长江中下游地区浅水湖泊群中无机氮和TN/TP变化的模式及生物调控机制

对长江中下游地区33个浅水性湖泊的氨态氮(NH_3-N)、硝态氮(NO_3-N)、亚硝氮(NO_2-N)和氮磷比(TN/TP)在生长季节和非生长季节的变化进行了研究。各营养盐浓度之间均呈显著正相关,整体上生长季节的相关性较好。当TP＞0．1 mgL~(-1)时,随TP浓度的升高,非生长季节氨态氮浓度增加较快,硝态氮在生长季节呈增长趋势而在非生长季节有下降的趋势,这主要因为非生长季节超富营养湖泊中的溶氧和温度较生长季节低,而硝化作用对溶氧和温度较敏感所致。当TP为0．035 mg·l~(-1)～0．1 mg

洞庭湖浮游生物群落DNA指纹与理化因子的关系

对东洞庭湖7个采样站点的浮游生物群落DNA多态性进行了RAPD指纹分析,并探讨了其DNA指纹与理化因子的关系。结果如下:(1)从80条随机引物中筛选出的11条引物共获得148条谱带,多态率为98.6%;所用引物在各站点可获得45—70条扩增谱带,平均为57.6条,其中Ⅳ站最少;(2)Ⅳ站的泥沙含量最高(75.5mg/L),其他各站在1.2—40.3mg/L;各站点间的pH值比较接近,都呈弱碱性;Ⅰ站的TN、TDN及TP含量最高,Ⅲ站的TDP最高,但各站点相差不大。相似性聚类分析表明,浮游生物群落DNA指纹

A polymer waveguide-based 40 Gb/s optical bus backplane for board-level optical interconnects

Optical interconnects are increasingly considered for use in high-performance electronic systems. Multimode polymer waveguides are a promising technology for the formation of optical backplanes as they enable cost-effective integration of optical links onto standard printed circuit boards. In this paper, we present a 40 Gb/s optical backplane demonstrator based on the use of polymer multimode waveguides and a regenerative shared bus architecture. The system allows bus extension by cascading multiple polymeric bus modules through 3R regenerator units enabling the connection of an arbitrary number of electrical cards onto the bus. The proof-ofprinciple demonstrator reported here is formed with low-cost, commercially-available active devices and electronic components mounted on conventional FR4 substrates and achieves error-free 4×10 Gb/s optical interconnection between any two card interfaces on the bus. © 2013 IEEE.

A 40 Gb/s scalable optical polymer backplane using a regenerative shared bus architecture

The first multi-channel optical backplane demonstrator using on-board multimode polymer waveguides and a scalable shared-bus regenerative architecture is reported. The system allows bus extension by cascading multiple polymeric bus modules, and enables error-free 4×10 Gb/s interconnection between any two card interfaces on the bus.

40 Gb/s carrierless amplitude and phase modulation for low-cost optical datacommunication links

4 bps/Hz 40 Gb/s carrierless amplitude and phase (CAP) modulation is investigated for nextgeneration datacommunication links. The 40 Gb/s link achieves double the length of a conventional NRZ scheme, despite using a low-bandwidth source. © OSA/OFC/NFOEC 2011.

TN : TP ratio and planktivorous fish do not affect nutrient-chlorophyll relationships in shallow lakes

1. In previous work, phytoplankton regulation in freshwater lakes has been associated with many factors. Among these, the ratio of total nitrogen to total phosphorus (TN : TP) has been widely proposed as an index to identify whether phytoplankton are N- or P-limited. From another point of view, it has been suggested that planktivorous fish can be used to control phytoplankton. 2. Large-scale investigations of phytoplankton biomass [measured as chlorophyll a, (chl-a)] were carried out in 45 mid-lower Yangtze shallow lakes to test hypotheses concerning nutrient limitation (assessed with TN : TP ratios) and phytoplankton control by planktivorous fish. 3. Regression analyses indicated that TP was the primary regulating factor and TN the second regulating factor for both annual and summer phytoplankton chl-a. In separate nutrient-chl-a regression analyses for lakes of different TN : TP ratios, TP was also superior to TN in predicting chl-a at all particular TN : TP ranges and over the entire TN : TP spectrum. Further analyses found that chl-a : TP was not influenced by TN : TP, while chl-a : TN was positively and highly correlated to TP : TN. 4. Based on these results, and others in the literature, we argue that the TN : TP ratio is inappropriate as an index to identify limiting nutrients. It is almost impossible to specify a 'cut-off' TN : TP ratio to identify a limiting nutrient for a multi-species community because optimal N : P ratios vary greatly among phytoplankton species. 5. Lakes with yields of planktivorous fish (silver and bighead carp, the species native to China) > 100 kg ha(-1) had significantly higher chl-a and lower Secchi depth than those with yields < 100 kg ha(-1). TP-chl-a and TP-Secchi depth relationships are not significantly different between lakes with yields > 100 kg ha(-1) or < 100 kg ha(-1). These results indicate that the fish failed to decrease chl-a yield or enhance Z(SD). Therefore, silver carp and bighead carp are not recommended as a biotic agent for phytoplankton control in lake management if the goal is to control the entire phytoplankton and to enhance water quality.

