Contaminação do meio físico por hidrocarbonetos e metais na área da Refinaria Alberto Pasqualini, Canoas, RS

O presente estudo resulta de convênio entre a Fundação de Apoio da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (FAURGS) e a Refinaria Alberto Pasqualini (REFAP S.A.), tendo como objetivo o diagnóstico das contaminações por metais e hidrocarbonetos dos solos e águas subterrâneas na área e seus domínios. Os poços tubulares profundos existentes ao redor da refinaria registram 559 unidades distribuídas num raio de 2.000 metros, que têm uso residencial dominante (81,5%) e, em menor escala, comercial (6,5%), industrial (2,6%) e público (0,9%). A caracterização geológica revelou grande variação lateral e vertical, marcada pela ocorrência de sedimentos quaternários síltico-argilosos e arenosos finos com lentes de argilas orgânicas plásticas, tendo espessura de até 14 metros cobrindo rochas sedimentares da Formação Sanga do Cabral. Esta última composta principalmente por arenitos finos a muito finos, siltitos e argilitos avermelhados. Uma parcela significativa da área encontra-se capeada por aterros de terraplenagem com espessuras entre 0,5 e 4 metros. Os estudos hidrogeológicos da área registram a existência de um aqüífero freático livre, constituído pelo material de aterro e camadas sedimentares superficiais, e outro semi-confinado, representado por níveis arenosos descontínuos intercalados no pacote dominantemente síltico-argiloso de sedimentos quaternários. Os sedimentitos da Formação Sanga do Cabral fazem parte do aqüífero semiconfinado. O diagnóstico da contaminação de solos por hidrocarbonetos e metais contou com a análise química de 94 amostras coletadas em 48 sondagens manuais em diferentes profundidades. Os resultados apontaram a virtual ausência de vanádio e baixos níveis de contaminação por cromo, mercúrio, cádmio, cobre, chumbo e Hidrocarbonetos Totais de Petróleo (TPH). A grande quantidade de amostras permitiu a realização de uma avaliação geoestatística para determinação dos teores naturais do terreno e das concentrações oriundas de contaminações. Os solos presentes no entorno da bacia de aeração e da área de descarte de borras e caliças apresentaram as maiores concentrações de metais e, mesmo que inexpressivas, de TPH. A avaliação da qualidade das águas subterrâneas do aqüífero semiconfinado foi realizada através da instalação de 10 poços de monitoramento com profundidades da ordem de 20 metros e coleta de amostras para análises químicas. Também foram coletadas amostras do aqüífero freático em 9 poços de monitoramento rasos com profundidades da ordem de 5 metros, já existentes na ocasião. Os resultados obtidos para as águas do aqüífero semi-confinado retratam uma boa situação ambiental deste, com teores de metais inexistentes na grande maioria dos poços e concentrações abaixo dos limites de intervenção apenas em alguns. Hidrocarbonetos de petróleo (TPH) foram registrados em apenas um poço, em quantidade inexpressiva. Os poços rasos revelam um cenário menos favorável no aqüífero freático, apontando contaminação pouco significativa por hidrocarbonetos de petróleo em apenas 4 locais.

Comportamento dos contaminantes nos solos e águas subterrâneas em depósito de resíduos do refino de petróleo - Borreiro - Na Refinaria Alberto Pasqualini, RS

