The Genetics of Ankylosing Spondylitis and Axial Spondyloarthritis

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and spondyloarthritis are strongly genetically determined. The long-standing association with HLA-B27 is well described, although the mechanism by which that association induces AS remains uncertain. Recent developments include the description of HLA-B27 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms in European and Asian populations. An increasing number of non-MHC genetic associations have been reported, which provided amongst other things the first evidence of the involvement of the IL-23 pathway in AS. The association with ERAP1 is now known to be restricted to HLA-B27 positive disease. Preliminary studies on the genetics of axial spondyloarthritis demonstrate a lower HLA-B27 carriage rate compared with AS. Studies with larger samples and including non-European ethnic groups are likely to further advance the understanding of the genetics of AS and spondyloarthritis. © 2012.

Structural studies on members of the picornavirus superfamily

The pathogenic members of the picornavirus superfamily have adverse effects on humans, their crops and their livestock. As structure is related to function, detailed structural studies on these viruses are important not only for fundamental understanding of the viral life cycle, but also for the rational design of vaccines and inhibitors for disease control. These viruses have positive sense, single-stranded RNA genomes enclosed in a protein capsid. X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy studies have revealed that the isometric members of this group have icosahedrally-symmetric capsids made up of 60 copies of each of the structural proteins. The members that infect animal cells often employ one or more cellular receptors to facilitate cell entry which in some cases is known to initiate the uncoating sequence of the genome. The nature of the interactions between individual viruses and alternative cellular receptors has rarely been probed. The capsid assembly of the members of the picornavirus superfamily is considered to be cooperative and the interactions of RNA and capsid proteins are thought to play an important role in orchestrating virus assembly. The major aims of this thesis were to solve the structures of blackcurrant reversion virus (BRV), human parechovirus 1 (HPEV1) and coxsackievirus A7 (CAV7), as well as the structure of HPEV1 complexed with two of its cellular receptors using cryo-electron microscopy, three-dimensional image reconstruction and homology modeling. Each of the selected viruses represents a taxonomic group where little or no structural data was previously available. The results enabled the detailed comparison of the new structures to those of known picornaviruses, the identification of surface-exposed epitopes potentially important for host interaction, the mapping of RNA-capsid protein interactions and the elucidation of the basis for the specificity of two different receptor molecules for the same capsid. This work will form the basis for further studies on the influence of RNA on parechovirus assembly as a potential target for drug design.

Direct evidence that Gi-coupled receptor stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase is mediated by G beta gamma activation of p21ras.

Stimulation of Gi-coupled receptors leads to the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP kinases). In several cell types, this appears to be dependent on the activation of p21ras (Ras). Which G-protein subunit(s) (G alpha or the G beta gamma complex) primarily is responsible for triggering this signaling pathway, however, is unclear. We have demonstrated previously that the carboxyl terminus of the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase, containing its G beta gamma-binding domain, is a cellular G beta gamma antagonist capable of specifically distinguishing G alpha- and G beta gamma-mediated processes. Using this G beta gamma inhibitor, we studied Ras and MAP kinase activation through endogenous Gi-coupled receptors in Rat-1 fibroblasts and through receptors expressed by transiently transfected COS-7 cells. We report here that both Ras and MAP kinase activation in response to lysophosphatidic acid is markedly attenuated in Rat-1 cells stably transfected with a plasmid encoding this G beta gamma antagonist. Likewise in COS-7 cells transfected with plasmids encoding Gi-coupled receptors (alpha 2-adrenergic and M2 muscarinic), the activation of Ras and MAP kinase was significantly reduced in the presence of the coexpressed G beta gamma antagonist. Ras-MAP kinase activation mediated through a Gq-coupled receptor (alpha 1-adrenergic) or the tyrosine kinase epidermal growth factor receptor was unaltered by this G beta gamma antagonist. These results identify G beta gamma as the primary mediator of Ras activation and subsequent signaling via MAP kinase in response to stimulation of Gi-coupled receptors.

Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of the beta-adrenergic receptor regulates its functional coupling to adenylate cyclase and subcellular distribution.

