Comportamento estrutural de vigas de concreto armado reforçadas com compósitos de fibra de carbono

Atualmente, a necessidade de reabilitação estrutural tem se tornado cada vez mais freqüente. Desde o advento do concreto, diversas metodologias de reabilitação estrutural vêm sendo desenvolvidas e aplicadas; e têm tornado-se cada vez mais sofisticadas. A aplicação de compósitos de fibra de carbono no reforço de estruturas de concreto armado, representa o que há de mais moderno neste importante segmento da engenharia estrutural. Apesar das inúmeras vantagens de sua aplicação, a incorporação de um material, até então estranho ao meio da engenharia estrutural convencional, tem merecido especial atenção por parte dos pesquisadores envolvidos neste segmento. Este estudo tem por objetivo, portanto, explorar as principais implicações estruturais da aplicação dos compósitos de fibra de carbono no reforço externo de vigas de concreto armado. Para tanto, tornou-se necessária a implementação de um amplo programa de investigação, fundamentalmente experimental, baseada na realização de ensaios de flexão em vigas de concreto armado, reforçadas à flexão e ao cisalhamento, com dois tipos de sistemas de reforço. De modo a permitir uma análise ampla das evidências experimentais alcançadas através da condução do programa experimental, realizou-se uma profunda revisão da literatura disponível acerca do assunto. O programa experimental foi dividido em dois grupos O primeiro, composto por 14 vigas, reforçadas à flexão e o segundo, composto por 30 vigas, reforçadas ao cisalhamento. Em ambos os grupos, empregaram-se dois tipos de sistema de reforço (laminados pré-fabricados e mantas flexíveis pré-impregnadas). O procedimento de ensaio, idealizado e implementado especialmente para a condução do programa experimental da presente tese, foi totalmente controlado por computador, conferindo, assim, maior confiabilidade aos ensaios. Em cada um dos grupos, analisaram-se, além dos modos e cargas de ruptura, deformações específicas, deslocamentos e distribuição de tensões. Finalmente, estes resultados são discutidos e avaliam-se modelos analíticos que permitam simular o comportamento destas estruturas.

Análise interativa de situações de reforço e recuperação de peças de concreto armado, empregando o método dos elementos finitos

O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver um programa computacional, baseado no método dos elementos finitos, para simular situações de reforço e recuperação de peças de concreto armado. A linguagem Matlab é a ferramenta utilizada para a elaboração do programa. É uma linguagem de alta performance para computação técnica. Integra computação, visualização e programação em um fácil ambiente para uso, onde problemas e soluções são expressos em familiar notação matemática. A característica principal deste programa é de permitir alterações na modelagem numérica durante a análise do problema, podendo-se retirar ou acrescentar elementos da estrutura, aumentar ou diminuir rigidezes, alterar materiais, etc, viabilizando-se, assim, uma avaliação das diversas etapas ou hipóteses dos procedimentos de recuperação ou reforço de estruturas. O programa permite a mudança de vinculações do elemento estrutural, durante a análise. Além disto, é permitido não só incrementos de forças como incrementos de deslocamentos impostos à estrutura. O programa computacional utiliza duas etapas distintas, baseadas em um modelo elasto-viscoplástico. Na primeira etapa, faz-se a determinação da resposta da estrutura ao longo do tempo. Considera-se, nesta etapa, que o material possui comportamento viscoelástico. Na segunda, busca-se determinar a resposta da estrutura para um carregamento instantâneo, considerando-se o material com comportamento elastoplástico Para melhor representar o comportamento do concreto, quando submetido a carregamento de longa duração, utilizou-se um modelo de camadas superpostas. A armadura é introduzida no modelo como uma linha de material mais rígido dentro do elemento de concreto. Considera-se aderência perfeita entre o concreto e o aço. Assim, os deslocamentos ao longo das barras de aço são determinados a partir dos deslocamentos nodais dos elementos de concreto. Para verificar a precisão do programa computacional desenvolvido, comparam-se os resultados numéricos com resultados experimentais, cujos ensaios foram realizados no Laboratório de Ensaios e Modelos Estruturais do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil da Escola de Engenharia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, e no Laboratório de Estruturas da Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos- USP. Nessas comparações, obtiveram-se ótimas aproximações entre os resultados numéricos e experimentais.

