Spin Orbit Effects in the Electronic Transport Properties of Adsorbed Graphene Nanoribbons

Graphene has received great attention due to its exceptional properties, which include corners with zero effective mass, extremely large mobilities, this could render it the new template for the next generation of electronic devices. Furthermore it has weak spin orbit interaction because of the low atomic number of carbon atom in turn results in long spin coherence lengths. Therefore, graphene is also a promising material for future applications in spintronic devices - the use of electronic spin degrees of freedom instead of the electron charge. Graphene can be engineered to form a number of different structures. In particular, by appropriately cutting it one can obtain 1-D system -with only a few nanometers in width - known as graphene nanoribbon, which strongly owe their properties to the width of the ribbons and to the atomic structure along the edges. Those GNR-based systems have been shown to have great potential applications specially as connectors for integrated circuits. Impurities and defects might play an important role to the coherence of these systems. In particular, the presence of transition metal atoms can lead to significant spin-flip processes of conduction electrons. Understanding this effect is of utmost importance for spintronics applied design. In this work, we focus on electronic transport properties of armchair graphene nanoribbons with adsorbed transition metal atoms as impurities and taking into account the spin-orbit effect. Our calculations were performed using a combination of density functional theory and non-equilibrium Greens functions. Also, employing a recursive method we consider a large number of impurities randomly distributed along the nanoribbon in order to infer, for different concentrations of defects, the spin-coherence length.

Max Bill in Italia . Lo spazio logico dell'architettura

I Max Bill is an intense giornata of a big fresco. An analysis of the main social, artistic and cultural events throughout the twentieth century is needed in order to trace his career through his masterpieces and architectures. Some of the faces of this hypothetical mural painting are, among others, Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius, Ernesto Nathan Rogers, Kandinskij, Klee, Mondrian, Vatongerloo, Ignazio Silone, while the backcloth is given by artistic avant-gardes, Bauhaus, International Exhibitions, CIAM, war events, reconstruction, Milan Triennali, Venice Biennali, the School of Ulm. Architect, even though more known as painter, sculptor, designer and graphic artist, Max Bill attends the Bauhaus as a student in the years 1927-1929, and from this experience derives the main features of a rational, objective, constructive and non figurative art. His research is devoted to give his art a scientific methodology: each work proceeds from the analysis of a problem to the logical and always verifiable solution of the same problem. By means of composition elements (such as rhythm, seriality, theme and its variation, harmony and dissonance), he faces, with consistent results, themes apparently very distant from each other as the project for the H.f.G. or the design for a font. Mathematics are a constant reference frame as field of certainties, order, objectivity: ‘for Bill mathematics are never confined to a simple function: they represent a climate of spiritual certainties, and also the theme of non attempted in its purest state, objectivity of the sign and of the geometrical place, and at the same time restlessness of the infinity: Limited and Unlimited ’. In almost sixty years of activity, experiencing all artistic fields, Max Bill works, projects, designs, holds conferences and exhibitions in Europe, Asia and Americas, confronting himself with the most influencing personalities of the twentieth century. In such a vast scenery, the need to limit the investigation field combined with the necessity to address and analyse the unpublished and original aspect of Bill’s relations with Italy. The original contribution of the present research regards this particular ‘geographic delimitation’; in particular, beyond the deep cultural exchanges between Bill and a series of Milanese architects, most of all with Rogers, two main projects have been addressed: the realtà nuova at Milan Triennale in 1947, and the Contemporary Art Museum in Florence in 1980. It is important to note that these projects have not been previously investigated, and the former never appears in the sources either. These works, together with the most well-known ones, such as the projects for the VI and IX Triennale, and the Swiss pavilion for the Biennale, add important details to the reference frame of the relations which took place between Zurich and Milan. Most of the occasions for exchanges took part in between the Thirties and the Fifties, years during which Bill underwent a significant period