Geometric and Combinatorial Aspects of NonEquilibrium Statistical Mechanics

Non-Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics is a broad subject. Grossly speaking, it deals with systems which have not yet relaxed to an equilibrium state, or else with systems which are in a steady non-equilibrium state, or with more general situations. They are characterized by external forcing and internal fluxes, resulting in a net production of entropy which quantifies dissipation and the extent by which, by the Second Law of Thermodynamics, time-reversal invariance is broken. In this thesis we discuss some of the mathematical structures involved with generic discrete-state-space non-equilibrium systems, that we depict with networks in all analogous to electrical networks. We define suitable observables and derive their linear regime relationships, we discuss a duality between external and internal observables that reverses the role of the system and of the environment, we show that network observables serve as constraints for a derivation of the minimum entropy production principle. We dwell on deep combinatorial aspects regarding linear response determinants, which are related to spanning tree polynomials in graph theory, and we give a geometrical interpretation of observables in terms of Wilson loops of a connection and gauge degrees of freedom. We specialize the formalism to continuous-time Markov chains, we give a physical interpretation for observables in terms of locally detailed balanced rates, we prove many variants of the fluctuation theorem, and show that a well-known expression for the entropy production due to Schnakenberg descends from considerations of gauge invariance, where the gauge symmetry is related to the freedom in the choice of a prior probability distribution. As an additional topic of geometrical flavor related to continuous-time Markov chains, we discuss the Fisher-Rao geometry of nonequilibrium decay modes, showing that the Fisher matrix contains information about many aspects of non-equilibrium behavior, including non-equilibrium phase transitions and superposition of modes. We establish a sort of statistical equivalence principle and discuss the behavior of the Fisher matrix under time-reversal. To conclude, we propose that geometry and combinatorics might greatly increase our understanding of nonequilibrium phenomena.

Industrial ecology applied to ELV management. Material and energy recovery from ASR

This PhD thesis reports on car fluff management, recycling and recovery. Car fluff is the residual waste produced by car recycling operations, particularly from hulk shredding. Car fluff is known also as Automotive Shredder Residue (ASR) and it is made of plastics, rubbers, textiles, metals and other materials, and it is very heterogeneous both in its composition and in its particle size. In fact, fines may amount to about 50%, making difficult to sort out recyclable materials or exploit ASR heat value by energy recovery. This 3 years long study started with the definition of the Italian End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) recycling state of the art. A national recycling trial revealed Italian recycling rate to be around 81% in 2008, while European Community recycling target are set to 85% by 2015. Consequently, according to Industrial Ecology framework, a life cycle assessment (LCA) has been conducted revealing that sorting and recycling polymers and metals contained in car fluff, followed by recovering residual energy, is the route which has the best environmental perspective. This results led the second year investigation that involved pyrolysis trials on pretreated ASR fractions aimed at investigating which processes could be suitable for an industrial scale ASR treatment plant. Sieving followed by floatation reported good result in thermochemical conversion of polymers with polyolefins giving excellent conversion rate. This factor triggered ecodesign considerations. Ecodesign, together with LCA, is one of the Industrial Ecology pillars and it consists of design for recycling and design for disassembly, both aimed at the improvement of car components dismantling speed and the substitution of non recyclable material. Finally, during the last year, innovative plants and technologies for metals recovery from car fluff have been visited and tested worldwide in order to design a new car fluff treatment plant aimed at ASR energy and material recovery.

