Diseño de un plan de negocios para la creación de una granja avícola de la especie gallina india autosostenible en la Asociación cooperativa Zacotepeque de R.L. caserio Milagro de la Roca cantón Primavera, municipio de Quezaltepeque, departamento de La Libertad.

El diseño de un plan de negocios para la creación de una granja avícola de la especie gallina india autosostenible en la Asociación Cooperativa Zapotepeque de R.L., Caserío Milagro de la Roca Cantón primavera Municipio de Quezaltepeque Departamento de La Libertad, surge como una idea de un grupo de campesinos que buscan proyectos de ayuda; para la comunidad por lo que con la cooperación de CONAES se dio a conocer este plan de negocio en el cual, se establecieron aspectos generales de avicultura, historia sobre las gallinas, aspectos teóricos sobre lo relacionado con el estudio de mercado, técnico y económico. En la realización de la investigación se utilizó el método científico tomando su objetividad y sistemática derivado de esto el modelo de razonamiento dado con el método deductivo, el tipo de investigación que se empleó fue explicativo y el diseño fue no experimental ya que se observa el fenómeno en su contexto natural ayudado todo esto por las fuentes de información. El diagnóstico se realizó sobre un universo de 400 familias de las cuales se tomó una muestra de 78, para la determinación de la demanda del producto, gustos y preferencias del consumidor y en base a esto comenzar los planteamientos para las instalaciones de la planta y localización, evaluando los terrenos con los que se cuenta además de tomar en consideración, que con este estudio se pretende abarcar también el mercado de Quezaltepeque en el cual se comenzará cubriendo una parte de la demanda de gallina, todo esto apoyado en un financiamiento otorgado por el banco y parte de las aportaciones de los asociados, esto será de gran utilidad para hacer una buena implementación del estudio y poder así tener un crecimiento sostenido. Dos de las conclusiones más importantes, a las que se llegaron son; se verificó, mediante la encuesta, que existe un amplio conocimiento de la gallina india; un significativo consumo actual así como una disposición favorable a su demanda, otra de gran importancia es la presentación preferida de comercialización de la gallina, es de forma entera, lo cual está en concordancia con una de las formas que será ofrecida por el proyecto. Por lo tanto, con este trabajo se espera contribuir con el desarrollo local del Caserío Milagro de la Roca.

El dios que nace de la roca. Aspectos comparativos del mito del nacimiento de Mitra

El artículo tiene como objeto mejorar y completar algunas propuestas ya existentes que relacionan el mito del nacimiento del dios romano Mitra de una roca con otras tradiciones como la hitita o algunos mitos de proveniencia minorasiática. Incluyendo datos de la Teogonía hitita, del RigVeda e integrándolos con la información iconográfica del mitraísmo romano y la irania de época sasánida, se propone un origen indoeuropeo para el mito de un dios que nace de una roca.

Diagnóstico de Calidad de talla en sal de roca.

10 documentos : ilustraciones, fotografías.

Melhoria na Atenção à detecção precoce do Câncer de Colo de Útero e Controle do Câncer de Mama na ESF da Unidade Sanitária de Saúde de Roca Sales - RS