of artistic growth. He meets the Swiss progressive architects and the Paris artists from the Abstraction-Création movement, enters the CIAM, collaborates with Le Corbusier to the third volume of his Complete Works, and in Milan he works and gets confronted with the events related to post-war reconstruction. In these years Bill defines his own working methodology, attaining an artistic maturity in his work. The present research investigates the mentioned time period, despite some necessary exceptions. II The official Max Bill bibliography is naturally wide, including spreading works along with ones more devoted to analytical investigation, mainly written in German and often translated into French and English (Max Bill himself published his works in three languages). Few works have been published in Italian and, excluding the catalogue of the Parma exhibition from 1977, they cannot be considered comprehensive. Many publications are exhibition catalogues, some of which include essays written by Max Bill himself, some others bring Bill’s comments in a educational-pedagogical approach, to accompany the observer towards a full understanding of the composition processes of his art works. Bill also left a great amount of theoretical speculations to encourage a critical reading of his works in the form of books edited or written by him, and essays published in ‘Werk’, magazine of the Swiss Werkbund, and other international reviews, among which Domus and Casabella. These three reviews have been important tools of analysis, since they include tracks of some of Max Bill’s architectural works. The architectural aspect is less investigated than the plastic and pictorial ones in all the main reference manuals on the subject: Benevolo, Tafuri and Dal Co, Frampton, Allenspach consider Max Bill as an artist proceeding in his work from Bauhaus in the Ulm experience . A first filing of his works was published in 2004 in the monographic issue of the Spanish magazine 2G, together with critical essays by Karin Gimmi, Stanislaus von Moos, Arthur Rüegg and Hans Frei, and in ‘Konkrete Architektur?’, again by Hans Frei. Moreover, the monographic essay on the Atelier Haus building by Arthur Rüegg from 1997, and the DPA 17 issue of the Catalonia Polytechnic with contributions of Carlos Martì, Bruno Reichlin and Ton Salvadò, the latter publication concentrating on a few Bill’s themes and architectures. An urge to studying and going in depth in Max Bill’s works was marked in 2008 by the centenary of his birth and by a recent rediscovery of Bill as initiator of the ‘minimalist’ tradition in Swiss architecture. Bill’s heirs are both very active in promoting exhibitions, researching and publishing. Jakob Bill, Max Bill’s son and painter himself, recently published a work on Bill’s experience in Bauhaus, and earlier on he had published an in-depth study on ‘Endless Ribbons’ sculptures. Angela Thomas Schmid, Bill’s wife and art historian, published in end 2008 the first volume of a biography on Max Bill and, together with the film maker Eric Schmid, produced a documentary film which was also presented at the last Locarno Film Festival. Both biography and documentary concentrate on Max Bill’s political involvement, from antifascism and 1968 protest movements to Bill experiences as Zurich Municipality councilman and member of the Swiss Confederation Parliament. In the present research, the bibliography includes also direct sources, such as interviews and original materials in the form of letters correspondence and graphic works together with related essays, kept in the max+binia+jakob bill stiftung archive in Zurich. III The results of the present research are organized into four main chapters, each of them subdivided into four parts. The first chapter concentrates on the research field, reasons, tools and methodologies employed, whereas the second one consists of a short biographical note organized by topics, introducing the subject of the research. The third chapter, which includes unpublished events, traces the historical and cultural frame with particular reference to the relations between Max Bill and the Italian scene, especially Milan and the architects Rogers and Baldessari around the Fifties, searching the themes and the keys for interpretation of Bill’s architectures and investigating the critical debate on the reviews and the plastic survey through sculpture. The fourth and last chapter examines four main architectures chosen on a geographical basis, all devoted to exhibition spaces, investigating Max Bill’s composition process related to the pictorial field. Paintings has surely been easier and faster to investigate and verify than the building field. A doctoral thesis discussed in Lausanne in 1977 investigating Max Bill’s plastic and pictorial works, provided a series of devices which were corrected and adapted for the definition of the interpretation grid for the composition structures of Bill’s main