Prolonged exposure of cells or tissues to drugs or hormones such as catecholamines leads to a state of refractoriness to further stimulation by that agent, known as homologous desensitization. In the case of the beta-adrenergic receptor coupled to adenylate cyclase, this process has been shown to be intimately associated with the sequestration of the receptors from the cell surface through a cAMP-independent process. Recently, we have shown that homologous desensitization in the frog erythrocyte model system is also associated with increased phosphorylation of the beta-adrenergic receptor. We now provide evidence that the phosphorylation state of the beta-adrenergic receptor regulates its functional coupling to adenylate cyclase, subcellular translocation, and recycling to the cell surface during the process of agonist-induced homologous desensitization. Moreover, we show that the receptor phosphorylation is reversed by a phosphatase specifically associated with the sequestered subcellular compartment. At 23 degrees C, the time courses of beta-adrenergic receptor phosphorylation, sequestration, and adenylate cyclase desensitization are identical, occurring without a lag, exhibiting a t1/2 of 30 min, and reaching a maximum at approximately 3 hr. Upon cell lysis, the sequestered beta-adrenergic receptors can be partially recovered in a light membrane vesicle fraction that is separable from the plasma membranes by differential centrifugation. The increased beta-adrenergic receptor phosphorylation is apparently reversed in the sequestered vesicle fraction as the sequestered receptors exhibit a phosphate/receptor stoichiometry that is similar to that observed under basal conditions. High levels of a beta-adrenergic receptor phosphatase activity appear to be associated with the sequestered vesicle membranes. The functional activity of the phosphorylated beta-adrenergic receptor was examined by reconstituting purified receptor with its biochemical effector the guanine nucleotide regulatory protein (Ns) in phospholipid vesicles and assessing the receptor-stimulated GTPase activity of Ns. Compared to controls, phosphorylated beta-adrenergic receptors, purified from desensitized cells, were less efficacious in activating the Ns GTPase activity. These results suggest that phosphorylation of the beta-adrenergic receptor leads to its functional uncoupling and physical translocation away from the cell surface into a sequestered membrane domain. In the sequestered compartment, the phosphorylation is reversed thus enabling the receptor to recycle back to the cell surface and recouple with adenylate cyclase.

Modelling the MAPK signalling pathway using a two-stage identification algorithm

Signal transduction pathways describe the dynamics of cellular response to input signalling molecules at receptors on the cell membrane. The Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) cascade is one of such pathways that are involved in many important cellular processes including cell growth and proliferation. This paper describes a black-box model of this pathway created using an advanced two-stage identification algorithm. Identification allows us to capture the unique features and dynamics of the pathway and also opens up the possibility of regulatory control design. In the approach described, an optimal model is obtained by performing model subset selection in two stages, where the terms are first determined by a forward selection method and then modified using a backward selection model refinement. The simulation results demonstrate that the model selected using the two-stage algorithm performs better than with the forward selection method alone.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor contributes to the immune escape of ovarian cancer by down-regulating NKG2D

The proinflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) stimulates tumor cell proliferation, migration, and metastasis; promotes tumor angiogenesis; suppresses p53-mediated apoptosis; and inhibits antitumor immunity by largely unknown mechanisms. We here describe an overexpression of MIF in ovarian cancer that correlates with malignancy and the presence of ascites. Functionally, we find that MIF may contribute to the immune escape of ovarian carcinoma by transcriptionally down-regulating NKG2D in vitro and in vivo which impairs NK cell cytotoxicity toward tumor cells. Together with the additional tumorigenic properties of MIF, this finding provides a rationale for novel small-molecule inhibitors of MIF to be used for the treatment of MIF-secreting cancers.

Internalization and desensitization of the human glucose-dependent-insulinotropic receptor is affected by N-terminal acetylation of the agonist

How incretins regulate presence of their receptors at the cell surface and their activity is of paramount importance for the development of therapeutic strategies targeting these receptors. We have studied internalization of the human Glucose-Insulinotropic Polypeptide receptor (GIPR). GIP stimulated rapid robust internalization of the GIPR, the major part being directed to lysosomes. GIPR internalization involved mainly clathrin-coated pits, AP-2 and dynamin. However, neither GIPR C-terminal region nor β-arrestin1/2 was required. Finally, N-acetyl-GIP recognized as a dipeptidyl-IV resistant analogue, fully stimulated cAMP production with a ∼15-fold lower potency than GIP and weakly stimulated GIPR internalization and desensitization of cAMP response. Furthermore, docking N-acetyl-GIP in the binding site of modelled GIPR showed slighter interactions with residues of helices 6 and 7 of GIPR compared to GIP. Therefore, incomplete or partial activity of N-acetyl-GIP on signaling involved in GIPR desensitization and internalization contributes to the enhanced incretin activity of this peptide.