Os elevados índices de incidência e mortalidade por câncer do colo do útero e da mama no Brasil justificam a implantação de estratégias efetivas de controle dessas doenças que incluam ações de promoção à saúde, prevenção e detecção precoce, tratamento e de cuidados paliativos, quando esses se fizerem necessários. Assim, foi realizada a intervenção cujo objetivo era melhorara qualidade da atenção à saúde das mulheres da área pertencente à estratégia de saúde da família na Unidade Básica de Roca Sales - RS nas faixas etárias dos 25 aos 64 anos de idade e dos 50 aos 69 anos de idade cujas são risco de câncer de colo uterino e câncer de mama respectivamente no período de Agosto a Novembro de 2014.Realizou-se o recadastramento das mulheres dessa faixa etária pois anteriormente à intervenção a cobertura era de 15% para câncer de colo uterino e 9% para câncer de mama. Conseguiu-se melhorar o rastreio e a adesão das mulheres ao programa de intervenção realizado através do aumento de mulheres com exames de citopatológico de colo uterino e mamografia em dia que após 3 meses de intervenção passou a 38,1% para câncer de colo de útero e 38% para câncer de mama. Melhorou-se ainda com a intervenção a qualidade das amostras, o monitoramento através da revisão do caderno de registros bem como acompanhamento dos exames através dos sites SISCOLO e SISMAMA, busca ativa às mulheres faltosas e que não retornavam para saber resultado de exames, a qualidade dos registros através da organização de um arquivo específico para o projeto de intervenção e a orientação sobre Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis por meio de folder confeccionado pela equipe com as DST’s mais prevalentes no município e fatores de risco sobre câncer de mama e colo uterino conforme o preconizado pelo protocolo de Controle dos Cânceres do Colo do Útero e da Mama do Ministério da Saúde de 2013. As ações propostas e desenvolvidas nesta intervenção se constituem de ações simples, mas de grande relevância para a qualificação da assistência e contribuíram para melhoria dos atendimentos dispensados a estas mulheres.

Melhoria da Atenção aos Usuários com Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica e/ou Diabetes Mellitus na UBS Roca Sales, Roca Sales/RS

O presente trabalho de conclusão do curso de pós-graduação em Saúde da Família – Modalidade EaD, promovido pela Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) em parceria com a Universidade Aberta do Sistema Único de Saúde (UNASUS),apresenta o relato da realização de uma intervenção com objetivo a qualificar a atenção aos Hipertensos e/ou Diabéticos UBS Roca Sales / RS já que as doenças cardiovasculares constituem a principal causa de morbimortalidade na população brasileira. Não há uma causa única para estas doenças, mas vários fatores de risco que aumentam a probabilidade de sua ocorrência. A Hipertensão arterial sistêmica e o Diabetes Mellitus representam dois dos principais fatores de risco, contribuindo decisivamente para o agravamento deste cenário em nível nacional. Para a realização de este trabalho, chamado de intervenção foi feito um cronograma de atividades para melhorar a situação de saúde nos usuários hipertensos e diabéticos, atividades como educação em saúde, importância de realizar exercícios físicos, necessidade de assistir as consultas na UBS para acompanhamento destas doenças, importância de assistir ao dentista para manter uma saúde bucal adequada, e os danos provocados por o tabagismo. Nosso objetivo específico de ampliar a cobertura de atenção a hipertensos e/ou diabéticos proposto na intervenção para melhorar a saúde dos usuários com estas doenças atendidos na UBS, ou seja, aumentar quantidade de usuários que sofrem destas doenças para que recebam atendimento na UBS, para isto foi necessário fazer busca ativa deles, cadastrar a maior quantidade. Sabendo que esta doença, como a hipertensão arterial em vezes cursa de forma assintomática, e o paciente apresenta cifras de pressão arterial elevadas. No final da intervenção foram cadastrados 773 usuários, deles hipertensos cadastrados 537 para um 100 %, tínhamos proposto alcançar um 100 % mas não foi conseguido, e pacientes diabéticos 226 para um 100 % da área de abrangência de 20 anos de idade e mais. Eles e seus familiares receberam educação em saúde sobre a hipertensão arterial e diabetes, aqueles usuários que não conseguiam chegar ate a UBS foram atendidos nas residências consultas agendadas pelo ACS, nos idosos acamados, e outros menos idosos que tinham dificuldades para locomover ate a UBS. Todos receberam atendimento clínico adequado, foram avaliados nas necessidades de atendimento odontológico, eles tinham direito a realização de exames complementares pelo SUS, garantido por a Secretaria de Saúde do Município. Os medicamentos que são utilizados nestas doenças foram oferecidos de graça na UBS e outros com prescrição médica foram comprados na farmácia popular do Municípios na mesma cidade.