architectures. Four different tools are employed in the investigation of each work: a context analysis related to chapter three results; a specific theoretical essay by Max Bill briefly explaining his main theses, even though not directly linked to the very same work of art considered; the interpretation grid for the composition themes derived from a related pictorial work; the architecture drawing and digital three-dimensional model. The double analysis of the architectural and pictorial fields is functional to underlining the relation among the different elements of the composition process; the two fields, however, cannot be compared and they stay, in Max Bill’s works as in the present research, interdependent though self-sufficient. IV An important aspect of Max Bill production is self-referentiality: talking of Max Bill, also through Max Bill, as a need for coherence instead of a method limitation. Ernesto Nathan Rogers describes Bill as the last humanist, and his horizon is the known world but, as the ‘Concrete Art’ of which he is one of the main representatives, his production justifies itself: Max Bill not only found a method, but he autonomously re-wrote the ‘rules of the game’, derived timeless theoretical principles and verified them through a rich and interdisciplinary artistic production. The most recurrent words in the present research work are synthesis, unity, space and logic. These terms are part of Max Bill’s vocabulary and can be referred to his works. Similarly, graphic settings or analytical schemes in this research text referring to or commenting Bill’s architectural projects were drawn up keeping in mind the concise precision of his architectural design. As for Mies van der Rohe, it has been written that Max Bill took art to ‘zero degree’ reaching in this way a high complexity. His works are a synthesis of art: they conceptually encompass all previous and –considered their developments- most of contemporary pictures. Contents and message are generally explicitly declared in the title or in Bill’s essays on his artistic works and architectural projects: the beneficiary is invited to go through and re-build the process of synthesis generating the shape. In the course of the interview with the Milan artist Getulio Alviani, he tells how he would not write more than a page for an essay on Josef Albers: everything was already evident ‘on the surface’ and any additional sentence would be redundant. Two years after that interview, these pages attempt to decompose and single out the elements and processes connected with some of Max Bill’s works which, for their own origin, already contain all possible explanations and interpretations. The formal reduction in favour of contents maximization is, perhaps, Max Bill’s main lesson.

Supramolecular functional assemblies with photo or chemical addressability

Supramolecular self-assembly represents a key technology for the spontaneous construction of nanoarchitectures and for the fabrication of materials with enhanced physical and chemical properties. In addition, a significant asset of supramolecular self-assemblies rests on their reversible formation, thanks to the kinetic lability of their non-covalent interactions. This dynamic nature can be exploited for the development of “self-healing” and “smart” materials towards the tuning of their functional properties upon various external factors. One particular intriguing objective in the field is to reach a high level of control over the shape and size of the supramolecular architectures, in order to produce well-defined functional nanostructures by rational design. In this direction, many investigations have been pursued toward the construction of self-assembled objects from numerous low-molecular weight scaffolds, for instance by exploiting multiple directional hydrogen-bonding interactions. In particular, nucleobases have been used as supramolecular synthons as a result of their efficiency to code for non-covalent interaction motifs. Among nucleobases, guanine represents the most versatile one, because of its different H-bond donor and acceptor sites which display self-complementary patterns of interactions. Interestingly, and depending on the environmental conditions, guanosine derivatives can form various types of structures. Most of the supramolecular architectures reported in this Thesis from guanosine derivatives require the presence of a cation which stabilizes, via dipole-ion interactions, the macrocyclic G-quartet that can, in turn, stack in columnar G-quadruplex arrangements. In addition, in absence of cations, guanosine can polymerize via hydrogen bonding to give a variety of supramolecular networks including linear ribbons. This complex supramolecular behavior confers to the guanine-guanine interactions their upper interest among all the homonucleobases studied. They have been subjected to intense investigations in various areas ranging from structural biology and medicinal