Altered NKG2D function in NK cells induced by chronic exposure to NKG2D ligand-expressing tumor cells.

NKG2D is an activation receptor that allows natural killer (NK) cells to detect diseased host cells. The engagement of NKG2D with corresponding ligand results in surface modulation of the receptor and reduced function upon subsequent receptor engagement. However, it is not clear whether in addition to modulation the NKG2D receptor complex and/or its signaling capacity is preserved. We show here that the prolonged encounter with tumor cell-bound, but not soluble, ligand can completely uncouple the NKG2D receptor from the intracellular mobilization of calcium and the exertion of cell-mediated cytolysis. However, cytolytic effector function is intact since NKG2D ligand-exposed NK cells can be activated via the Ly49D receptor. While NKG2D-dependent cytotoxicity is impaired, prolonged ligand exposure results in constitutive interferon gamma (IFNgamma) production, suggesting sustained signaling. The functional changes are associated with a reduced presence of the relevant signal transducing adaptors DNAX-activating protein of 10 kDa (DAP-10) and killer cell activating receptor-associated protein/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (KARAP/DAP-12). That is likely the consequence of constitutive NKG2D engagement and signaling, since NKG2D function and adaptor expression is restored to normal when the stimulating tumor cells are removed. Thus, the chronic exposure to tumor cells expressing NKG2D ligand alters NKG2D signaling and may facilitate the evasion of tumor cells from NK cell reactions.

Differential peptide binding to CD40 evokes counteractive responses.

The antigen-presenting cell-expressed CD40 is implied in the regulation of counteractive immune responses such as induction of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-10, respectively. The mechanism of this duality in CD40 function remains unknown. Here, we investigated whether such duality depends on ligand binding. Based on CD40 binding, we identifed two dodecameric peptides, peptide-7 and peptide-19, from the phage peptide library. Peptide-7 induces IL-10 and increases Leishmania donovani infection in macrophages, whereas peptide-19 induces IL-12 and reduces L. donovani infection. CD40-peptide interaction analyses by surface plasmon resonance and atomic force microscopy suggest that the functional differences are not associated with the studied interaction parameters. The molecular dynamic simulation of the CD40-peptides interaction suggests that these two peptides bind to two different places on CD40. Thus, we suggest for the first time that differential binding of the ligands imparts functional duality to CD40.

Effet de chaperones pharmacologiques sur les formes mutantes du récepteur mélanocortine de type 4 responsables de l'obésité morbide précoce

Le récepteur mélanocortine de type 4 (MC4R) est un récepteur couplé aux protéines G impliqué dans la régulation de la prise alimentaire et de l’homéostasie énergétique. Quatre-vingt pour cent des mutants du MC4R reliés à l’obésité morbide précoce (OMP) sont retenus à l’intérieur de la cellule. Le système de contrôle de qualité (SCQ) est probablement responsable de cette rétention, par la reconnaissance d’une conformation inadéquate des mutants. Le rétablissement de l’expression à la surface cellulaire et de la fonctionnalité de ces mutants est donc d’intérêt thérapeutique. Dans cette optique, des composés lipophiles spécifiques pour le MC4R ont été sélectionnés sur la base de leur sélectivité. Nous avons démontré qu’ils agissent à titre de chaperone pharmacologique (CP) en rétablissant l’expression à la surface cellulaire et la fonctionnalité des récepteurs mutants S58C et R165W, et qu’ils favorisent leur N-glycosylation complexe (maturation). Le suivi par BRET du site d’action des CP du MC4R suggère une action en aval de l’interaction calnexine-MC4R. De manière générale, une CP peut avoir un effet différent selon le mutant traité en induisant des conformations distinctes du récepteur plus ou moins aptes à se dissocier du SCQ et à activer la voie de signalisation, et un mutant peut répondre différemment selon la CP utilisée par des différences d’affinité pour le ligand, la CP et les effecteurs. Une meilleure compréhension du mode d’action des CP pourrait aider au développement de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques non seulement pour l’OMP, mais aussi pour d’autres maladies conformationnelles causées par le mauvais repliement de protéines.

