Magazine of natural history and journal of zoology, botany, mineralogy, geology and meteorology.

v. 5 (1832)

Magazine of natural history and journal of zoology, botany, mineralogy, geology and meteorology.

v. 2 (1829)

Magazine of natural history and journal of zoology, botany, mineralogy, geology and meteorology.

n.s. v. 1 (1837)

Magazine of natural history and journal of zoology, botany, mineralogy, geology and meteorology.

v. 8 (1835)

Magazine of natural history and journal of zoology, botany, mineralogy, geology and meteorology.

v. 7 (1834)

Magazine of natural history and journal of zoology, botany, mineralogy, geology and meteorology.

v. 6 (1833)

Sistemes lidar (radar laser) d'ona contínua i baixa potència per a la detecció i mesura de concentració de gasos amb resolució espacial

The present project has performed the study and development of a new technique for the detection of gases with range resolution. This technique called FMCW-lidar is a technique that evolves from the FMCW-radar technique to be applied to lidar systems. Moreover, it takes advantage of the appearance of spectral absorption lines because of the interaction between light and gases to tune the light wavelength of a laser emitter with one of this spectral lines and then detects the backscattered light and analyzes it in order to obtain gas concentration measurements. The first part of the project consisted in the analysis of the WMS technique which is a technique for the in-situ measurement of gases. A complete theoretical analysis has been performed and some experiments have been carried out in order to test the technique and to validate its application to an FMCW-modulated system for the detection of gases. The second part of the project consisted in the analysis of the lidar FMCW technique for solid target detection and its extension to continuous media. The classical form of this technique has been analyzed for a distributed medium and a filtering effect has been found which prevents the accurate acquisition of the medium response. A modification of the technique has been proposed and a validation via simulations and some experiments has been carried on. After performing these tests, a novel system is proposed to be developed and tested in order to perform the indicated gas detection with range resolution.

Estimation of the lateral correlation structure of subsurface water content from surface-based ground-penetrating radar reflection images

Over the past decade, significant interest has been expressed in relating the spatial statistics of surface-based reflection ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data to those of the imaged subsurface volume. A primary motivation for this work is that changes in the radar wave velocity, which largely control the character of the observed data, are expected to be related to corresponding changes in subsurface water content. Although previous work has indeed indicated that the spatial statistics of GPR images are linked to those of the water content distribution of the probed region, a viable method for quantitatively analyzing the GPR data and solving the corresponding inverse problem has not yet been presented. Here we address this issue by first deriving a relationship between the 2-D autocorrelation of a water content distribution and that of the corresponding GPR reflection image. We then show how a Bayesian inversion strategy based on Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling can be used to estimate the posterior distribution of subsurface correlation model parameters that are consistent with the GPR data. Our results indicate that if the underlying assumptions are valid and we possess adequate prior knowledge regarding the water content distribution, in particular its vertical variability, this methodology allows not only for the reliable recovery of lateral correlation model parameters but also for estimates of parameter uncertainties. In the case where prior knowledge regarding the vertical variability of water content is not available, the results show that the methodology still reliably recovers the aspect ratio of the heterogeneity.

Exploration of alpine orographic precipitation patterns with radar image processing and clustering techniques

A methodology of exploratory data analysis investigating the phenomenon of orographic precipitation enhancement is proposed. The precipitation observations obtained from three Swiss Doppler weather radars are analysed for the major precipitation event of August 2005 in the Alps. Image processing techniques are used to detect significant precipitation cells/pixels from radar images while filtering out spurious effects due to ground clutter. The contribution of topography to precipitation patterns is described by an extensive set of topographical descriptors computed from the digital elevation model at multiple spatial scales. Additionally, the motion vector field is derived from subsequent radar images and integrated into a set of topographic features to highlight the slopes exposed to main flows. Following the exploratory data analysis with a recent algorithm of spectral clustering, it is shown that orographic precipitation cells are generated under specific flow and topographic conditions. Repeatability of precipitation patterns in particular spatial locations is found to be linked to specific local terrain shapes, e.g. at the top of hills and on the upwind side of the mountains. This methodology and our empirical findings for the Alpine region provide a basis for building computational data-driven models of orographic enhancement and triggering of precipitation. Copyright (C) 2011 Royal Meteorological Society .