chemistry – guanine-rich sequences are abundant in telomeric ends of chromosomes and promoter regions of DNA, and are capable of forming G-quartet based structures– to material science and nanotechnology. This Thesis, organized into five Chapters, describes mainly some recent advances in the form and function provided by self-assembly of guanine based systems. More generally, Chapter 4 will focus on the construction of supramolecular self-assemblies whose self-assembling process and self-assembled architectures can be controlled by light as external stimulus. Chapter 1 will describe some of the many recent studies of G-quartets in the general area of nanoscience. Natural G- quadruplexes can be useful motifs to build new structures and biomaterials such as self-assembled nanomachines, biosensors, therapeutic aptamer and catalysts. In Chapters 2-4 it is pointed out the core concept held in this PhD Thesis, i.e. the supramolecular organization of lipophilic guanosine derivatives with photo or chemical addressability. Chapter 2 will mainly focus on the use of cation-templated guanosine derivatives as a potential scaffold for designing functional materials with tailored physical properties, showing a new way to control the bottom-up realization of well-defined nanoarchitectures. In section 2.6.7, the self-assembly properties of compound 28a may be considered an example of open-shell moieties ordered by a supramolecular guanosine architecture showing a new (magnetic) property. Chapter 3 will report on ribbon-like structures, supramolecular architectures formed by guanosine derivatives that may be of interest for the fabrication of molecular nanowires within the framework of future molecular electronic applications. In section 3.4 we investigate the supramolecular polymerizations of derivatives dG 1 and G 30 by light scattering technique and TEM experiments. The obtained data reveal the presence of several levels of organization due to the hierarchical self-assembly of the guanosine units in ribbons that in turn aggregate in fibrillar or lamellar soft structures. The elucidation of these structures furnishes an explanation to the physical behaviour of guanosine units which display organogelator properties. Chapter 4 will describe photoresponsive self-assembling systems. Numerous research examples have demonstrated that the use of photochromic molecules in supramolecular self-assemblies is the most reasonable method to noninvasively manipulate their degree of aggregation and supramolecular architectures. In section 4.4 we report on the photocontrolled self-assembly of modified guanosine nucleobase E-42: by the introduction of a photoactive moiety at C8 it is possible to operate a photocontrol over the self-assembly of the molecule, where the existence of G-quartets can be alternately switched on and off. In section 4.5 we focus on the use of cyclodextrins as photoresponsive host-guest assemblies: αCD–azobenzene conjugates 47-48 (section 4.5.3) are synthesized in order to obtain a photoresponsive system exhibiting a fine photocontrollable degree of aggregation and self-assembled architecture. Finally, Chapter 5 contains the experimental protocols used for the research described in Chapters 2-4.

Synthesis and Supramolecular Architectures of Lipophilic Derivatives of Guanine

Self-assembly relies on the association of pre-programmed building blocks through non-covalent interactions to give complex supramolecular architectures. Previous studies provided evidence for the unique self-assembly properties of semi-synthetic lipophilic guanosine derivatives which can sequestrate ions from an aqueous phase, carry them into an organic phase where they promote the generation of well-defined supramolecular assemblies. In the presence of cations lipophilic guanosines form columnar aggregates while in their absence they generate supramolecular ribbons. The aim of this thesis has been the synthesis of guanine derivatives, in particular N9-alkylated guanines and a guanosine functionalized as a perchlorotriphenylmetil moiety (Gace-a-HPTM) in order to observe their supramolecular behaviour in the absence of sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) and in the presence of a bulky and chiral substituent respectively. By using guanine instead of guanosine, while maintaining all the hydrogen bond acceptor and donor groups required for supramolecular aggregation, the steric hindrance to supramolecular aggregation is notably reduced because (i.e. guanines with groups in N9 different from sugar are expected to have a greatest conformational freedom even in presence of bulky groups in C8). Supramolecular self-assembly of these derivatives has been accomplished in solutions by NMR and CD spectroscopy and on surface by STM technique. In analogy with other guanosine derivatives, also N9-substituted guanines and GAceHPTM form either ribbon-like aggregates or cation-templated G-quartet based columnar structures.