Functional characterization of the sciarid BhC4-1 core promoter in transgenic Drosophila

Background: Core promoters are cis-regulatory modules to which bind the basal transcriptional machinery and which participate in the regulation of transcription initiation. Although core promoters have not been extensively investigated through functional assays in a chromosomal context, the available data suggested that the response of a given core promoter might vary depending on the promoter context. Previous studies suggest that a (-57/+40) fragment constitutes the core promoter of the BhC4-1 gene which is located in DNA puff C4 of the sciarid fly Bradysia hygida. Here we tested this (-57/+40) fragment in distinct regulatory contexts in order to verify if promoter context affects its core promoter activity. Results: Consistent with the activity of a core promoter, we showed that in the absence of upstream regulatory sequences the (-57/+40) fragment drives low levels of reporter gene mRNA expression throughout development in transgenic Drosophila. By assaying the (-57/+40) fragment in two distinct regulatory contexts, either downstream of the previously characterized Fbp1 enhancer or downstream of the UAS element, we showed that the BhC4-1 core promoter drives regulated transcription in both the germline and in various tissues throughout development. Furthermore, the use of the BhC4-1 core promoter in a UAS construct significantly reduced salivary gland ectopic expression in third instar larvae, which was previously described to occur in the context of the GAL4/UAS system. Conclusions: Our results from functional analysis in transgenic Drosophila show that the BhC4-1 core promoter drives gene expression regardless of the promoter context that was assayed. New insights into the functioning of the GAL4/UAS system in Drosophila were obtained, indicating that the presence of the SV40 sequence in the 3' UTR of a UAS construct does not preclude expression in the germline. Furthermore, our analysis indicated that ectopic salivary gland expression in the GAL4/UAS system does not depend only on sequences present in the GAL4 construct, but can also be affected by the core promoter sequences in the UAS construct. In this context, we propose that the sciarid BhC4-1 core promoter constitutes a valuable core promoter which can be employed in functional assays in insects.

Selection of suitable housekeeping genes for expression analysis in glioblastoma using quantitative RT-PCR

Background: Considering the broad variation in the expression of housekeeping genes among tissues and experimental situations, studies using quantitative RT-PCR require strict definition of adequate endogenous controls. For glioblastoma, the most common type of tumor in the central nervous system, there was no previous report regarding this issue. Results: Here we show that amongst seven frequently used housekeeping genes TBP and HPRT1 are adequate references for glioblastoma gene expression analysis. Evaluation of the expression levels of 12 target genes utilizing different endogenous controls revealed that the normalization method applied might introduce errors in the estimation of relative quantities. Genes presenting expression levels which do not significantly differ between tumor and normal tissues can be considered either increased or decreased if unsuitable reference genes are applied. Most importantly, genes showing significant differences in expression levels between tumor and normal tissues can be missed. We also demonstrated that the Holliday Junction Recognizing Protein, a novel DNA repair protein over expressed in lung cancer, is extremely over-expressed in glioblastoma, with a median change of about 134 fold. Conclusion: Altogether, our data show the relevance of previous validation of candidate control genes for each experimental model and indicate TBP plus HPRT1 as suitable references for studies on glioblastoma gene expression.

A comparison of methods to identify open-lung PEEP

Purpose: Many methods exist in the literature for identifying PEEP to set in ARDS patients following a lung recruitment maneuver (RM). We compared ten published parameters for setting PEEP following a RM. Methods: Lung injury was induced by bilateral lung lavage in 14 female Dorset sheep, yielding a PaO(2) 100-150 mmHg at F(I)O(2) 1.0 and PEEP 5 cmH(2)O. A quasi-static P-V curve was then performed using the supersyringe method; PEEP was set to 20 cmH(2)O and a RM performed with pressure control ventilation (inspiratory pressure set to 40-50 cmH(2)O), until PaO(2) + PaCO(2) > 400 mmHg. Following the RM, a decremental PEEP trial was performed. The PEEP was decreased in 1 cmH(2)O steps every 5 min until 15 cmH(2)O was reached. Parameters measured during the decremental PEEP trial were compared with parameters obtained from the P-V curve. Results: For setting PEEP, maximum dynamic tidal respiratory compliance, maximum PaO(2), maximum PaO(2) + PaCO(2), and minimum shunt calculated during the decremental PEEP trial, and the lower Pflex and point of maximal compliance increase on the inflation limb of the P-V curve (Pmci,i) were statistically indistinguishable. The PEEP value obtained using the deflation upper Pflex and the point of maximal compliance decrease on the deflation limb were significantly higher, and the true inflection point on the inflation limb and minimum PaCO(2) were significantly lower than the other variables. Conclusion: In this animal model of ARDS, dynamic tidal respiratory compliance, maximum PaO(2), maximum PaO(2) + PaCO(2), minimum shunt, inflation lower Pflex and Pmci,i yield similar values for PEEP following a recruitment maneuver.

