invasive methods.

Isokinetic assessment of the flexor-extensor balance of the knee in athletes with total rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament

The purpose of this study was to assess the flexor-extensor group of muscles of the knee in young athletes diagnosed with a total rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Eighteen knees of 18 athletes (14 men and 4 women) with an average age of 21.6 years (range 16-32 years) were assessed with a Cybex 6000 model isokinetic apparatus. The average interval between occurrence of the injury and assessment was 10.2 months (range 2 - 48 months). There was an associated meniscal injury in eight of the knees. Athletes with any other kind of associated injury, limitation, or blockage of the movement of the joint, significant pain during the exam, or interval between injury and exam of less than two months were excluded from the study. The parameters studied were the peak torque-velocity and flexor-extensor relationships at the constant angular velocities of 60°/sec and 240°/sec. Previous warming-up was done by means of an ergometric bicycle and adaptation with 3 submaximal repetitions. The contra-lateral side, which presented no injury, was used as control. Peak torque (PT) at the constant velocity of 60°/sec was greater than that at 240°/sec for knees with and without injuries. However, there was no significant difference between the injured and uninjured sides at 60°/sec or at 240°/sec. The average value for the flexor-extensor relationship at 60°/sec on the injured was 60% (( 6), compared to 57% (( 10) on the contra-lateral side. At 240°/sec, the average value was 75% ((10) on the injured side, and 65% ((12) on the contra-lateral side. In conclusion, despite the complete rupture of the ACL of one knee, the average values for the flexor-extensor relationship were similar on the injured and uninjured sides at the velocity of 60°/sec. As the velocity increased, an increase in the values for the flexor-extensor relationship of the knee also occurred, indicating a tendency of the performance of the flexor muscle group to approach that of the extensor muscle group, and this tendency was more pronounced on the side of the injury.

Isokinetic assessment of knee flexor/extensor muscular strength in elderly women

OBJECTIVE: To assess knee flexor-extensor muscular strength in elderly women with no previous history of musculoskeletal disorders on the lower limbs using an isokinetic dynamometer, in order to obtain data that could be used as a comparative parameter in the evaluation of elderly women with knee disorders, thus facilitating a better rehabilitation of these patients. METHODS: Twenty-six volunteers aged 75 to 83 years were studied using a Cybex® 6000 isokinetic dynamometer. The chosen angular velocity was 60 º/s, and concentric exercise was used for either flexion or extension. The studied parameters were: peak torque, angle of peak torque, and flexor-extensor torque rate. RESULTS: There were no differences between dominant (D) and nondominant (ND) knee peak torque values. This was true for both flexor (D = 42.46 ± 9.09 Nm / ND = 40.65 ± 9.38 Nm) and extensor (D = 76.92 ± 13.97 Nm / ND = 77.65 ± 15.21 Nm) movements. The descriptive statistical analysis of the values obtained for the flexor-extensor peak torque rate and for the angle of occurrence of peak torque was the same for the dominant and nondominant sides. CONCLUSIONS: The values of peak torque for the contralateral side can be used as a reference during rehabilitation of elderly women with acute disease of the knee, and the angular velocity of 60 º/s is proper and safe for isokinetic assessment of elderly people.

Enraizamento de estacas de material juvenil de Pau-rosa (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke - Lauraceae)

RESUMOO presente, trabalho teve como objetivo o enraizamento de estacas de material juvenil ramos laterais e terminais) de pau-rosa, através do uso das concentrações de 2000 ppm, 4000 ppm e 6000 ppm de ácido indol-3-butírico (AIB) na forma líquida. Αs condições do enraizamento αs estacas foram oferecidas mediante o uso de ncbulização intermitente, regulada em 20 segundos para espécies com intervalos de 20 minutos. O substrato utilizado foi terriço + areia, na proporção de 4:1. Semanalmente foram feitas aplicações de fertilizante foliar. Aos 210 dias do plantio, as estacas foram retiradas, do substrato e avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: porcentagem de enraizamento, porcentagem de sobrevivência, tamanho das raízes e Peso da matéria fresca das raízes. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a emissão de raízes das estacas de material juvenil, possivelmente independe do uso do ácido indol-3-butírico (AIB).

Tecnología de igy anti-escherichia coli aplicada mediante nanotubos sobre cultivos de enterocitos porcinos. Anti- escherichia coli igy technology applied through nanotubes on porcine enterocyte cultures.