A 40 Gb/s optical bus for optical backplane interconnections

Optical technologies have received large interest in recent years for use in board-level interconnects. Polymer multimode waveguides in particular, constitute a promising technology for high-capacity optical backplanes as they can be cost-effectively integrated onto conventional printed circuit boards (PCBs). This paper presents the first optical backplane demonstrator based on the use of PCB-integrated polymer multimode waveguides and a regenerative shared bus architecture. The backplane demonstrator is formed with commercially-available low-cost electronic and photonic components onto conventional FR4 substrates and comprises two opto-electronic (OE) bus modules interconnected via a prototype regenerator unit. The system enables interconnection between the connected cards over four optical channels, each operating at 10 Gb/s. Bus extension is achieved by cascading OE bus modules via 3R regenerator units, overcoming therefore the inherent limitation of optical bus topologies in the maximum number of cards that can be connected to the bus. Details of the design, fabrication, and assembly of the different parts of this optical bus backplane are presented and related optical and data transmission characterisation studies are reported. The optical layer of the OE bus modules comprises a four-channel three-card waveguide layout that is compatible with VCSEL/PD arrays and ribbon fibres. All on-board optical paths exhibit insertion losses below 13 dB and intra-channel crosstalk lower than -29 dB. The robustness of the signal distribution from the bus inputs to all respective bus output ports in the presence of input misalignment is demonstrated, while 1 dB input alignment tolerances of approximately ±10 μm are obtained. The electrical layer of the OE bus modules comprises the essential driving circuitry for 1×4 VCSEL and PD arrays and the corresponding control and power regulation circuits. The interface between the optical and electrical layers of the bus modules is achieved with simple OE connectors that enable end-fired optical coupling into and out of the on-board polymer waveguides. The backplane demonstrator achieves error-free (BER < 10-12) 10 Gb/s data transmission over each optical channel, enabling therefore, an aggregate interconnection capacity of 40 Gb/s between any connected cards. © 1983-2012 IEEE.

Crustacean zooplankton size structure in aquaculture lakes: is larger size structure always associated with higher grazing pressure?

Crustacean zooplankton size structure in 27 aquaculture lakes was studied to test the hypothesis that larger size structure is associated with higher grazing pressure. Mean body length of crustaceans was positively correlated with increasing Chl a (r(2) = 0.40, P = 0.000) and TP (r(2) = 0.38, P = 0.000), contrary to the empirical studies. However, the ratio of zooplankton to phytoplankton biomass decreased significantly with increasing TP (r(2) = 0.27, P = 0.005) and mean body length (r(2) = 0.46, P = 0.000). Meanwhile, size structure showed no significant effect in explaining residual variations of phosphorus-chlorophyll relationship (P = 0.231). These results indicate that larger size structure was not always associated with higher zooplankton grazing pressure. It is likely that in aquaculture lakes crustacean zooplankton size structure was of minor importance in control of phytoplankton biomass, and it was mainly regulated by fish predation. The results showed in our study and the empirical studies might be a reflection of two different stages of lake eutrophication and fish predation intensity.

Changes in the concentrations of size-fractioned iron and related environmental factors in the northeastern part of lake Dianchi (China)

To observe changes in the concentrations of size-fractionated iron and related environmental factors, experiments were conducted in the northeastern part of the shallow eutrophic lake Dianchi (China) from March 2003 to February 2004. Iron concentrations were measured for three size fractions: particulate iron (phi >0.22 mu m), colloidal iron (phi = 0.025-0.22 mu m) and soluble iron (phi < 0.025 mu m), and environmental factors (physicochemical and biological factors) were synchronously analyzed. Results showed that size-fractionated iron and the related environmental factors all varied with season. Colloidal iron accounted for only 5-9% of total iron, while particulate and soluble iron each accounted for 40-50% of total iron. The results suggested that size-fractionated iron can transform into each other, especially the highly reactive colloidal iron. Significant linear correlations were found between iron in different size fractions, and significant correlations were also obtained between chlorophyll a and environmental factors, such as TN, TP and secchi depth. No significant correlation between iron and chlorophyll a was found in this study.