Verificação de seções de concreto armado solicitadas por flexão composta à fadiga

Neste trabalho, apresenta-se um programa de computador criado para automatizar os procedimentos para a verificação à fadiga de seções de concreto armado, submetidas a solicitações normais, conforme as recomendações do Projeto de revisão da NBR 6118/2001 (Texto conclusivo). o programa calcula as tensões e as variações de tensões, necessárias para as verificações, no regime elástico (estádio 11),qualquer que seja a solicitação (reta ou desviada) e qualquer que seja a seção transversal da barra (suposta poligonal). Este programa tem grande utilidade prática na verificação de lajes, vigas e pilares de concreto armado. Devido à sua simplicidade e à quantidade de conhecimentos básicos, de cálculo diferencial e integral, cálculo numérico, geometria das massas, resistência dos materiais e concreto armado, envolvidos no seu desenvolvimento, pode ser usado também para fins didáticos.

Verificação do estado limite de serviço de abertura das fissuras em seções de concreto armado submetidas à flexão simples

Este trabalho apresenta um programa que tem por finalidade automatizar os procedimentos de verificação do estado limite de serviço de abertura das fissuras em seções retangulares e T de concreto armado, submetidas à flexão simples, conforme as recomendações da norma NBR 6118/2003 – Projeto de Estruturas de Concreto. O programa foi implementado na linguagem de programação Microsoft Visual Basic, aproveitando os recursos fornecidos por esta linguagem, que propiciam o desenvolvimento de uma entrada de dados amigável, típica do ambiente Windows. A fissuração, em elementos de concreto armado, ocorre quando as tensões de tração no concreto excedem a sua capacidade resistente. Nos elementos fissurados, as aberturas das fissuras devem ser controladas. Segundo as recomendações da norma, o valor característico da abertura das fissuras não deve ultrapassar determinados valores admissíveis. No procedimento implementado, são determinadas as aberturas das fissuras considerando-se o conjunto de barras da armadura tracionada e a camada mais tracionada da armadura, com o propósito de estabelecer a situação mais desfavorável. O programa tem também a pretensão de auxiliar estudantes de engenharia na compreensão do fenômeno da fissuração, fornecendo valores de elementos que caracterizam o funcionamento da peça fletida.

O reforço das competências de gestão nas instituições públicas: governança e gestão no poder legislativo municipal: estudo de caso na Câmara Municipal de Niterói

This thesis analyzes the governance in public institutions management, taking the Niteroi's Cityzenship Council as the reasearch object. In order to accomplish this goal, this thesis has been split into two parts. The first one introduces the discussion about management, manager's action and administration, differentiating the private approach from the public one. The characteristics of the public service and its models were defined, as they were incorporated in the last decades in parallel with the institutionalism and governance theories. In the second part a description is presented on the Brazilian's politician space construction, with emphasis in the cities and in the functioning of the public institutions according to the reality of the Brazilian's partisan system. The concept of accountability and the relation between repuplican powers were also discussed, followed by a case study. The analyses show the reality of the governance at the chamber of the councilmen of Niteroi in accordance with the methodology chosen to accomplishment the research. The conclusion points out the findings that were obtained during the research.

Comparação entre o ensino tradicional e o ensino tradicional com reforço por módulos, com ênfase na possível influência de valores e características sócio-econômicas no rendimento escolar