Digital beamforming and moving target indication for future spaceborne synthetic aperture radar

During the last decade the interest on space-borne Synthetic Aperture Radars (SAR) for remote sensing applications has grown as testified by the number of recent and forthcoming missions as TerraSAR-X, RADARSAT-2, COSMO-kyMed, TanDEM-X and the Spanish SEOSAR/PAZ. In this sense, this thesis proposes to study and analyze the performance of the state-of-the-Art space-borne SAR systems, with modes able to provide Moving Target Indication capabilities (MTI), i.e. moving object detection and estimation. The research will focus on the MTI processing techniques as well as the architecture and/ or configuration of the SAR instrument, setting the limitations of the current systems with MTI capabilities, and proposing efficient solutions for the future missions. Two European projects, to which the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya provides support, are an excellent framework for the research activities suggested in this thesis. NEWA project proposes a potential European space-borne radar system with MTI capabilities in order to fulfill the upcoming European security policies. This thesis will critically review the state-of-the-Art MTI processing techniques as well as the readiness and maturity level of the developed capabilities. For each one of the techniques a performance analysis will be carried out based on the available technologies, deriving a roadmap and identifying the different technological gaps. In line with this study a simulator tool will be developed in order to validate and evaluate different MTI techniques in the basis of a flexible space-borne radar configuration. The calibration of a SAR system is mandatory for the accurate formation of the SAR images and turns to be critical in the advanced operation modes as MTI. In this sense, the SEOSAR/PAZ project proposes the study and estimation of the radiometric budget. This thesis will also focus on an exhaustive analysis of the radiometric budget considering the current calibration concepts and their possible limitations. In the framework of this project a key point will be the study of the Dual Receive Antenna (DRA) mode, which provides MTI capabilities to the mission. An additional aspect under study is the applicability of the Digital Beamforming on multichannel and/or multistatic radar platforms, which conform potential solutions for the NEWA project with the aim to fully exploit its capability jointly with MTI techniques.

Estimativa do teor de água no solo utilizando dados de radar de abertura sintética

Em virtude da crescente demanda mundial por alimentos, um monitoramento eficaz e em larga escala da umidade do solo constitui fator de grande importância para a previsão de safras. Este trabalho teve por objetivo apresentar uma técnica para o cálculo do teor de água no solo, utilizando modelos preditivos de umidade do solo, baseados em dados de radar de abertura sintética (SAR). Foram utilizados dados do SAR a bordo do JERS-1 ("Japanese Earth Resources Satellite") e dois modelos empíricos. O primeiro relaciona o coeficiente de retroespalhamento com a permissividade complexa (modelo de Dubois), e o segundo relaciona a permissividade complexa com o teor de água do solo e algumas de suas características físico-hídricas, tais como percentagem de areia e argila (modelo de Hallikainen). Inicialmente, os dados do SAR/JERS-1 foram calibrados e, por meio do modelo de Dubois, foram calculados os valores de permissividade complexa. Para tanto, foi necessário inserir níveis estimados de rugosidade do solo. A partir destes resultados, utilizou-se o modelo de Hallikainen para calcular a umidade volumétrica. A análise geral dos resultados indica que a técnica de estimação de umidade do solo a partir de imagens de radar de abertura sintética, utilizada neste estudo, mostrou-se física e matematicamente exeqüível. No entanto, apresentou uma precisão moderada, não sendo ainda recomendada para o uso operacional no mapeamento de umidade do solo. A análise dos resultados revelou também que a precisão dos dados é bastante influenciada pela precisão dos valores de rugosidade introduzidos.