La diarrea neonatal representa uno de los problemas sanitarios de mayor relevancia en las primeras semanas de vida del cerdo. Provoca importantes pérdidas económicas por morbilidad y mortalidad. El cultivo de enterocitos primarios representa una herramienta valiosa para el estudio de patologías causadas por agentes infecciosos que afectan la integridad del epitelio intestinal. La producción de anticuerpos extraídos a partir de la yema de huevo de gallinas inmunizadas (IgY), es una tecnología innovadora, que ha mostrado ser protectiva contra diarreas causadas por agentes víricos y bacterianos. La nanotecnología permite mejorar la eficiencia en la administración de distintas drogas. Los nanotubos de carbono han ganado una enorme popularidad por sus propiedades y aplicaciones únicas. La investigación sobre los aspectos toxicológicos de estas nanopartículas es escasa. Una vez dentro de la célula, las nanopartículas pueden inducir estrés oxidativo intracelular por perturbar el equilibrio oxidativo. Las hipótesis de trabajo es: La administración de IgY anti-Escherichia coli a través de nanotubos protegerá in vitro e in vivo a los enterocitos de una infección por E. coli previniendo la diarrea neonatal porcina. Los objetivos del trabajo son: Evaluar la protección por un anticuerpo aviario IgY anti-E. coli aplicado mediante nanotubos de carbono a cultivo de enterocitos porcinos primarios sometidos a una post-infección con E. coli; Analizar los efectos secundarios de los nanotubos con IgY anti-E coli en la citotoxicidad, el balance oxidativo y la apoptosis de los enterocitos porcinos cultivados in vitro y Evaluar la acción terapeútica de la IgY anti-E coli aplicada a porcinos y efectos secundarios de la administración con nanotubos. Se implementará un diseño experimental in vitro con diferentes grupos de cultivos con nanotubos, con IgY anti-E. coli e inespecifica y con exposición a E. coli. Se realizará cultivo de enterocitos porcinos primarios con una técnica de disgregación enzimática con colagenasa según protocolo de Bader et al. (2000). Se evaluará la viabilidad por la prueba de azul tripan. Para la obtención del anticuerpo anti-E. coli aviario se aplicarán un total de 3 dosis de E. coli (109 UFC/ml de adyuvante) a gallinas Legorhn en condiciones fisiológicas. Se recolectarán los huevos diariamente. Se purificará la IgY según método de Polson et al. (1985) utilizando PEG 6000. La concentración de IgY se medirá por ELISA de alta sensibilidad. La IgY será incorporada a nanotubos según protocolo de Acevedo et al. 2006. Para analizar los posibles efectos secundarios de los nanotubos se evaluará: 1. Citotoxicidad por técnica de MTT 2. Estrés oxidativo por técnica de TBARS y 3. Apoptosis por técnica de TUNEL.Además, se implementará un diseño experimental in vivo para probar la acción terapeútica de este nutraceútico aplicados a lechones destetados y los efectos secundarios de la administración con nanotubos. Se realizará un cultivo de enterocitos de lechones que previamente fueron tratados con la IgY anti-E. coli administrada mediante nanotubos y efectuarán las técnicas descriptas anteriormente. Los resultados esperados son: Elaboración de un Ac aviario IgY anti-E. coli para prevenir infección de enterocitos, Profundización en el conocimiento acerca de los efectos citotóxicos de los nanotubos de carbono multilamelares, Generación de tratamiento alternativo para enfermedades entéricas porcinas.

Estudi i revalorització dels paisatges culturals de l'alta muntanya pirinenca: la vall del Madriu (Andorra), patrimoni de la humanitat de la UNESCO