Modulation of B-1 and B-2 kinin receptors expression levels in the hippocampus of rats after audiogenic kindling and with limbic recruitment, a model of temporal lobe epilepsy

Epileptic seizures are hypersynchronous, paroxystic and abnormal neuronal discharges. Epilepsies are characterized by diverse mechanisms involving alteration of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission that result in hyperexcitability of the central nervous system (CNS). Enhanced neuronal excitability can also be achieved by inflammatory processes, including the participation of cytokines, prostaglandins or kinins, molecules known to be involved in either triggering or in the establishment of inflammation. Multiple inductions of audiogenic seizures in the Wistar audiogenic rat (WAR) strain are a model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), due to the recruitment of limbic areas such as hippocampus and amygdata. In this study we investigated the modulation of the B-1 and B-2 kinin receptors expression levels in neonatal WARs as well as in adult WARs subjected to the TLE model. The expression levels of pro-inflammatory (IL-1 beta) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines were also evaluated, as well as cyclooxygenase (COX-2). Our results showed that the B-1 and B-2 kinin receptors mRNAs were up-regulated about 7- and 4-fold, respectively, in the hippocampus of kindled WARs. On the other hand, the expressions of the IL-1 beta, IL-10 and COX-2 were not related to the observed increase of expression of kinin receptors. Based on those results we believe that the B, and B2 kinin receptors have a pivotal role in this model of TLE, although their participation is not related to an inflammatory process. We believe that kinin receptors in the CNS may act in seizure mechanisms by participating in a specific kininergic neurochemical pathway. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Aestivation in the South American lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa: Effects on cardiovascular function, blood gases, osmolality and leptin levels

The African (Protopterus sp.) and South American lungfish (Lepidosiren paradoxa) inhabit shallow waters, that seasonally dry out, which induces aestivation and cocoon formation in Protopterus. Differently, L. paradoxa has no cocoon, and it aestivates in a simple burrow. In water PaCO(2) is 21.8 +/- 0.4 mmHg (mean values +/- S.E.M.; n = 5), whereas aestivation for 20 days increased PaCO(2) to as much as 37.6 +/- 2.1 mmHg, which remained the same after 40 days (35.8 +/- 3.3 mmHg). Concomitantly. the plasma [HCO(3)(-)]-values for animals in water were 22.5 +/- 0.5 mM, which after 20 days increased to 40.2 +/- 2.3 mM and after 40 days to 35.8 +/- 3.3 mM. Initially in water, PaO(2) was 87.7 +/- 2.0 mmHg, but 20 days in aestivation reduced the value to 80.5 +/- 2.2 and later (40 days) to 77.1 +/- 3.0 mmHg. Meanwhile, aestivation had no effect on pHa and hematocrit. The blood pressures were equal for animals in the water or in the burrow (P(mean) similar to 30 mmHg), and cardiac frequency (f(H)) fell from 31 beats min(-1) to 22 beats min(-1) during 40 days of aestivation. The osmolality (mOsm kg H(2)O(-1)) was elevated after 20 and 40 days of aestivation but declined upon return to water. The transition front activity to aestivation involves new set-points for the variables that determine the acid-base status and PaO(2) of the animals, along with a reduction of cardiac frequency. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Drosophila melanogaster lipins are tissue-regulated and developmentally regulated and present specific subcellular distributions