Restauro del complesso di villa Cavalli tra conservazione e valorizzazione

L’attenzione dei pochi automobilisti che oggi passano velocemente per via Cavalli, nella frazione di Santa Maria Nuova, sotto il comune di Bertinoro (FC), non viene attirata dal palazzo settecentesco seminascosto dalla vegetazione che cresce incolta. L’edificio potrebbe passare per un casolare di campagna abbandonato, senza alcuna pretesa di bellezza, mutilato dei suoi terreni. Solo salendo lo scalone dissestato si può scoprire la ricchezza delle decorazione interne, stucchi baroccheggianti con maschere di volti provenienti da terre lontane e abbondanti cornucopie che circondano lo stemma della famiglia Cavalli. La piccola cappella della villa, in perfetto stato di conservazione, mostra, con un trionfo di stucchi, l’assunzione della Vergine al cielo, osservata dai santi Pietro e Paolo. Le quattro stanze centrali del piano nobile sono finemente dipinte con paesaggi marini e lacustri, stanze sepolcrali egizie e atrii di templi antichi. La ravennate famiglia dei marchesi Cavalli, una delle più ricche della zona nel XVIII e XIX secolo, utilizzava la villa come luogo di villeggiatura e come casino per la caccia. Testimonianze della loro presenza sono conservate nelle mappe storiche all’Archivio del Comune di Bertinoro e nell’Archivio parrocchiale di Santa Maria Nuova, dove si trovano descrizioni della ricchezza sia dell’edificio che delle terre possedute dai marchesi. Il complesso di villa Cavalli ha subito numerosi passaggi di proprietà dal 1900 ad oggi, è stato utilizzato come magazzino, pollaio, essiccatoio per il tabacco e le sue proprietà sono state frazionate fino a ridursi al piccolo parco presente oggi. Poiché gli attuali proprietari non possono garantire né la manutenzione ordinaria né quella straordinaria e il complesso è tutelato dal D. Lgs. 42/2004 Codice dei Beni Culturali e del Paesaggio è stato messo all’asta per tre volte, l’ultima nel dicembre 2011, senza risultato. La tesi sviluppa un’analisi dello stato di fatto della villa e del parco, partendo dal suo inserimento nel territorio fino allo studio dei dettagli costruttivi, per giungere ad un’ipotesi di progetto che vede il complesso strettamente legato a Santa Maria Nuova e alla sua gente. L’edificio fungerà da centro culturale, con mostre permanenti e temporanee, laboratori didattici, ludoteca per bambini e ospiterà la sede distaccata della biblioteca del comune di Bertinoro, ora inserita in un edificio di Santa Maria Nuova ma con dimensioni estremamente limitate. Si intendono effettuare interventi di consolidamento strutturale su tutti i solai della villa, su volte e copertura, con un atteggiamento di delicatezza verso il piano nobile, agendo dal piano inferiore e da quello superiore. Capitoli specifici trattano il restauro delle finiture e delle superfici dipinte e stuccate, per finire con l’intervento di adeguamento impiantistico e di valorizzazione del parco.

Cell-free cryopreserved arterial allografts from multiorgan donors: a new strategy to fabricate artificial blood vessels suited for peripheral vascular surgery

Critical lower limb ischemia is a severe disease. A common approach is infrainguinal bypass. Synthetic vascular prosthesis, are good conduits in high-flow low-resistance conditions but have difficulty in their performance as small diameter vessel grafts. A new approach is the use of native decellularized vascular tissues. Cell-free vessels are expected to have improved biocompatibility when compared to synthetic and are optimal natural 3D matrix templates for driving stem cell growth and tissue assembly in vivo. Decellularization of tissues represent a promising field for regenerative medicine, with the aim to develop a methodology to obtain small-diameter allografts to be used as a natural scaffold suited for in vivo cell growth and pseudo-tissue assembly, eliminating failure caused from immune response activation. Material and methods. Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal cells isolated from human umbilical cord tissue were expanded in advanced DMEM. Immunofluorescence and molecular characterization revealed a stem cell profile. A non-enzymatic protocol, that associate hypotonic shock and low-concentration ionic detergent, was used to decellularize vessel segments. Cells were seeded cell-free scaffolds using a compound of fibrin and thrombin and incubated in DMEM, after 4 days of static culture they were placed for 2 weeks in a flow-bioreactor, mimicking the cardiovascular pulsatile flow. After dynamic culture, samples were processed for histological, biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. Discussion. Histology showed that the dynamic culture cells initiate to penetrate the extracellular matrix scaffold and to produce components of the ECM, as collagen fibres. Sirius Red staining showed layers of immature collagen type III and ultrastructural analysis revealed 30 nm thick collagen fibres, presumably corresponding to the immature collagen. These data confirm the ability of cord-derived cells to adhere and penetrate a natural decellularized tissue and to start to assembly into new tissue. This achievement makes natural 3D matrix templates prospectively valuable candidates for clinical bypass procedures