From pyrene to large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have shown that the overall size, periphery, and functionalization of PAHs are crucial parameters which significantly alter their electronic structure and chemical reactivity. Therefore, the major direction of this thesis is the synthesis and characterization of extended PAHs: (i) with different functional groups improving their processability, (ii) with different periphery changing their chemical reactivity, (iii) with inclusions of different metal ions, which influence their physical properties. • The cyclodehydrogenation reaction has been proposed for to synthesise polyphenylene ribbons with preplanarized (dibenzo[e,l]pyrene) moieties in the aromatic core with up to 10 nm linear size. The synthetic strategy employed is discussed in Chapter 2 and is based on stoichiometrically controlled DIELS-ALDER cycloaddition. All molecules possessed very good solubility in common organic solvents allowing their characterization by standard analytical techniques. • A new concept was developed to extend PAH’s core. Here the introduction of “zigzag” sites, discussed in Chpater 3 was shown to lower the HOMO-LUMO gap and to result in higher chemical reactivities. This allowed, in Chapters 3, 4 and 5, further functionalization of PAH and enlargement of their aromatic cores up to 224 atoms. Despite the size of these novel molecules, extraordinary solubilities in common organic solvents were obtained due to distortions from planarity of the aromatic cores by bulky tert-butyl groups, which hampered the usually very pronounced aggregation tendency of extended π-systems. All extended PAHs posses the small HOMO-LUMO gap together with good electron affinities making them potential candidates for application in organic FETs. • Another alternative synthetic route has been proposed to obtain extended the metal-PAH complexes. Using the quinoxaline methodology in Chapter 5 three new phenanthroline ligands (up to 60 skeletal atoms) have been synthesized and characterized. Four different (Ru(II), Cu(II) and Pt(II)) complexes were synthesized, allowing to construct a range of large metal complexes by varying the metal as well as the number and nature of ligands.

Morphologische und quantitative Untersuchungen synaptischer Körperchen in Retina und Zirbeldrüse von Säugetieren und Mensch

Um mit sehr hoher Geschwindigkeit Sinnesreize zur Weiterverarbeitung übertragen zu können, besitzen im Ruhezustand Dauerimpulse liefernde Rezeptorzellen in Sinnesorganen, wie z.B. der Netzhaut (Retina), spezialisierte glutamaterge Synapsen, die durch präsynapti-sche Körperchen (SK) charakterisiert sind, die außerdem nur in Parenchymzellen der Zirbel-drüse vorkommen. SK binden mit hoher Affinität Neurotransmittervesikel und zeigen licht- bzw. reizabhängige morphologische Veränderungen. Sie dienen der Speicherung, eventuell auch dem Transport dieser Vesikel zum Ort der Reizübertragung, der nahen aktiven Zone der Ribbonsynapse. Um Dynamik und Funktion der Zellorganellen zu verstehen, ist es wichtig, ihre genaue Topo-graphie und dreidimensionale (3D) Struktur unter verschiedenen Bedingungen zu kennen. So wurden aus Serienschnitten der Retina und Zirbeldrüse mit Hilfe geeigneter, teils selbst programmierter Software 3D-Rekonstruktionen der SK durchgeführt. Untersucht wurden die