Lipins constitute a novel family of Mg2+-dependent phosphatidate phosphatases that catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphatidic acid to yield diacylglycerol, an important intermediate in lipid metabolism and cell signaling. Whereas a single lipin is detected in less complex organisms, in mammals there are distinct lipin isoforms and paralogs that are differentially expressed among tissues. Compatible with organism tissue complexity, we show that the single Drosophila Lpin1 ortholog (CG8709, here named DmLpin) expresses at least three isoforms (DmLpinA, DmLpinK and DmLpinJ) in a temporal and spatially regulated manner. The highest levels of lipin in the fat body, where DmLpinA and DmLpinK are expressed, correlate with the highest levels of triacylglycerol (TAG) measured in this tissue. DmLpinK is the most abundant isoform in the central nervous system, where TAG levels are significantly lower than in the fat body. In the testis, where TAG levels are even lower, DmLpinJ is the predominant isoform. Together, these data suggest that DmLpinA might be the isoform that is mainly involved in TAG production, and that DmLpinK and DmLpinJ could perform other cellular functions. In addition, we demonstrate by immunofluorescence that lipins are most strongly labeled in the perinuclear region of the fat body and ventral ganglion cells. In visceral muscles of the larval midgut and adult testis, lipins present a sarcomeric distribution. In the ovary chamber, the lipin signal is concentrated in the internal rim of the ring canal. These specific subcellular localizations of the Drosophila lipins provide the basis for future investigations on putative novel cellular functions of this protein family.

Magnetic resonance imaging quantification of regional cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide in normotensive and hypertensive rats

Hypertension afflicts 25% of the general population and over 50% of the elderly. In the present work, arterial spin labeling MRI was used to non-invasively quantify regional cerebral blood flow (CBE), cerebrovascular resistance and CO(2) reactivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and in normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY), at two different ages (3 months and 10 months) and under the effects of two anesthetics, alpha-chloralose and 2% isoflurane (1.5 MAC). Repeated CBE measurements were highly consistent, differing by less than 10% and 18% within and across animals, respectively. Under alpha-chloralose, whole brain CBE at normocapnia did not differ between groups (young WKY: 61 3 ml/100 g/min; adult WKY: 62 +/- 4 ml/100 g/min; young SHR: 70 +/- 9 ml/100 g/min: adult SHR: 69 8 ml/100 g/min), indicating normal cerebral autoregulation in SHR. At hypercapnia, CBE values increased significantly, and a linear relationship between CBE and PaCO(2) levels was observed. In contrast, 2% isoflurane impaired cerebral autoregulation. Whole brain CBE in SHR was significantly higher than in WKY rats at normocapnia (young SHR: 139 +/- 25 ml/100 g/min; adult SHR: 104 +/- 23 ml/100 g/min; young WKY: 55 +/- 9 ml/100 g/min; adult WKY: 71 +/- 19 ml/100 g/min). CBE values increased significantly with increasing CO(2): however, there was a clear saturation of CBF at PaCO(2) levels greater than 70 mm Hg in both young and adult rats, regardless of absolute CBE values, suggesting that isoflurane interferes with the vasoclilatory mechanisms of CO(2). This behavior was observed for both cortical and subcortical structures. Under either anesthetic, CO(2) reactivity values in adult SHR were decreased, confirming that hypertension, when combined with age, increases cerebrovascular resistance and reduces cerebrovascular compliance. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Territorial Identity and Sustainable Development: from Concept to Analysis

A necessidade de (re)afirmar a identidade dos lugares e regiões com o objectivo de aumentar a sua competitividade no mercado global de bens, serviços e ideias tem sido geralmente adoptado nas políticas de desenvolvimento regional e local, mais de um modo retórico do que operacional. Faltam, de facto, instrumentos analíticos adequados para a avaliação da identidade territorial no contexto do nexo local-global. Neste artigo é discutido o enquadramento conceptual e metodológico necessário para o estudo das mudanças nas identidades territoriais e é apresentada evidência empírica dos conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas dos agentes de desenvolvimento local em Portugal.

Valorização nutritiva da fibra para a alimentação animal : tratamento com ureia

Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia Zootécnica, 11 de Setembro de 2015, Universidade dos Açores.