Étude de l’implication de la force du signal transmis par le récepteur des cellules T dans le développement et la survie des lymphocytes T mémoires

Suite à la rencontre d’un antigène (Ag) présenté à la surface des cellules présentatrice de l’Ag (CPA), les lymphocytes T naïfs, ayant un récepteur des cellules T (RCT) spécifique de l’Ag, vont proliférer et se différencier en LT effecteurs (1). Suite à l’élimination de l’Ag la majorité des LTe vont mourir par apoptose alors que les restants vont se différencier en LT mémoire (LTm) protégeant l’organisme à long terme. Les mécanismes qui permettent la différenciation des LTe en LTm sont encore inconnus. Pour comprendre comment les LTm CD8+ sont générés à partir des LTe, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que la densité de l’Ag présenté par les CPA peut avoir un impact sur la sélection des LT CD8+ répondant l’Ag à se différencier en LTm. De manière intéressante, nos résultats montrent qu’une immunisation avec des cellules dendritiques (DCs) exprimant un haut niveau de complexe CMH/peptide à sa surface permet le développement de LTm. À l’inverse, le développement des LTm est fortement réduit (10-20X) lorsque les souris sont immunisées avec des DCs exprimant un niveau faible de complexes CMH/peptide à leur surface. De plus, la quantité d’Ag n’a aucune influence ni sur l’expansion des LT CD8+ ni sur l’acquisition de leurs fonctions effectrices, mais affecte de manière critique la génération des LTm. Nos résultats suggèrent que le nombre de RCT engagé lors de la reconnaissance de l’Ag est important pour la formation des LTm. Pour cela nous avons observé par vidéo-microscopie le temps d’interaction entre des LTn et des DCs. Nos résultats montrent que le temps et la qualité de l’interaction sont dépendants de la densité d’Ag présenté par les DCs. Effectivement, nous observons une diminution dans le pourcentage de LT faisant une interaction prolongée avec les DCs quand le niveau d’Ag est faible. De plus, nous observons des variations de l’expression des facteurs de transcription clefs impliqués dans la différenciation des LTm tels qu’Eomes, Bcl-6 et Blimp-1. Par ailleurs, la densité d’Ag fait varier l’expression du Neuron-derived orphan nuclear receptor 1 (Nor-1). Nor-1 est impliqué dans la conversion de Bcl-2 en molécule pro-apoptotique et contribue à la mort par apoptose des LTe pendant la phase de contraction. Notre modèle propose que la densité de l’épitope contrôle la génération des CD8+ LTm. Une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes impliqués dans la génération des LTm permettra le développement de meilleures stratégies pour la génération de vaccin. Dans un second temps, nous avons évalué le rôle du signal RCT dans l’homéostasie des LTm. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé un modèle de souris transgénique pour le RCT dont son expression peut être modulée par un traitement à la tétracycline. Ce système nous a permis d’abolir l’expression du RCT à la surface des LTm. De manière intéressante, en absence de RCT exprimé, les LTm CD8+ peuvent survivre à long terme dans l’organisme et rester fonctionnels. De plus, une sous population des LTm CD4+ a la capacité de survivre sans RCT exprimé dans un hôte lymphopénique alors que l’autre sous population nécessite l’expression du RCT.

Rôle du GPR91 dans la réponse à l'hypoxie-ischémie et l'importance de sa localisation intracellulaire