Un museo archeologico per le necropoli villanoviane di Verucchio

Ogni luogo, ogni città, reca i segni dell’evoluzione e della trasformazione dettata dal tempo. In alcuni casi il passato viene visto con un’accezione negativa, in altri positiva a tal punto da monumentalizzarla. Nel caso della città di Verucchio non è possibile mettere in ombra il valore, e la forza della Rocca del Sasso, che per la sua storia e la sua posizione, che la rende visibile sia dall’interno che dall’esterno del centro storico, la attesta come simbolo della città. Allo stesso tempo questa città di piccole dimensioni possiede un ricco passato che non è rintracciabile all’interno della città storica ma che emerge dal verde, nonchè dagli spazi nascosti sotto il parco che cinge perimetralmente la città. Questi momenti della storia, importanti e riconoscibili, possono essere connessi nonostante sia notevole il salto temporale che li divide. Lo strumento deve essere una forma che li unisca, uno spazio pubblico, limitato ma aperto, distinguibile ma integrato nel paesaggio, un nuovo “layer” che si sovrapponga a quelli precedenti esaltandone il valore. Il tema della direzione, del percorso, è alla base dei ragionamenti e delle soluzioni proposte per la realizzazione di un museo archeologico. A differenza dei luoghi pubblici come la piazza o il teatro, in questo caso l’esposizione prevede che l’utente si muova negli ambienti, che segua in maniera dinamica una serie di spazi, di figure, di affacci, che devono essere in grado si susseguirsi in maniera fluida, attraverso un “respiro” che mantenga alta l’attenzione del visitatore. Adottato questo tema si ha la possibilità di declinarlo più volte, attraverso non solo la disposizione degli spazi ma anche con la posizione dei volumi e degli assi che li generano. Il progetto del nuovo museo si pone in una zona che può essere definita come “di cerniera” tra il centro storico e il parco archeologico. A livello territoriale questa può essere giudicata una zona critica, poiché sono più di trenta i metri di dislivello tra queste due zone della città. La sfida è quindi quella di trasformare la lontananza da problema a opportunità e relazionarsi con la conformazione del territorio senza risultare eccessivamente impattanti ed invasivi su quest’ultimo. Poiché la città di Verucchio possiede già un museo archeologico, inserito all’interno dell’ex convento e della chiesa di Sant’Agostino, il percorso archeologico, che vede il museo progettato come fulcro del tutto, prevede che il turista abbia la possibilità di conoscere la civiltà villanoviana visitando sia il museo di progetto che quello esistente, avendo questi differenti allestimenti che non creano delle “sovrapposizioni storiche”, poiché sono uno tematico e l’altro cronologico. Il museo esistente si inserisce all’interno di un edificio esistente, adattando inevitabilmente i propri spazi espositivi alla sua conformazione. La realizzazione di un una nuova struttura porterebbe a una migliore organizzazione degli spazi oltre che ad essere in grado di accogliere anche i reperti presenti all’interno dei magazzini dell’ex convento e dei beni culturali di Bologna. La necropoli Lippi è solo una delle necropoli individuate perimetralmente alla città e i reperti, rilevati, catalogati e restaurati, sono in numero tale da poter essere collocati in una struttura museale adeguata. Il progetto si sviluppa su più fronti: l’architettura, l’archeologia ed il paesaggio. Il verde è una componente fondamentale del sistema della città di Verucchio, risulta essere un elemento di unione, che funge talvolta da perimetro del centro, talvolta da copertura della nuda roccia dove l’inclinazione del terreno non ha permesso nel tempo la realizzazione di edifici e strutture urbane, si mette in contrapposizione con la forma e i colori della città.