Resíduos do refino de petróleo dispostos no meio ambiente representam fontes de contaminação por metais pesados e hidrocarbonetos para solos, subsolos, águas superficiais e subterrâneas. O presente estudo foi realizado na área designada Borreiro da Refinaria Alberto Pasqualini, RS – REFAP, onde nas décadas de ‘70 e ‘80 foram depositados resíduos do refino de petróleo (borra) intercalados com camadas de aterros em volume total da ordem de 100.500 m3. O uso da área cessou há cerca de 20 anos, estando os materiais, desde então sujeitos aos mecanismos de atenuação natural. É objetivo do trabalho avaliar a situação da área, relacionando e descrevendo as interações dos sedimentos e das águas subterrâneas com os contaminantes. Para caracterização geológica e hidrogeológica da área foram realizadas 35 sondagens e construídos 6 poços de monitoramento com profundidades de 5 a 7 metros. Visando avaliar a contaminação do meio ambiente pela disposição de borra, foram amostrados os materiais do depósito, bem como os sedimentos cenozóicos que constituem a base do depósito, formada dominantemente por areia fina siltico-argilosa. Também foram coletadas, amostras de águas subterrâneas do aqüífero freático que juntamente com os sedimentos foram analisadas por Espectrofotometria de Absorção Atômica e por Cromatografia Gasosa. Para caracterização da distribuição espacial e análise da mobilidade dos componentes da borra, foram construídos mapas de isoteores e perfis verticais das sondagens, comparando textura dominante e profundidade de cada amostra com seu conteúdo de contaminante. Foram realizados testes de lixiviação e de solubilização para avaliar a relação dos contaminantes com os materiais, permitindo classificar as amostras de acordo com a NBR-10.004, determinando, assim as zonas mais impactadas da área. A caracterização geológica e hidrogeológica serviu de base de dados para a apresentação da dispersão dos contaminantes no depósito, nos sedimentos cenozóicos e no aqüífero freático. Foi definida a dispersão dos contaminantes orgânicos nas fases, livre, adsorvida, residual, gasosa e dissolvida bem como a distribuição dos metais na superfície, no subsolo e nas águas subterrâneas.

Avaliação da contaminação de solos por hidrocarbonetos e metais pesados em diques de contenção

A meta dessa dissertação foi estudar a possibilidade de contaminação de um solo por hidrocarbonetos e metais pesados associados em zona industrial, estabelecendo uma metodologia de amostragem para avaliação de solos potencialmente contaminados. Para estudo de caso foi selecionada uma refinaria de petróleo localizada em território nacional. Conjuntamente com a metodologia de amostragem, foram estabelecidos como objetivos: a caracterização e avaliação do solo, a identificação dos possíveis “hot spot’s” para servir de subsídios para o monitoramento em investigações mais detalhadas do local e a avaliação da eficiência das barreiras argilosas que compõem os diques dos tanques. Foram investigados os solos que compõem os diques de contenção dos tanques armazenadores de petróleo. As diversas operações realizadas na área são fontes potencias de adição de contaminantes, que ocorrem, normalmente, em pequenas doses e de maneira contínua, pois a fonte nunca é estancada. Foram estabelecidas duas etapas de investigação: uma preliminar, que se consistiu em um levantamento do histórico da área, listando as evidências que pudessem indicar quais locais poderiam ser focos de contaminação A partir dos dados levantados na investigação preliminar foi feito o planejamento de uma campanha de amostragem para a coleta de amostras de solo. Além das análises usuais de caracterização, foram executadas análises de Hidrocarbonetos Totais de Petróleo (TPH Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon) e dos metais cádmio, chumbo, cromo, níquel e mercúrio. Para o enquadramento da área sob o ponto de vista de área contaminada foram utilizados como valores orientadores a “Nova Lista da Holanda” e os “Valores orientadores para solos e águas subterrâneas para o estado de São Paulo”. Dos quatro pontos amostrados, um foi classificado como um “hot spot”, atingindo valores que classificam a área como contaminada. Foi constatado que as barreiras argilosas que compõem os diques de contenção junto aos tanques de armazenamento são ineficientes, ou seja, os hidrocarbonetos estão percolando através dos diques de contenção.

Avaliação das alterações ambientais causadas por perfuração exploratória em talude continental a partir de dados geoquímicos - Bacia de Campos, Brasil.