L'adaptation à l'environnement est essentielle à la survie cellulaire et des organismes en général. La capacité d'adaptation aux variations en oxygène repose sur des mécanismes de détection de l'hypoxie et une capacité à répondre en amorçant un programme d'angiogenèse. Bien que la contribution du facteur induit par l'hypoxie (HIF) est bien définie dans l'induction d'une telle réponse, d'autres mécanismes sont susceptibles d'être impliqués. Dans cette optique, les études démontrant l'influence du métabolisme énergétique sur le développement vasculaire sont de plus en plus nombreuses. L'un de ces composés, le succinate, a récemment été démontré comme étant le ligand du GPR91, un récepteur couplé aux protéines G. Parmi les différents rôles attribués à ce récepteur, notre laboratoire s'intéressa aux rôles du GPR91 dans la revascularisation observée suite à des situations d'hypoxie dont ceux affectant la rétine. Il existe cependant d'autres conditions pour lesquelles une revascularisation serait bénéfique notamment suite à un stress hypoxique-ischémique cérébral. Nos travaux ont pour objectifs de mieux comprendre le rôle et le fonctionnement de ce récepteur durant le développement et dans le cadre de pathologies affectant la formation de vaisseaux sanguins. Dans un premier temps, nous avons déterminé le rôle du GPR91 dans la guérison suite à un stress hypoxique-ischémique cérébral chez le nouveau-né. Nous montrons que ce récepteur est exprimé dans le cerveau et en utilisant des souris n'exprimant pas le GPR91, nous démontrons que dans un modèle d'hypoxie-ischémie cérébrale néonatal l'angiogenèse prenant place au cours de la phase de guérison dépend largement du récepteur. L'injection intracérébrale de succinate induit également l'expression de nombreux facteurs proangiogéniques et les résultats suggèrent que le GPR91 contrôle la production de ces facteurs. De plus, l'injection de ce métabolite avant le modèle d'hypoxie-ischémie réduit substantiellement la taille de l'infarctus. In vitro, des essaies de transcription génique démontrent qu'à la fois les neurones et les astrocytes répondent au succinate en induisant l'expression de facteurs bénéfiques à la revascularisation. En considérant le rôle physiologique important du GPR91, une seconde étude a été entreprise afin de comprendre les déterminants moléculaires régissant son activité. Bien que la localisation subcellulaire des RCPG ait traditionnellement été considérée comme étant la membrane plasmique, un nombre de publications indique la présence de ces récepteurs à l'intérieur de la cellule. En effet, tel qu'observé par microscopie confocale, le récepteur colocalise avec plusieurs marqueurs du réticulum endoplasmique, que celui-ci soit exprimé de façon endogène ou transfecté transitoirement. De plus, l’activation des gènes par stimulation avec le succinate est fortement affectée en présence d'inhibiteur du transport d'acides organiques. Nous montrons que le profil de facteurs angiogéniques est influencé selon la localisation ce qui affecte directement l'organisation du réseau tubulaire ex vivo. Finalement, nous avons identifié une région conservée du GPR91 qui agit de signal de rétention. De plus, nous avons découvert l'effet de l'hypoxie sur la localisation. Ces travaux confirment le rôle de régulateur maître de l'angiogenèse du GPR91 lors d'accumulation de succinate en condition hypoxique et démontrent pour la première fois l'existence, et l'importance, d'un récepteur intracellulaire activé par un intermédiaire du métabolisme. Ces données pavent donc la voie à une nouvelle avenue de traitement ciblant GPR91 dans des pathologies hypoxiques ischémiques cérébrales et soulèvent l'importance de tenir compte de la localisation subcellulaire de la cible dans le processus de découverte du médicament.

GABAA and GABAB Receptor Gene Expression and Functional Regulation During Pancreatic Regeneration and Insulin Secretion in Rats

The present study demonstrate the functional alterations of the GABAA and GABAB receptors and the gene expression during the regeneration of pancreas following partial pancreatectomy. The role of these receptors in insulin secretion and pancreatic DNA synthesis using the specific agonists and antagonists also are studied in vitro. The alterations of GABAA and GABAR receptor function and gene expression in the brain stem, crebellum and hypothalamus play an important role in the sympathetic regulation of insulin secretion during pancreatic regeneration. Previous studies have given much information linking functional interaction between GABA and the peripheral nervous system. The involvement of specific receptor subtypes functional regulation during pancreatic regeneration has not given emphasis and research in this area seems to be scarce. We have observed a decreased GABA content, down regulation of GABAA receptors and an up regulation of GABAB receptors in the cerebral cortex, brain stem and hypothalamus. Real Time-PCR analysis confirmed the receptor data in the brain regions. These alterations in the GABAA and GABAB receptors of the brain are suggested to govern the regenerative response and growth regulation of the pancreas through sympathetic innervation. In addition, receptor binding studies and Real Time-PCR analysis revealed that during pancreatic regeneration GABAA receptors were down regulated and GABAB receptors were up regulated in pancreatic islets. This suggests an inhibitory role for GABAA receptors in islet cell proliferation i.e., the down regulation of this receptor facilitates proliferation. Insulin secretion study during 1 hour showed GABA has inhibited the insulin secretion in a dose dependent manner in normal and hyperglycaemic conditions. Bicuculline did not antagonize this effect. GABAA agonist, muscimol inhibited glucose stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic islets except in the lowest concentration of 1O-9M in presence of 4mM glucose.Musclmol enhanced insulin secretion at 10-7 and 10-4M muscimol in presence of 20mM glucose- 4mM glucose represents normal and 20mM represent hyperglycaemic conditions. GABAB agonist, baclofen also inhibited glucose induced insulin secretion and enhanced at the concentration of 1O-5M at 4mM glucose and at 10-9M baclofen in presence of 20mM glucose. This shows a differential control of the GABAA and GABAB receptors over insulin release from the pancreatic islets. During 24 hours in vitro insulin secretion study it showed that low concentration of GABA has inhibited glucose stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic islets. Muscimol, the GABAA agonist, inhibited the insulin secretion but, gave an enhanced secretion of insulin in presence of 4mM glucose at 10-7 , 10-5 and 1O-4M muscimol. But in presence of 20mM glucose muscimol significantly inhibited the insulin secretion. GABAB agonist, baclofen also inhibited glucose induced insulin secretion in presence of both 4mM and 20mM glucose. This shows the inhibitory role of GABA and its specific receptor subtypes over insulin synthesis from pancreatic bete-islets. In vitro DNA synthesis studies showed that activation of GABAA receptor by adding muscimol, a specific agonist, inhibited islet DNA synthesis. Also, the addition of baclofen, a specific agonist of GABAB receptor resulted in the stimulation of DNA synthesis.Thus the brain and pancreatic GABAA and GABAB receptor gene expression differentially regulates pancreatic insulin secretion and islet cell proliferation during pancreatic regeneration. This will have immense clinical significance in therapeutic applications in the management of Diabetes mellitus.