La rima: dalla metrica alla pedagogia con un'indagine su Gianni Rodari

Questo lavoro si presenta come un’indagine pluridisciplinare fra metrica,linguistica,letteratura e didattica, in cui la rima n’è l’oggetto e il filo conduttore. Attraverso questa ricerca si tenta di mostrare la capacità della rima di costituire un ponte fra espressione e contenuto, di allargare così il bagaglio non solo linguistico del fruitore, ma anche quello conoscitivo. Partendo dall’ambito linguistico e metrico, si analizza in prima istanza, l’apporto pratico che la rima ha avuto nell’evoluzione delle lingue volgari indoeuropee, per poi diventare il mezzo più semplice e istintivo per strutturare il verso poetico. Si passa così da un contesto folklorico ad uno colto, percorrendo tutti i secoli della nostra storia letteraria. Nella seconda parte la materia metrica cede il posto a quella didattico – pedagogica, e il passaggio è facilitato dalla poesia novecentesca che rimette in discussione il ruolo della rima, e la vede come il mezzo perfetto d’associazione fra parole, non solo di suono, ma anche di senso. A questo risponde la teoria del “binomio fantastico” di cui si avvale Gianni Rodari per creare le sue filastrocche, ed educare divertendo i suoi alunni. La rima con la sua omofonia finale, col suo accostamento casuale, concentra l’attenzione del bambino su di se e lo fa entrare a contatto col mondo delle parole, con la potenza della lingua.

Statistical Physics and Modeling of Human Mobility

In this thesis, we extend some ideas of statistical physics to describe the properties of human mobility. By using a database containing GPS measures of individual paths (position, velocity and covered space at a spatial scale of 2 Km or a time scale of 30 sec), which includes the 2% of the private vehicles in Italy, we succeed in determining some statistical empirical laws pointing out "universal" characteristics of human mobility. Developing simple stochastic models suggesting possible explanations of the empirical observations, we are able to indicate what are the key quantities and cognitive features that are ruling individuals' mobility. To understand the features of individual dynamics, we have studied different aspects of urban mobility from a physical point of view. We discuss the implications of the Benford's law emerging from the distribution of times elapsed between successive trips. We observe how the daily travel-time budget is related with many aspects of the urban environment, and describe how the daily mobility budget is then spent. We link the scaling properties of individual mobility networks to the inhomogeneous average durations of the activities that are performed, and those of the networks describing people's common use of space with the fractional dimension of the urban territory. We study entropy measures of individual mobility patterns, showing that they carry almost the same information of the related mobility networks, but are also influenced by a hierarchy among the activities performed. We discover that Wardrop's principles are violated as drivers have only incomplete information on traffic state and therefore rely on knowledge on the average travel-times. We propose an assimilation model to solve the intrinsic scattering of GPS data on the street network, permitting the real-time reconstruction of traffic state at a urban scale.

Advanced spectroscopic techniques and chemometric analysis for atmospheric organic aerosol characterization and source apportionment

Atmospheric aerosol particles directly impact air quality and participate in controlling the climate system. Organic Aerosol (OA) in general accounts for a large fraction (10–90%) of the global submicron (PM1) particulate mass. Chemometric methods for source identification are used in many disciplines, but methods relying on the analysis of NMR datasets are rarely used in atmospheric sciences. This thesis provides an original application of NMR-based chemometric methods to atmospheric OA source apportionment. The method was tested on chemical composition databases obtained from samples collected at different environments in Europe, hence exploring the impact of a great diversity of natural and anthropogenic sources. We focused on sources of water-soluble OA (WSOA), for which NMR analysis provides substantial advantages compared to alternative methods. Different factor analysis techniques are applied independently to NMR datasets from nine field campaigns of the project EUCAARI and allowed the identification of recurrent source contributions to WSOA in European background troposphere: 1) Marine SOA; 2) Aliphatic amines from ground sources (agricultural activities, etc.); 3) Biomass burning POA; 4) Biogenic SOA from terpene oxidation; 5) “Aged” SOAs, including humic-like substances (HULIS); 6) Other factors possibly including contributions from Primary Biological Aerosol Particles, and products of cooking activities. Biomass burning POA accounted for more than 50% of WSOC in winter months. Aged SOA associated with HULIS was predominant (> 75%) during the spring-summer, suggesting that secondary sources and transboundary transport become more important in spring and summer. Complex aerosol measurements carried out, involving several foreign research groups, provided the opportunity to compare source apportionment results obtained by NMR analysis with those provided by more widespread Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometers (AMS) techniques that now provided categorization schemes of OA which are becoming a standard for atmospheric chemists. Results emerging from this thesis partly confirm AMS classification and partly challenge it.