As atividades de exploração e produção de petróleo e gás no Brasil têm se tornado mais intensas ao longo desta última década, apresentando uma tendência de avanço em direção a ambientes de maior profundidade, onde se localizam grande parte das reservas de óleo já comprovadas. Os processos de exploração e produção de petróleo e gás apresentam muitas etapas com considerável potencial gerador de impactos ao meio ambiente, entre elas, a perfuração de poços exploratórios marítimos, objeto do presente estudo. Este estudo originou-se do Projeto MAPEM – Monitoramento Ambiental em Atividades de Perfuração Exploratória Marítima (Águas Profundas), do qual foram utilizados os dados analisados nesta dissertação. O monitoramento foi realizado visando avaliar os efeitos da perfuração do poço Eagle, localizado em talude continental, região norte da Bacia de Campos, Brasil, próximo ao limite entre os estados do Rio de Janeiro e Espírito Santo, a 902 metros de profundidade. Foram coletadas amostras de sedimentos superficiais na região de entorno da atividade, em 48 estações de monitoramento e 6 estações de controle, durante os cruzeiros oceanográficos realizados um mês antes, um mês após e um ano após a perfuração. As análises dos sedimentos geraram informações sobre sua composição granulométrica, mineralógica (argilominerais e carbonato de cálcio) e química (hidrocarbonetos e metais), e foram comparadas em sua variação espacial (área de monitoramento/estações de controle) e temporal (3 cruzeiros oceanográficos). A variação temporal foi abordada de três maneiras distintas, onde o Cruzeiro I representou o background da área, a variação do Cruzeiro I para o II representou o impacto sobre a área de monitoramento e na variação do Cruzeiro II para o III, buscou-se evidências de recuperação da área monitorada com tendência de retorno às suas características iniciais O background da área definiu os níveis médios de todas variáveis analisadas, identificando, além de teores naturais para alguns dos componentes dos sedimentos, sinais de contaminação de origem antrópica, principalmente de As, Pb e hidrocarbonetos petrogênicos (n-alcanos) e pirogênicos (aromáticos). Na perfuração do poço Eagle foi utilizado fluido de base aquosa (FBA) e fluido de base sintética (FBS), dos quais se buscou identificar as áreas de influência e as alterações causadas nos sedimentos. Identificou-se a ocorrência de um fluxo gravitacional de massa, no período entre o Cruzeiro I e a perfuração, restrito ao cânion submarino que cruza a área de monitoramento, do qual também foi avaliada a influência sobre a composição dos sedimentos. A influência do FBA (indicada pelos teores de bário) estendeu-se por uma grande área, apresentando maiores concentrações nas estações próximas do poço. A área de influência do FBS (indicada pelos n-alcanos entre C14 e C22) apresentou distribuição mais restrita, em duas manchas, uma a norte e outra a oeste do poço. Além dos n-alcanos, foi identificado aumento dos teores de bário, UCM (mistura complexa não resolvida), fluoreno e acenaftaleno. O fluxo gravitacional de massa causou elevações na proporção de areia das estações do cânion submarino e redução do carbono orgânico. Efetivamente pode se concluir que a atividade de perfuração exerceu influência significativa nas propriedades químicas dos sedimentos, contudo, de improvável efeito tóxico sobre a biota. Pode-se concluir também que ocorreu recuperação da área, após o período de um ano, por redução das concentrações médias de algumas variáveis e sinais de reposição de n-alcanos naturais, porém não foi possível a identificação de degradação do material sintético utilizado no FBS.

Avaliação da influência do nacl em pastas de cimento portland para cimentação de poços de petróleo em zonas evaporíticas

One of the major current challenges for oilwell companies is the extraction of oil from evaporitic zones, also known as pre-salt basins. Deep reservoirs are found under thick salt layers formed from the evaporation of sea water. Salt layers seal the flow of oil from underneath rock formations, which store hydrocarbons and increase the probability of success in oil and gas exploration. Oilwells are cemented using Portland-based slurries to promote mechanical stability and zonal isolation. For pre-salt oilwells, NaCl must be added to saturate the cement slurries, however, the presence of salt in the composition of slurries affects their overall behavior. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of 5 to 25% NaCl on selected properties of Portland-based slurries. A series of tests were carried out to assess the rheological behavior, thickening time, free water and ultrassonic compressive strength. In addition, the slurries were also characterized by thermal analysis, X ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the addition of NaCl affected the thickening time of the slurries. NaCl contents up to 10% shortened the thickening time of the slurries. On the other hand, concentrations in excess of 20% not only extended the thickening time, but also reduced the strength of hardened slurries. The addition of NaCl resulted in the formation of a different crystalline phase called Friedel´s salt, where free chlorine is bonded to tricalcium aluminate

Estudos de Durabilidade Frente ao Ataque Ácido de Compósitos Portland-Polímero para Cimentação de Poços de Petróleo