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a utilização do ensino por módulos, utilizado como reforço de ensino, em Física e em Matemática, por alunos da lª série (2ºgrau) da Rede de Ensino Estadual do Rio de Janeiro. Pretendeu-se avaliar a utilização dessa metodologia a nível de rendimento dos alunos, e, também, relacioná-la à cosmovisão (tratada em termos de níveis de consciência, segundo Reich - 1970) e à situação sócio-econômica desses alunos (segundo escala de Guidi e Duarte, 1969).O estudo teve caráterexperimental, sendo constituídos grupos experimentais e de controle em quatro colégios estaduais dos municípios de Valença, Friburgo e Rio de Janeiro. Foram aplicados os seguintes instrumentos: a) testes diagnóstico e pós-testes, em Física e em Matemática, aos dois grupos de cada colégio; b) escalas destinadas a classificação dos alunos dos grupos experimentais em níveis de consciência e em classes sociais. Pretendeu-se estabelecer relação entre o rendimento obtido em Física e em Matemática e: a) metodologia utilizada; b) níveis de consciência apresentados pelos alunos; c) classificação sócio-econômica desses alunos. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que: 1) o rendimento obtido pelos alunos dos grupos experimentais de cada colégio, separadamente, nem sempre foi favorável; contudo, se considerados globalmente, esses mesmos resultados revelaram-se favoráveis aos grupos experimentais; 2) predodominou, em todos os colégios, o nível de Consciência III, seguido pelos níveis II e I (nesta ordem); 3) o rendimento obtido em Física pelos grupos experimentais correspondeu, em ordem decrescente, aos níveis de Consciência II, I e III (nesta ordem), constatando-se variação significativa entre as médias obtidas e o nível de consciência apresentado; 4) o rendimento obtido em Matemática pelos grupos experimentais correspondeu, em ordem decrescente, aos níveis de Consciênda lI, III e I, sem que se constatasse variação significativa entre as médias obtidas, conforme o nível de consciência apresentado; 5) predominaram, em todos os colégios, as classes sócio-econômicas baixa-superior e média-inferior, com incidência mínima da classe média-superior e exclusão das classes baixa e alta; 6) o rendimento obtido em Física pelos grupos experimentais não revelou variação significativa conforme a classe social dos alunos, embora as médias se elevassem em correspondência à elevação da classificaçãc sócio-econômica; 7) o rendimento obtido em Matemática pelos grupos experimentais acusou as médias mais altas nos alunos de nível sócio-econômico mais elevado, não se constatando aumento gradativo das médias, conforme o nível sócio-econômico dos alunos, nem variação significativa entre os resultados obtidos pelos alunos dos diferentes níveis sócio-econômicos. Concluiu-se pela validade da aplicação do reforço de ensino por módulos, em condições semelhantes e a clientelas semelhantes às consideradas no estudo.

Estudo da zircônia reforçado com alumina

Ceramics materials have good properties including chemical stability, high hardness and wear resistance. Moreover, due to its fragility, can suffer failure under relatively low levels of tension. Actually zirconia is the material of choice in metal free dental prostheses used in dentistry due its inertia in physiological environment, good bending strength, hardness and fracture toughness. The alumina and mixed tungsten and titanium carbides additions, acting as reinforcement elements in the zirconia matrix, have as their main objective the improvement of mechanical properties of this material. In this work, samples of zirconia, zirconia with 30% wt of alumina and zirconia with 30% wt mixed carbides were analyzed. The samples were sintered by uniaxial hot pressing on 30 MPa pressure, for 1 hour in an argon atmosphere. They were physically characterized by porosity and density measurements, and mechanically by 3-points bending strength and Vickers microhardness. The X-ray diffraction was used for the phase identifications and microstructure was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The addition of mixed carbides as reinforcement elements in zirconia matrix provides improvements in all properties analyzed in this work. The alumina addition has dropped the zirconia strength, although it caused improvement in other properties

Utilização de resíduo lignocelulósico na obtenção de chapa de madeira aglomerada homogênea e compósito reforçado com fibra de vidro-E

This research is about the use of the coconut´s endocarp (nucifera linn) and the waste of derivatives of wood and furniture as raw material to technological use. In that sense, the lignocellulosic waste is used for manufacture of homogeneous wood sheet agglomerate (LHWS) and lignocellulosic load which take part of a polymeric composite with fiber glass E (GFRP-WC). In the manufacturing of the homogeneous wood sheet agglomerate (LHWS), it was used mamona´s resin as waste s agglutinating element. The plates were taken up in a hydraulic press engine, heated, with temperature control, where they were manufactured for different percentage of waste wood and coconuts nucífera linn. Physical tests were conducted to determine the absorption of water, density, damp grade (in two hours and twenty-four hours), swelling thickness (in two hours and twenty-four hours), and mechanical tests to evaluate the parallel tensile strength (internal stick) and bending and the static (steady) flexural. The physical test´s results indicate that the LHWS can be classified as bonded wood plate of high-density and with highly water resistant. In the mechanical tests it was possible to establish that LHWS presents different characteristics when submitted to uniaxial tensile and to the static (steady) flexural, since brittle and elasticity module had a variation according to the amount of dry endocarp used to manufacture each trace of LHWS. The GFRP-WC was industrially manufactured by a hand-lay-up process where the fiber glass E was used as reinforcement the lignocellulósic´s waste as load. The matrix was made with ortofitalic unsaturated polyester resin. Physical and mechanical tests were performed in presence of saturated humidity and dry. The results indicated good performance of the GFRP-WC, as traction as in flexion in three points. The presence of water influenced the modules obtained in the flexural and tensile but there were no significant alteration in the properties analyzed. As for the fracture, the analysis showed that the effects are more harmful in the presence of damp, under the action of loading tested, but despite this, the fracture was well defined starting in the external parts and spreading to the internal regions when one when it reaches the hybrid load