ersten und zweiten Synapsen der Sehbahn in Retinae von Mensch, Maus und Ratte, Zapfen-terminale des Hühnchens und SK in Zirbeldrüsen von Ratte, Meerschweinchen und Kaninchen. Analysiert wurde zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten der Photoperiode oder unter experimentellen Bedingungen entnommenes Frischgewebe sowie Material aus Organkultu-ren. Außerdem wurden SK unter diversen Bedingungen quantifiziert, wobei eine neue Zähl-methode entwickelt wurde, die auf einer Modifikation des Disektors basiert und die Quantifi-zierung auch anderer seltener Ultrastrukturen am Elektronenmikroskop ermöglicht. Im Gegensatz zur etablierten Zählmethode, die die Profilzahl von SK in einer definierten Fläche (PZ) angibt, liefert die vorgestellte Methode die aussagekräftigere Zahl der SK in definierten Volumina und hängt weder von deren Form noch Größe ab. Diverse Kalkulationen zeigten, daß eine Umrechnung von am selben Material gewonnenen PZ in validere Disektor Werte nicht präzise genug möglich ist. Um sinnvolle Aussagen zur Quantität von SK machen zu können, ist es daher erforderlich, die Methode für jedes Tier einer identisch behandelten Gruppe anzuwenden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß SK eine konstante Dicke von 35 nm haben. In der Retina sind sie meist nur in einer Ebene C-förmig gebogene Bänder, weshalb sie auch als "synaptic ribbons" bezeichnet werden, oder Platten mit Breite zu Höhe Verhältnissen zwischen 6:1 bis 3:1. Die elektronendichten, unter Normalbedingungen durch regelmäßig polymerisierte Dimere des Hauptproteins RIBEYE pentalamellären SK binden über dünne Proteinbrücken glutamathaltige Neurotransmittervesikel. Ihre untere lange schmale Kante ist über feines elektronendichtes Material an einem, als arciform density (ad) bezeichneten Plaque der Zell-membran verankert, der die Form einer gebogenen Rinne hat. Die zumeist senkrecht darauf stehenden SK zeigen an ihrer membranfernen langen Kante zu Beginn der Lichtphase, ins-besondere aber unter Dauerlicht partiell verdickte Ränder, die auf An- bzw. Abbauvorgänge hinweisen. Diese Veränderungen waren nur in Stäbchenterminalen und Pinealozyten in Ver-bindung mit dem Auftreten kleinerer klumpiger bis kugelförmiger SK nachweisbar und zeig-ten sich in den Schnitten als runde oder irreguläre Profile, die dann neben den "üblichen" stabförmigen SK-Anschnitten vorlagen. Die 3D-Rekonstruktion von Stäbchenterminalen der menschlichen Retina zeigte, daß diese entsprechend der Zahl ihrer SK 1-3 Ribbonsynapsen aufweisen. Letztere bestehen aus einem an der Zellmembran senkrecht über eine ad verankerten SK und der aktiven Zone, die einem ca. 200 nm breiten Bereich der Zellmembran in Fortsetzung der ad nach seitlich oben entspricht. Die boomerang- bis hufeisenförmigen SK haben 2 parallele flache Hauptflächen. Postsynaptisch liegen zwei Horizontalzellfortsätze, welche mit variabeln Aufspaltungen von einem engen Hilus aus tief in Stäbchenendkolben invaginiert sind. Sie verbreitern sich termi-nal und zeigen große breite oft aufgefächerte bzw. verzweigte Auftreibungen. Die Ribbon-synapsen sind in die zwischen solchen Endauftreibungen entstehenden Rinnen eingesenkt. Unterhalb ihrer ad berühren sich die Horizontalzellterminale. Etwas darunter enden 1-2 ca. 100 nm breite Bipolarzelldendriten, die vom Zentrum der Invagination des Stäbchenterminals