Portland-polymers composites are promising candidates to be used as cementing material in Northeastern oil wells of Brazil containing heavy oils submitted to steam injection. In this way, it is necessary to evaluate its degradation in the commonly acidizind agents. In addition, to identify how aggressive are the different hostile environments it is an important contribution on the decision of the acidic systems to be used in. It was investigated the performance of the Portland-polymer composites using powdered polyurethane, aqueous polyurethane, rubber tire residues and a biopolymer, those were reinforced with polished carbon steel SAE 1045 to make the electrochemical measurements. HCl 15,0 %, HCl 6,0 % + HF 1,5 % (soft mud acid), HCl 12,0 % + HF 3,0 % (regular mud acid) and HAc 10 % + HF 1,5 % were used as degrading environment and electrolytes. The more aggressive acid solution to the plain Portland hardened cement paste was the regular mud acid, that showed loss of weight around 23.0 %, followed by the soft mud acid, the showed 11.0 %, 15.0 % HCl with 7,0 % and, at last the 10.0 % HAc plus HF 1.5 % with just 1.0 %. The powdered polyurethane-composite and the aqueous polyurethane one showed larger durability, with reduction around 87.0 % on the loss of weight in regular mud acid. The acid attack is superficial and it occurs as an action layer, where the degraded layer is responsible for the decrease on the kinetic of the degrading process. This behavior can be seen mainly on the Portland- aqueous polyurethane composite, because the degraded layer is impregnated with chemically modified polymer. The fact of the acid attack does not have influence on the compressive strength or fratography of the samples, in a general way, confirms that theory. The mechanism of the efficiency of the Portland-polymers composites subjected to acid attack is due to decreased porosity and permeability related with the plain Portland paste, minor quantity of Ca+2, element preferentially leached to the acidic solution, wave effect and to substitute part of the degrading bulk for the polymeric one. The electrolyte HAc 10 % + HF 1,5 % was the least aggressive one to the external corrosion of the casing, showing open circuit potentials around +250 mV compared to -130 mV to the simulated pore solution to the first 24 hours immersion. This behavior has been performed for two months at least. Similar corrosion rates were showed between both of the electrolytes, around 0.01 μA.cm-2. Total impedance values, insipient arcs and big polarization resistance capacitive arcs on the Nyquist plots, indicating passivity process, confirm its efficiency. In this way, Portlandpolymers composites are possible solutions to be succeed applied to oilwell cementing concomitant submitted to steam injection and acidizing operation and the HAc 10,0 % + HF 1,5 % is the less aggressive solution to the external corrosion of the casing

Estudo da incorporação de cascalho proveniente da perfuração de poços de petróleo em formulações para tijolos de solo-cimento

The present work is to study the characteristics and technological properties of soil-cement bricks made from binary and ternary mixtures of Portland cement, sand, water, with or without addition of gravel from the drilling of oil wells, which could be used by industry, aiming to improve its performance and reduce cost by using the residue and, consequently, increasing its useful life. The soil-cement bricks are one of the alternatives to masonry construction. These elements, after a short curing period, provide compressive strength similar to that of solid bricks and ceramic blocks, and the higher the resistance the higher the amount of cement used. We used the soil from the city of São José do Mipibu / RN, the banks of the River Baldun, cement CPIIZ-32 and residue of drill cuttings from oil wells drilling onshore wells in the town of Mossley, RN, provided Petrobras. To determine the optimum mix, we studied the inclusion of different residues (100%, 80%, 70%, 60% and 50%) where 15 bodies were made of the test piece. The assessment was made of bricks made from simple compression tests, mass loss by immersion and water absorption. The experimental results proved the efficiency and high utilization of the waste from the drilling of oil wells, making the brick-cement-soil residue with a higher strength and lower water absorption. The best result in terms of mechanical strength and water absorption for the ternary mixture was 10% soil, 14% cement and 80% residue. In terms of binary mixtures, we obtained the best result for the mix-cement residue, which was 14% cement incorporated in the residue

Adição do resíduo de biomassa da cana-de-açúcar em pastas para cimentação de poços petrolíferos produtores de óleos pesados