Caracterização de atapulgita visando aplicação para reforço de materiais poloméricos

The clay mineral attapulgite is a group of hormitas, which has its structures formed by microchannels, which give superior technological properties classified the industrial clays, clays of this group has a very versatile range of applications, ranging from the drilling fluid for wells oil has applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Such properties can be improved by activating acid and / or thermal activation. The attapulgite when activated can improve by up to 5-8 times some of its properties. The clay was characterized by X-ray diffraction, fluorescence, thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy before and after chemical activation. It can be seen through the results the efficiency of chemical treatment, which modified the clay without damaging its structure, as well as production of polymer matrix composites with particles dispersed atapugita

Estudo comparativo de pás para aerogeradores de grande porte fabricadas em materiais compósitos reforçadas com fibra de carbono ou fibra de vidro

The research and development of wind turbine blades are essential to keep pace with worldwide growth in the renewable energy sector. Although currently blades are typically produced using glass fiber reinforced composite materials, the tendency for larger size blades, particularly for offshore applications, has increased the interest on carbon fiber reinforced composites because of the potential for increased stiffness and weight reduction. In this study a model of blade designed for large generators (5 MW) was studied on a small scale. A numerical simulation was performed to determine the aerodynamic loading using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. Two blades were then designed and manufactured using epoxy matrix composites: one reinforced with glass fibers and the other with carbon fibers. For the structural calculations, maximum stress failure criterion was adopted. The blades were manufactured by Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM), typical for this type of component. A weight comparison of the two blades was performed and the weight of the carbon fiber blade was approximately 45% of the weight of the fiberglass reinforced blade. Static bending tests were carried out on the blades for various percentages of the design load and deflections measurements were compared with the values obtained from finite element simulations. A good agreement was observed between the measured and calculated deflections. In summary, the results of this study confirm that the low density combined with high mechanical properties of carbon fibers are particularly attractive for the production of large size wind turbine blades

Compósitos poliméricos a base de fibras de licuri: efeitos da hibridização e do envelhecimento ambiental acelerado

The gradual replacement of conventional materials by the ones called composite materials is becoming a concern about the response of these composites against adverse environmental conditions, such as ultraviolet radiation, high temperature and moist. Also the search for new composite using natural fibers or a blend of it with synthetic fibers as reinforcement has been studied. In this sense, this research begins with a thorough study of microstructural characterization of licuri fiber, as a proposal of alternative reinforcement to polymeric composites. Thus, a study about the development of two composite laminates was done. The first one, involving only the fiber of licuri and the second comprising a hybrid composite based of fiber glass E and the fiber of licuri, in order to know the performance of the fiber when of fiber across the hybridization process. The laminates were made in the form of plates using the tereftálica ortho-polyester resin as matrix. The composite laminate made only by licuri fiber had two reinforcing fabric layers of unidirectional licuri and the hybrid composite had two reinforcing layers of unidirectional licuri fabric and three layers of fiber short glass-E mat. Finally, both laminates was exposed to aging acceleration in order to study the influence of environmental degradation involving the mechanical properties and fracture characteristics thereof. Regarding the mechanical properties of composites, these were determined through uniaxial tensile tests, uniaxial compression and three bending points for both laminates in original state, and uniaxial tensile tests and three bending points after accelerated aging. As regards the study of structural degradation due to aging of the laminates, it was carried out based on microscopic analysis and microstructure, as well as measuring weight loss. The characteristics of the fracture was performed by macroscopic and microscopic (optical and SEM) analysis. In general, the laminated composites based on fiber licuri showed some advantages in their responses to environmental aging. These advantages are observed in the behavior related to stiffness as well as the microstructural degradation and photo-oxidation processes. However, the structural integrity of this laminate was more affected in case the action of uniaxial tensile loads, where it was noted a lower rate of withholding his last resistance property