Changes in the patterns of inorganic nitrogen and TN/TP ratio and the associated mechanism of biological regulation in the shallow lakes of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

The changes of NH3-N, NO3-N, NO2-N and TN/TP were studied during growth and non-growth season in 33 subtropical shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. There were significant positive correlations among all nutrient concentrations, and the correlations were better in growth season than in non-growth season. When TP > 0.1 mgL(-1), NH3-N increased sharply in non-growth season with increasing TP, and NO3-N increased in growth season but decreased in non-growth season with TP. These might be attributed to lower dissolved oxygen and low temperature in non-growth season of the hypereutrophic lakes, since nitrification is more sensitive to dissolved oxygen and temperature than anti nitrification. When 0.1 mgL(-1)> TP > 0.035 mgL(-1), TN and all kinds of inorganic nitrogen were lower in growth season than in non-growth season, and phytoplankton might be the vital regulating factor. When TP < 0.035 mgL(-1), inorganic nitrogen concentrations were relatively low and NH3-N, NO2-N had significant correlations with phytoplankton, indicating that NH3-N and NO2-N might be limiting factors to phytoplankton. In addition, TN/TP went down with decline in TIP concentration, and TN and inorganic nitrogen concentrations were obviously lower in growth season than in non-growth season, suggesting that decreasing nitrogen (especially NH3-N and NO3-N) was an important reason for the decreasing TN/TP in growth season. The ranges of TN/TP were closely related to trophic level in both growth and non-growth seasons, and it is apparent that in the eutrophic and hypertrophic state the TN/TP ratio was obviously lower in growth season than in non-growth season. The changes of the TN/TP ratio were closely correlated with trophic levels, and both declines of TN in the water column and TP release from the sediment were important factors for the decline of the TN/TP ratio in growth season.

Study of high performance re-timing using a 40 Gb/s hybrid-integrated mach-zehnder all-optical regenerator

We experimentally show that a hybrid-integrated Mach-Zehnder switch with a high performance gate profile allows retiming of optical signals with an accuracy of 500-700fs even if the input timing jitter is increased to 3ps. © 2004 Optical Society of America.

The low TN : TP ratio, a cause or a result of Microcystis blooms?

An enclosure experiment in the shallow, subtropical Lake Donghu, China, was performed in the summer of 2001 to examine the effect of TN:TP (total phosphorus) ratios and P-reduction on the occurrence of Microcysitis blooms. The treatments were performed with enough amounts of N but with different amounts of P in the water column and sediment. Microcystis blooms occurred in the enclosures either with an initial TN:TP <29 or TN:TP >29 where the nutrients (N, P) were high enough. Microcysitis blooms never occurred in the treatments with low P concentration in spite of the presence of sufficient N. The P-rich sediments served as an important source for the P supply in the water column, and such a process was activated greatly by the outburst of Microcystis blooms which pumped up selectively P from the sediments and thus decreased the TN:TP ratios. Therefore, the low TN:TP ratio is not a cause but rather a result of Microcystis blooms. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

40 Gb/s 光电探测器小信号测试法和大信号测试系统研究

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40-Gb/s Low Chirp Electroabsorption Modulator Integrated With DFB Laser

A 40-Gb/s monolithically integrated transmitter containing an InGaAsP multiple-quantum-well electroabsorption modulator (EAM) with lumped electrode and a distributed-feedback semiconductor laser is demonstrated. Superior characteristics are exhibited for the device, such as low threshold current of 20 mA, over 40-dB sidemode suppression ratio at 1550 nm, and more than 30-dB dc extinction ratio when coupled into a single-mode fiber. By adopting a deep ridge waveguide and planar electrode structures combined with buried benzocyclobutene, the capacitance of the EAM is reduced to 0.18 pF and the small-signal modulation bandwidth exceeds 33 GHz. Negative chirp operation is also realized when the bias voltage is beyond 1.6 V.

40-GHz wavelength tunable mode-locked SOA-based fiber laser with 40-nm tuning range

A 40-GHz wavelength tunable mode-locked fiber ring laser based oil cross-gain modulation in a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) is presented. Pulse trains with a pulse width of 10.5 ps at 40-GHz repetition frequency are obtained. The laser operates with almost 40-nm tuning range. The relationship between the key laser parameters and the output pulse characteristics is analyzed experimentally.