The Potiguar basin has large fields of viscous oil where the used method for recovering is based on vapor injection; this operation is carried out by injecting vapor in the oilwell directly, without the protection of a revetment through thermal insulation, what causes its dilation and, consequently, cracks in the cement placed on the annular, and lost of hydraulic insulation; this crack is occasioned by the phenomenon of retrogression of the compressive resistance due to the conversion of the hydrated calcium silicate in phases calcium-rich, caused by the high temperatures in the wells, subjected to thermal recuperation. This work has evaluated the application of composite pastes with addition of residue of biomass of ground sugar-cane bagasse as anti-retrogression mineral admixture for cementation of oil-wells subjected to thermal recuperation. The addition of the mineral residue was carried out considering a relative amount of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 59% in relation to cement mass, trying to improve the microstructure of the paste, still being developed a reference paste only with cement and a paste with addition of 40% of silica flour - renowned material in the oil industry as anti-retrogression additive. Pozzolanic activity of the ash was evaluated through XRD, TG/DTG, as the resistance to compression, and it was also determined the physical and mechanical behavior of the pastes when submitted to cure at low temperatures (22 and 38º C); besides it was evaluated the behavior of the pastes when submitted to two cycles of cure at high temperature (280ºC) and pressure (7 MPa). It was verified that the ash of the sugar-cane biomass presents pozzolanic reaction and has great efficiency in decrease the permeability of the paste by filler effect, as well as that addition of ash in a relative amount of 10, 20 e 30% increases cured compressive resistance at low temperatures. It was also showed that the ash in a relative amount of 40% and 59% has very significant efficiency as anti-retrogression additive, since it prevents the decrease of compressive resistance and forms hydrated calcium silicate type xenotlita and tobermorita which have more resistance and stability in high temperatures

Estudo da molhabilidade de ligas de adição à base de prata sobre insertos cerâmicos para aplicação em brocas perfuração de poços de petróleo

Metal-ceramic interfaces are present in tricone drill bits with hard ceramic inserts for oil well drilling operations. The combination of actions of cutting, crushing and breaking up of rocks results in the degradation of tricone drill bits by wear, total or partial rupture of the drill bit body or the ceramic inserts, thermal shock and corrosion. Also the improper pressfitting of the ceramic inserts on the bit body may cause its total detachment, and promote serious damages to the drill bit. The improvement on the production process of metal-ceramic interfaces can eliminate or minimize some of above-mentioned failures presented in tricone drill bits, optimizing their lifetime and so reducing drilling metric cost. Brazing is a widely established technique to join metal-ceramic materials, and may be an excellent alternative to the common mechanical press fitting process of hard ceramic inserts on the steel bit body for tricone drill bit. Wetting phenomena plays an essential role in the production of metal/ceramic interfaces when a liquid phase is present in the process. In this work, 72Silver-28Copper eutectic based brazing alloys were melted onto zirconia, silicon nitride and tungsten carbide/Co substrates under high vacuum. Contact angle evolution was measured and graphically plotted, and the interfaces produced were analysed by SEM-EDX. The AgCu eutectic alloy did not wet any ceramic substrates, showing high contact angles, and so without chemical interaction between the materials. Better results were found for the systemns containing 3%wt of titanium in the AgCu alloy. The presence os titanium as a solute in the alloy produces wettable cand termodinamically stable compounds, increasing the ceramics wetting beahviour

Desenvolvimento de argamassa para restauração utilizando resíduo do polimento do porcelanato