zum Hilus hin dünner werden, um zum Soma invaginierender ON-Bipolarzellen weiterzulau-fen. Da die Zahl der in den Stäbchenendkolben eintretenden Fortsätze variabel ist, fanden sich Konstellationen von 1-3 SK, 1-3 Horizontal- und 1-4 Bipolarzellterminalen, wie sie auch in der Literatur beschrieben sind. Drei zentrale Ausschnitte menschlicher Zapfenpedikel wurden aus lückenlosen Serienschnit-ten mit ihren Mitochondrien, SK und den in Form von Triaden hier invaginierenden postrib-bonsynaptischen Fortsätzen rekonstruiert. Der Grundbauplan der Ribbonsynapsen ist hier dem der Stäbchen ähnlich, jedoch sind die SK kürzer, die Invaginationen deutlich kleiner und nie verzweigt, die Bipolarzelldendriten breiter und die Horizontalzellfortsätze terminal weniger stark und nur rundlich aufgetrieben. Zapfen-SK sind nur in einer Ebene schwach gebogene Bänder. Die gefundene Zahl von Zapfen SK paßt zu Literaturdaten, deren Zusammenfas-sung für Primaten foveanah 10-20 und peripher 30-40 SK zeigt. In Bipolarzellaxonen des Menschen waren SK nicht immer über leistenartige Membranplaques am Plasmalemm ver-ankert. Die hier flachen Ribbonsynapsen zeigten kleinere bandförmige oder nur ca. 250 x 150 x 35 nm große plattenförmige SK mit etwas größerem Abstand zu den aktiven Zonen als in Photorezeptoren. Bei BALB/c Mäusen, deren SK besonders deutlich auf Veränderungen der Photoperiode oder experimentelle Bedingungen reagieren, zeigten Rekonstruktionen von Stäbchenribbon-synapsen am Ende der Dunkelphase band- bis boomerangförmige SK und weder Klumpen noch Kugeln. Im ersten Drittel und gegen Ende der Lichtphase fanden sich jedoch ca. 20 Prozent solch veränderter SK. Gleichzeitig waren die mittleren Abschnitte vieler SK unter beiden Lichtbedingungen dünner als am Ende der Dunkelphase. Die langen, oft mehrfach gebogenen und verdrehten Zapfen-SK dieser Mäuse waren unabhängig von den Lichtbedin-gungen oft deutlich größer als die der Stäbchen, wohingegen beim Menschen Zapfen-SK re-lativ gerade, bandförmige Zellorganellen geringerer Größe als in Stäbchen darstellten. Während in Stäbchenterminalen nur ausnahmsweise mehr als ein größeres bandförmiges SK (neben eventuellen kugelförmigen) vorlag, zeigten sich in den Zapfen orts- und spezies-abhängig 15 bis über 25 meist bandförmige Organellen, die in wenigen Fällen mit zwei ge-legentlich sogar 3 verschiedenen Triaden aus 2 Horizontal- und einem Bipolarzellfortsatz ver-bunden waren. Dies ist bei BALB/c Mäusen, die weniger, aber größere Zapfen-SK zeigten, häufiger als beim Menschen. Die SK der Bipolarzellen in der inneren plexiformen Schicht waren speziesübergreifend meist lange Bänder oder kleine Platten mit ca. 250 x 150 nm großen Hauptflächen und nur ge-ringen Verdrehungen. Verschiedene Bipolarzelltypen haben unterschiedlich viele SK. Im Rahmen der Arbeit erstmals erstellte 3D-Rekonstruktion ektopischer synaptischer Körper-chen (eSK) konnten belegen, daß diese in Bipolarzelldendriten lokalisiert sind. Die kleinen, leicht gebogenen, 35 nm dicken Platten, deren große Oberflächen Dimensionen von meist nur ca. 100 x 200 nm hatten, sind praktisch nie an der Zellmembran verankert, sondern ste-hen in einigen Fällen über zu langen Tubuli fusionierte Vesikel mit dem Interzellularspalt in Verbindung. Dies könnte ein Hinweis auf eine "compound" Endo- oder Exozytose sein. Sel-ten finden sich