Estudo sobre as potencialidades de compósitos à base de gesso e fibras de coco seco para aplicação na construção civil

The use of gypsum, one of the oldest building materials for the construction industry in the country has been experiencing a significant and steady growth, due to its low cost and some of its properties that confer comparative advantage over other binder materials. Its use comprises various applications including the coating of walls and the production of internal seals and linings. Moreover, the fibers are being increasingly incorporated into arrays fragile in an attempt to improve the properties of the composite by reducing the number of cracks, the opening of the same and its propagation velocity. Other properties, depending on the function of the component material or construction, among these thermal and acoustic performances, are of great importance in the context of buildings and could be improved, that is, having better performance with this embodiment. Conduct a comparative study of physico-mechanical, thermal and acoustic composite gypsum incorporating dry coconut fiber, in the form of blanket, constituted the main objective of this work. Improving the thermal and acoustic performances of precast gypsum, used for lining and internal vertical fences of buildings, was the purpose of development of these composites. To evaluate the effect of fiber content on the properties of the composites were used to manufacture the composite layer with different thicknesses. The composites were fabricated in the form of plates with dimensions of 500x500x24mm. To facilitate the comparative study of the properties were also made with material gypsum boards only. We then determined the physico-mechanical, thermal and acoustical plaster and composites. The results indicated that the composites were significant gains in relation to thermal performance and also acoustic, in certain frequency range, increasing the thickness of the blanket. Concerning other physical-mechanical properties, the results showed that although the compressive strength was lower than for the composite did not occur after a fracture catastrophic failure. The same trend was observed with regard to resistance to bending, since the composites have not suffered sudden rupture and still continued after the load supporting point of maximum load

Uma aplicação da apredizagem por reforço na otimização da produção em um campo de petróleo

The objective of reservoir engineering is to manage fields of oil production in order to maximize the production of hydrocarbons according to economic and physical restrictions. The deciding of a production strategy is a complex activity involving several variables in the process. Thus, a smart system, which assists in the optimization of the options for developing of the field, is very useful in day-to-day of reservoir engineers. This paper proposes the development of an intelligent system to aid decision making, regarding the optimization of strategies of production in oil fields. The intelligence of this system will be implemented through the use of the technique of reinforcement learning, which is presented as a powerful tool in problems of multi-stage decision. The proposed system will allow the specialist to obtain, in time, a great alternative (or near-optimal) for the development of an oil field known

Aprendizado por Reforço com Valores deInfluência em Sistemas Multi-Agente

We propose a new paradigm for collective learning in multi-agent systems (MAS) as a solution to the problem in which several agents acting over the same environment must learn how to perform tasks, simultaneously, based on feedbacks given by each one of the other agents. We introduce the proposed paradigm in the form of a reinforcement learning algorithm, nominating it as reinforcement learning with influence values. While learning by rewards, each agent evaluates the relation between the current state and/or action executed at this state (actual believe) together with the reward obtained after all agents that are interacting perform their actions. The reward is a result of the interference of others. The agent considers the opinions of all its colleagues in order to attempt to change the values of its states and/or actions. The idea is that the system, as a whole, must reach an equilibrium, where all agents get satisfied with the obtained results. This means that the values of the state/actions pairs match the reward obtained by each agent. This dynamical way of setting the values for states and/or actions makes this new reinforcement learning paradigm the first to include, naturally, the fact that the presence of other agents in the environment turns it a dynamical model. As a direct result, we implicitly include the internal state, the actions and the rewards obtained by all the other agents in the internal state of each agent. This makes our proposal the first complete solution to the conceptual problem that rises when applying reinforcement learning in multi-agent systems, which is caused by the difference existent between the environment and agent models. With basis on the proposed model, we create the IVQ-learning algorithm that is exhaustive tested in repetitive games with two, three and four agents and in stochastic games that need cooperation and in games that need collaboration. This algorithm shows to be a good option for obtaining solutions that guarantee convergence to the Nash optimum equilibrium in cooperative problems. Experiments performed clear shows that the proposed paradigm is theoretical and experimentally superior to the traditional approaches. Yet, with the creation of this new paradigm the set of reinforcement learning applications in MAS grows up. That is, besides the possibility of applying the algorithm in traditional learning problems in MAS, as for example coordination of tasks in multi-robot systems, it is possible to apply reinforcement learning in problems that are essentially collaborative