The coatings mortars are essential elements of building structures because they execute an important role in protecting walls and are particularly exposed to aggressive action responsible for its degradation over time. The importance of wall coverings has been the subject of discussion and analysis in the conservation and rehabilitation of old buildings. Are sometimes removed and replaced with inappropriate solutions of constructive point of view or architecture. The most commonly used coatings on walls of old buildings is based on traditional hydraulic lime mortars. The present study aims at the formulation of new lime- based mortars and aerial fine aggregate, in order to contribute to a better field of conservation and restoration mortar coating of old buildings. Residue was used for polishing porcelain as fine aggregate, replacing the aggregate (sand), in percentages 05-30% by mass. We conducted a thorough evaluation of the mortar properties in fresh and hardened state by comparing the performance of the same with a reference mortar. The residue used was characterized as the density, bulk density, and particle size laser, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence. Formulations were produced 7, 6 with residue and one commonly used formulation, which served as a reference. In the formulations of lime mortars air (hydrated lime powder CH-I) has been adopted a stroke volume (1:3) with constant binder, was varied and the water / binder and aggregate and waste. For evaluation of mortars fresh, proceeded to consistency analysis, specific gravity, water retention and air content embedded. In the hardened state assays were performed in specific gravity, water retention, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength in bending, compressive strength, water absorption by capillary action, adhesion, tensile strength, resistance to shrinkage and salts by of crystallization trials with resources chloride solution, nitrate and sulfate all sodium in prismatic at 90 days of age, in addition to the micro structural analysis of mortars. Based on the results we can see that the mortar formulated with 10% content of waste and the reference free retraction feature more stable closer to neutrality. The composition of 10% was obtained better performance against the action of the salt crystallization. The mortar with 15% residue obtained better density, lower air content embedded and high capacity for water retention developing good workability. The replacement of 20% of waste generates a satisfactory utilization of resistance to compression, flexion and traction grip the base. And, finally, it can be seen that the mortar with 10, 15 and 20% residual show, in principle, good suitability as coatings, thus enabling a final result consistent with durability, workability and aesthetics developing therefore a material with better performance to repair or replace existing mortars in old buildings

Avaliação da incorporação combinada dos resíduos de cascalho de perfuração de poço de petróleo e de polimento do porcelanato em cerâmica vermelha

Among the industries, those that produce ceramic porcelain for use in construction industry and oil, during the exploration and production period, play an important role in the production of waste. Much research has been carried out both by academia and the productive sector, sometimes reintroducing them in the same production line that generated them, sometimes in areas unrelated to their generation, as in the production of concrete and mortar for the construction, for example, but each one in an isolated way. In this research, the aim is to study the combined incorporation of the waste drill cuttings of oil well and the residue of the polishing of porcelain, generated in the final stage of finishing of this product in a clay matrix, for the production of red pottery, specifically bricks, ceramic blocks and tiles. The clay comes from the municipality of São Gonçalo, RN, the drilling waste is from the Natal basin, in Rio Grande do Norte, and the residue of the polishing proceeds from a ceramic porcelain of the State of Paraíba. For this purpose, we used a mixture of a plastic clay with a non-plastic, in a ratio of 50% each, settling formulations with the addition of these two residues in this clay matrix. In the formulations, both residues were incorporated with a minimum percentage of 2.5% and maximum of 12.5%, varying from 2.5% each, in each formulation, which the sum of the waste be no more than 15%. It should be noted that the residue of the polishing of ceramic porcelain is a IIa class (not inert). The materials were characterized by XRF, XRD, TG, DTA, laser granulometry and the plasticity index. The technological properties of water absorption, apparent porosity, linear shrinkage of burning, flexural tensile strength and bulk density were evaluated after the sintering of the pieces to 850 °C, 950 °C and 1050 °C, with a burning time of 3 hr, 3 hr and 30 minutes, and 3 hr and 50 minutes, respectively, with a heating rate of 10 °C/minute, for all formulations and landing of 30 minutes. To better understand the influence of each residue and temperature on the evaluated properties, we used the factorial planning and its surfaces of response for the interpretation of the results. It was found that the temperature has no statistical significance at a 95% of reliability level in flexural tensile strength and that it decreases the water absorption and the porosity, but increases the shrinkage and the bulk density. The results showed the feasibility of the desired incorporation, but adjusting the temperature to each product and formulation, and that the temperatures of 850 °C and 950 °C were the one that responded to the largest number of formulations

Adição de poliuretana em pastas de cimento para poços de petróleo como agente de correção do filtrado

Chemical admixtures, when properly selected and quantified, play an important role in obtaining adequate slurry systems for quality primary cementing operations. They assure the proper operation of a well and reduce costs attributed to corrective cementing jobs. Controlling the amount lost by filtering through the slurry to permeable areas is one of the most important requirements in an operation, commonly controlled by chemical admixtures, such as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). However, problems related to temperature, salttolerance and the secundary retarding effect are commonly reported in the literature. According to the scenario described above, the use of an aqueous dispersion of non-ionic poliurethane was proposed to control the filter loss, given its low ionic interaction with the free ions present in the slurries in humid state. Therefore, this study aims at assessing the efficiency of poliurethane to reduce filter loss in different temperature and pressure conditions as well as the synergistic effect with other admixtures. The temperatures and pressures used in laboratory tests simulate the same conditions of oil wells with depths of 500 to 1200 m. The poliurethane showed resistance to thermal degradation and stability in the presence of salts. With the increase in the concentration of the polymer there was a considerable decrease in the volume lost by filtration, and this has been effective even with the increase in temperature