A continuum receptor model of hepatic lipoprotein metabolism

A mathematical model describing the uptake of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles by a single hepatocyte cell is formulated and solved. The model includes a description of the dynamic change in receptor density on the surface of the cell due to the binding and dissociation of the lipoprotein particles, the subsequent internalisation of bound particles, receptors and unbound receptors, the recycling of receptors to the cell surface, cholesterol dependent de novo receptor formation by the cell and the effect that particle uptake has on the cell's overall cholesterol content. The effect that blocking access to LDL receptors by VLDL, or internalisation of VLDL particles containing different amounts of apolipoprotein E (we will refer to these particles as VLDL-2 and VLDL-3) has on LDL uptake is explored. By comparison with experimental data we find that measures of cell cholesterol content are important in differentiating between the mechanisms by which VLDL is thought to inhibit LDL uptake. We extend our work to show that in the presence of both types of VLDL particle (VLDL-2 and VLDL-3), measuring relative LDL uptake does not allow differentiation between the results of blocking and internalisation of each VLDL particle to be made. Instead by considering the intracellular cholesterol content it is found that internalisation of VLDL-2 and VLDL-3 leads to the highest intracellular cholesterol concentration. A sensitivity analysis of the model reveals that binding, unbinding and internalisation rates, the fraction of receptors recycled and the rate at which the cholesterol dependent free receptors are created by the cell have important implications for the overall uptake dynamics of either VLDL or LDL particles and subsequent intracellular cholesterol concentration. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 contributes to (hem)immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-mediated signaling in platelets

Rationale: Platelets are anuclear cell fragments derived from bone marrow megakaryocytes (MKs) that safeguard vascular integrity but may also cause pathological vessel occlusion. One major pathway of platelet activation is triggered by 2 receptors that signal through an (hem)immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM), the activating collagen receptor glycoprotein (GP) VI and the C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2). Growth factor receptor–bound protein 2 (Grb2) is a ubiquitously expressed adapter molecule involved in signaling processes of numerous receptors in different cell types, but its function in platelets and MKs is unknown. Objective: We tested the hypothesis that Grb2 is a crucial adapter protein in (hem)immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif signaling in platelets. Methods and Results: Here, we show that genetic ablation of Grb2 in MKs and platelets did not interfere with MK differentiation or platelet production. However, Grb2-deficiency severely impaired glycoprotein VI–mediated platelet activation because of defective stabilization of the linker of activated T-cell (LAT) signalosome and activation of downstream signaling proteins that resulted in reduced adhesion, aggregation, and coagulant activity on collagen in vitro. Similarly, CLEC-2–mediated signaling was impaired in Grb2-deficient platelets, whereas the cells responded normally to stimulation of G protein–coupled receptors. In vivo, this selective (hem)immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif signaling defect resulted in prolonged bleeding times but affected arterial thrombus formation only after concomitant treatment with acetylsalicylic acid, indicating that defective glycoprotein VI signaling in the absence of Grb2 can be compensated through thromboxane A2–induced G protein–coupled receptor signaling pathways. Conclusions: These results reveal an important contribution of Grb2 in (hem)immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif signaling in platelets in hemostasis and thrombosis by stabilizing the LAT signalosome.