Logiche modali e logiche independence friendly

Analisi di logiche modali con quantificatori parzialmente ordinati.

Integration of MFA and LCA methodologies: the anthropogenic aluminium cycle in Italy

MFA and LCA methodologies were applied to analyse the anthropogenic aluminium cycle in Italy with focus on historical evolution of stocks and flows of the metal, embodied GHG emissions, and potentials from recycling to provide key features to Italy for prioritizing industrial policy toward low-carbon technologies and materials. Historical trend series were collected from 1947 to 2009 and balanced with data from production, manufacturing and waste management of aluminium-containing products, using a ‘top-down’ approach to quantify the contemporary in-use stock of the metal, and helping to identify ‘applications where aluminium is not yet being recycled to its full potential and to identify present and future recycling flows’. The MFA results were used as a basis for the LCA aimed at evaluating the carbon footprint evolution, from primary and electrical energy, the smelting process and the transportation, embodied in the Italian aluminium. A discussion about how the main factors, according to the Kaya Identity equation, they did influence the Italian GHG emissions pattern over time, and which are the levers to mitigate it, it has been also reported. The contemporary anthropogenic reservoirs of aluminium was estimated at about 320 kg per capita, mainly embedded within the transportation and building and construction sectors. Cumulative in-use stock represents approximately 11 years of supply at current usage rates (about 20 Mt versus 1.7 Mt/year), and it would imply a potential of about 160 Mt of CO2eq emissions savings. A discussion of criticality related to aluminium waste recovery from the transportation and the containers and packaging sectors was also included in the study, providing an example for how MFA and LCA may support decision-making at sectorial or regional level. The research constitutes the first attempt of an integrated approach between MFA and LCA applied to the aluminium cycle in Italy.

Application of innovative methods of source apportionment in air contamination assessment

In this work, new tools in atmospheric pollutant sampling and analysis were applied in order to go deeper in source apportionment study. The project was developed mainly by the study of atmospheric emission sources in a suburban area influenced by a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI), a medium-sized coastal tourist town and a motorway. Two main research lines were followed. For what concerns the first line, the potentiality of the use of PM samplers coupled with a wind select sensor was assessed. Results showed that they may be a valid support in source apportionment studies. However, meteorological and territorial conditions could strongly affect the results. Moreover, new markers were investigated, particularly focusing on the processes of biomass burning. OC revealed a good biomass combustion process indicator, as well as all determined organic compounds. Among metals, lead and aluminium are well related to the biomass combustion. Surprisingly PM was not enriched of potassium during bonfire event. The second research line consists on the application of Positive Matrix factorization (PMF), a new statistical tool in data analysis. This new technique was applied to datasets which refer to different time resolution data. PMF application to atmospheric deposition fluxes identified six main sources affecting the area. The incinerator’s relative contribution seemed to be negligible. PMF analysis was then applied to PM2.5 collected with samplers coupled with a wind select sensor. The higher number of determined environmental indicators allowed to obtain more detailed results on the sources affecting the area. Vehicular traffic revealed the source of greatest concern for the study area. Also in this case, incinerator’s relative contribution seemed to be negligible. Finally, the application of PMF analysis to hourly aerosol data demonstrated that the higher the temporal resolution of the data was, the more the source profiles were close to the real one.

Sviluppo di un sistema tomografico con tubo a raggi x da 300 kv: progettazione e test preliminari.