Influência da adição de gres porcelanato no comportamento mecânico e microestrutural em pastas de cimento portland para cimentação de poços de petróleo

Cementation operation consists in an extremely important work for the phases of perforation and completion of oil wells, causing a great impact on the well productivity. Several problems can occur with the cement during the primary cementation, as well as throughout the productive period. The corrective operations are frequent, but they are expensive and demands production time. Besides the direct cost, prejudices from the interruption of oil and gas production till the implementation of a corrective operation must be also taken into account. The purpose of this work is the development of an alternative cement paste constituted of Portland cement and porcelainized stoneware residue produced by ceramic industry in order to achieve characteristics as low permeability, high tenacity, and high mechanical resistance, capable of supporting various operations as production or oil wells recuperation. Four different concentration measures of hydrated paste were evaluated: a reference paste, and three additional ones with ceramic residue in concentrations of the order of 10%, 20% and 30% in relation to cement dough. High resistance and low permeability were found in high concentration of residues, as well as it was proved the pozolanic reactivity of the residue in relation to Portland cement, which was characterized through x-ray and thermogravimetry assays. It was evident the decrease of calcium hydroxide content, once it was substituted by formation of new hydrated products as it was added ceramic residue

Uma aplicação da apredizagem por reforço na otimização da produção em um campo de petróleo

The objective of reservoir engineering is to manage fields of oil production in order to maximize the production of hydrocarbons according to economic and physical restrictions. The deciding of a production strategy is a complex activity involving several variables in the process. Thus, a smart system, which assists in the optimization of the options for developing of the field, is very useful in day-to-day of reservoir engineers. This paper proposes the development of an intelligent system to aid decision making, regarding the optimization of strategies of production in oil fields. The intelligence of this system will be implemented through the use of the technique of reinforcement learning, which is presented as a powerful tool in problems of multi-stage decision. The proposed system will allow the specialist to obtain, in time, a great alternative (or near-optimal) for the development of an oil field known

Hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos em sedimentos de fundo do estuário do rio Potengi, região da grande Natal (RN): implicações ambientais

Estuaries are environments prone to the input of chemical pollutants of various kinds and origins, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Anthropogenic PAHs may have two possible sources: pyrolytic (with four or more aromatic rings and low degree of alkylation) and petrogenic (with two and three aromatic rings and high degree of alkylation). This study aimed to evaluate the levels, distribution and possible sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the estuary of the Potengi river, Natal, Brazil. Samples of bottom sediments were collected in the final 12 km of the estuary until its mouth to the sea, where the urbanization of the Great Natal is more concentrated. Sampling was performed on 12 cross sections, with three stations each, totaling 36 samples, identified as T1 to T36. The non alkylated and alkylated PAHs were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC / MS). PAHs were detected in all 36 stations with total concentration on each varying 174-109407 ng g-1. These values are comparable to those of several estuarine regions worldwide with high anthropogenic influence, suggesting the record of diffuse contamination installed in the estuary. PAHs profiles were similar for most stations. In 32 of the 36 stations, low molecular weight PAHs (with 2 and 3 ring: naphthalene, phenanthrene and their alkylated homologues) prevailed, which ranged from 54% to 100% of the total PAH, indicating that leaks, spills and combustion fuels are the dominant source of PAH pollution in the estuary. The level of contamination by PAHs in most stations suggests that there is potential risk of occasional adverse biological effects, but in some stations adverse impacts on the biota may occur frequently. The diagnostic ratios could differentiate sources of PAHs in sediments of the estuary, which were divided into three groups: petrogenic, pyrolytic and mixing of sources. The urban concentration of the Great Natal and the various industrial activities associated with it can be blamed as potential sources of PAHs in bottom sediments of the estuary studied. The data presented highlight the need to control the causes of existing pollution in the estuary