Estudi arqueològic integrat de la vall del Madriu-Perafita-Claror (Andorra) iniciat al 2004 sota la coordinació de l’ICAC. L’estudi s’insereix en la declaració de la vall com a Patrimoni de la Humanitat (UNESCO). Las recerques s’enfoquen des de l’Arqueologia del Paisatge, de manera diacrònica i pluridisciplinar, fent especial atenció a les relacions de les societats amb el medi. Les restes arqueològiques treballades s’associen a activitats ramaderes, metal•lúrgiques i de carboneig. La recerca paleoecològica se centra en sediments lacustres, torbosos i arqueològics. L’any 2006, s’han analitzat a alta resolució temporal dues seqüencies palinològiques: l’estany Blau (2471 m) i la torbera de Bosc dels Estanyons (2180 m), obtenint les principals fases d’explotació i antropització d’aquest espai altimontà, així com l’evolució del paisatge en els darrers 11000 anys . La campanya de camp s’ha centrat en l’obtenció de mostres de pluja pol•línica referencial a la vall i en el sondatge de l’estany Forcat (2539 m). Un total de tres mostres han estat enviades a datar per C14. Els treballs arqueològics s’han centrat en l’excavació de sondejos de diagnòstic als jaciments de Basses de Setut (2325 m) i Pleta de les Bacives ( 2530 m) i en la realització de prospeccions a les capçaleres de les valls de Madriu, Perafita i Claror. S’han documentat estructures arqueològiques i s’han realitzat estudis antracològics dels sediments excavats en aquestes. S’ha realitzat un transecte altitudinal de carboneres al llarg de la vall per tal de enregistrar una major diversitat cronològica dels espais de carboneig. S’han enviat datacions C14 per tal de determinar la cronologia de les estructures. Les datacions del 2005 mostren una intensa ocupació ramadera i de carboneig a partir del segle XIV, en època baixmedieval i moderna, així com un establiment metal·lúrgic d’època romana.

La paletina: un pinzell pla i prim

Treball de recerca realitzat per una alumna d'ensenyament secundari i guardonat amb un Premi CIRIT per fomentar l'esperit científic del Jovent l'any 2009. L’origen de l’autora és la Sénia, un poble d'uns 6000 habitants de la província de Tarragona, on, tot i el predomini actual de la fabricació de mobles, les primeres mostres d'industrialització foren el paper i els pinzells. L’arrelament de la indústria pinzellera de la seva família, ha estat el motiu que l’ha portat a desenvolupar aquest treball sobre la paletina, un tipus de pinzell. L'objectiu del treball ha estat dissenyar un model de paletina, a partir de proves pràctiques i d'estudis estadístics sobre quins són els components més adients. En primer lloc, es fa una descripció detallada dels components de la paletina. A continuació, s’estudia el seu procés de fabricació, primer des del punt de vista manual i després d'acord amb els procediments moderns. Finalment, a partir d'un experiment i amb el corresponent estudi estadístic, s’arriba a una nova proposta de paletina amb unes condicions òptimes de qualitat i rendiment. A més també es descriu el procés de fabricació de la paletina que es duia a terme uns cinquanta anys enrere i es pot valorar, així, tant el mèrit del procés en aquella època com també l'evolució tecnològica que s'ha dut a terme fins al moment.

Decision making in a human population living sustainably

The Tiwi people of northern Australia have managed natural resources continuously for 6000-8000 years. Tiwi management objectives and outcomes may reflect how they gather information about the environment. We qualitatively analyzed Tiwi documents and management techniques to examine the relation between the social and physical environment of decision makers and their decision-making strategies. We hypothesized that principles of bounded rationality, namely, the use of efficient rules to navigate complex decision problems, explain how Tiwi managers use simple decision strategies (i.e., heuristics) to make robust decisions. Tiwi natural resource managers reduced complexity in decision making through a process that gathers incomplete and uncertain information to quickly guide decisions toward effective outcomes. They used management feedback to validate decisions through an information loop that resulted in long-term sustainability of environmental use. We examined the Tiwi decision-making processes relative to management of barramundi (Lates calcarifer) fisheries and contrasted their management with the state government's management of barramundi. Decisions that enhanced the status of individual people and their attainment of aspiration levels resulted in reliable resource availability for Tiwi consumers. Different decision processes adopted by the state for management of barramundi may not secure similarly sustainable outcomes.

Separation and Mapping of Chromosomes of Parasitic Protozoa

Many protozoan parasites represent an important group of human pathogens. Pulsed Field Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis has been an important tool for fundamental genetic studies of parasites like Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Giardia or the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. We present PFGE conditions allowing a high resolution separation of chromosomes ranging from 500 to 4000 kb within a two day electrophoresis run. In addition, we present conditions for separating large chromosomes (2000-6000 kb) within 36 hr. We demontrate that the application of two dimentional PFGE (2D-PFGE) technique to parasite karyotypes is a very useful method for the analysis of dispersed gene families and comparative studies of the intrachomosomal genome organization