In questo elaborato sono descritti la progettazione e lo sviluppo di un sistema tomografico con sorgente di raggi X da 300 kV per analisi nel campo dei Beni Culturali; in particolare sono stati effettuati test preliminari sia per verificare le prestazioni del tubo a raggi X e dello schermo scintillatore sia per avere indicazioni utili alla progettazione (e conseguente costruzione) del box di rivelazione. Il collaudo della sorgente di raggi X è stato eseguito con lo studio dell'andamento della dose integrale e/o del rateo di dose in funzione della tensione, della corrente e del tempo d'irraggiamento. La caratterizzazione dello schermo scintillatore di CsI(Tl) è basata sul confronto delle sue caratteristiche con uno schermo analogo di spessore differente nelle stesse condizioni sperimentali, attraverso lo studio dei parametri standard dei dispositivi per imaging, quali la curva di risposta, il rapporto segnale-rumore e la risoluzione spaziale. Inoltre, come ulteriore test, lo schermo scintillatore è stato utilizzato per l’indagine tomografica di alcuni pani di terra contenenti olle di epoca villanoviana. Per la progettazione del box rivelatore sono state invece svolte misure di tipo ottico. I vari test svolti in laboratorio hanno dato risultati positivi e hanno dimostrato la validità dei componenti scelti per il nuovo sistema tomografico, il cui assemblaggio verrà completato a breve, essendo stata ultimata proprio in queste settimane la costruzione del box di rivelazione.

Master Equation: Biological Applications and Thermodynamic Description

It is well known that many realistic mathematical models of biological systems, such as cell growth, cellular development and differentiation, gene expression, gene regulatory networks, enzyme cascades, synaptic plasticity, aging and population growth need to include stochasticity. These systems are not isolated, but rather subject to intrinsic and extrinsic fluctuations, which leads to a quasi equilibrium state (homeostasis). The natural framework is provided by Markov processes and the Master equation (ME) describes the temporal evolution of the probability of each state, specified by the number of units of each species. The ME is a relevant tool for modeling realistic biological systems and allow also to explore the behavior of open systems. These systems may exhibit not only the classical thermodynamic equilibrium states but also the nonequilibrium steady states (NESS). This thesis deals with biological problems that can be treat with the Master equation and also with its thermodynamic consequences. It is organized into six chapters with four new scientific works, which are grouped in two parts: (1) Biological applications of the Master equation: deals with the stochastic properties of a toggle switch, involving a protein compound and a miRNA cluster, known to control the eukaryotic cell cycle and possibly involved in oncogenesis and with the propose of a one parameter family of master equations for the evolution of a population having the logistic equation as mean field limit. (2) Nonequilibrium thermodynamics in terms of the Master equation: where we study the dynamical role of chemical fluxes that characterize the NESS of a chemical network and we propose a one parameter parametrization of BCM learning, that was originally proposed to describe plasticity processes, to study the differences between systems in DB and NESS.

Development of an X-ray spectrometric system and feasibility tests of Silicon Drift Detector for medical and space applications

The thesis work concerns X-ray spectrometry for both medical and space applications and is divided into two sections. The first section addresses an X-ray spectrometric system designed to study radiological beams and is devoted to the optimization of diagnostic procedures in medicine. A parametric semi-empirical model capable of efficiently reconstructing diagnostic X-ray spectra in 'middle power' computers was developed and tested. In addition, different silicon diode detectors were tested as real-time detectors in order to provide a real-time evaluation of the spectrum during diagnostic procedures. This project contributes to the field by presenting an improved simulation of a realistic X-ray beam emerging from a common X-ray tube with a complete and detailed spectrum that lends itself to further studies of added filtration, thus providing an optimized beam for different diagnostic applications in medicine. The second section describes the preliminary tests that have been carried out on the first version of an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), integrated with large area position-sensitive Silicon Drift Detector (SDD) to be used on board future space missions. This technology has been developed for the ESA project: LOFT (Large Observatory for X-ray Timing), a new medium-class space mission that the European Space Agency has been assessing since February of 2011. The LOFT project was proposed as part of the Cosmic Vision Program (2015-2025).