zwei, ausnahmsweise auch drei parallel zueinander angeordnete SK im Inne-ren der Bipolarzelldendriten, meistens nahe deren Eintritt in Stäbchenendkolben. Im Gegen-satz zur Ratte fanden sich eSK bei seit Geburt unter Dauerdunkelheit gehaltenen BALB/c Mäusen sogar im in Stäbchen- bzw. Zapfenterminal invaginierten Abschnitt von Bipolarzell-dendriten. Neben plattenförmigen SK lagen bei diesen Mäusen auch innen hohle klumpen-förmige Organellen in Stäbchenbipolarzelldendriten vor. Unter Organkultur und Ca++-Entzug fanden sich in Stäbchen die massivsten Veränderungen von SK, die entweder als Klumpen oder Kugeln vorlagen oder massive Protrusionen an ei-nem kleinen plattenförmigen Abschnitt zeigten, der noch an der ad befestigt blieb. Die Be-funde deuten darauf hin, daß Licht über Kalziumentzug zu Verklumpungen an SK und zur Abschnürung von klumpen- bis kugelförmigen SK Fragmenten führt. Bei der Rekonstruktion mit anti-β-Dystroglykan Immunogold-markierter Zapfenterminalen der Hühnchenretina konnte erstmals gezeigt werden, daß sich dieses zum Dystrophin-assozierten Glykoproteinkomplex gehörende Protein in perisynaptischen Fortsätzen der Pho-torezeptoren seitlich und an ihren Spitzen fand, während Horizontal- und Bipolarzellfortsätze nicht markiert waren. Dies deutet auf eine neue strukturelle oder funktionelle Domäne in Pho-torezeptorterminalen hin, die eine noch im Detail zu klärende Rolle bei der synaptischen Transmission spielt, da bei Mutationen im Dystrophin-assoziierten Proteinkomplex eine Ver-änderung der synaptischen Kommunikation in der äußeren plexiformen Schicht zu beobach-ten ist. In der Zirbeldrüse sind die meisten SK wenig gebogene, flache, plattenförmige Strukturen, die bei der Ratte meist ca. 300x150x35 nm groß sind. Daneben gibt es deutlich längere bandförmige Organellen und unter Normalbedingungen bei Ratte und Hühnchen praktisch keine, bei Meerschweinchen nur wenige klumpige oder kugelförmige SK. Pinealozyten der Meerschweinchenzirbeldrüse weisen üblicherweise Felder parallel gruppierter plattenförmi-ger synaptischer Körperchen auf. Unter Dauerlicht zeigten sich an der Membran benachbar-ter Zellen einander gegenüberliegende Felder stark verbogener, partiell verdickter SK, die vermutlich aus verschmolzenen Einzelplatten entstanden waren sowie deutlich mehr kugeli-ge bzw. klumpige SK. Die Organellen nehmen nachts an Größe zu, wodurch sich ihre Ober-fläche vergrößert, bei Ratten nimmt sie um 19,3 Prozent von 0,041 auf 0,0501 µm² zu. Da die plattenförmigen SK eine konstante Dicke von 35 nm hatten, läßt sich so ein durchschnitt-liches Volumen von 1,47x10-3 µm³ für 12.00 und von 1,75x10-3 µm³ für Mitternacht mit einer Zunahme von 0,28x10-3 µm³ (entspricht 19,3 %) errechnen. Der Vergleich von Pinealocyten-SK von unter LD 4:20 zu LD 20:4 gehaltenen Ratten zeigte unter LD 20:4 insignifikant mehr SK, die signifikant längere Profile hatten, was auf eine Größenzunahme der Organellen hin-deutet. Überlegungen und mathematische Berechnungen, was Profillängenmessungen bedeuten und wieviele Profile für sinnvolle Vergleiche ausgewertet werden müßten, werden kritisch diskutiert. Die selbst erhobenen Befunde werden im Kontext mit allen verfügbaren Literaturdaten de origine, dem Auftreten von SK in der Ontogenese sowie SK betreffenden pathologischen und Altersveränderungen betrachtet. Hierbei deutet die Analyse der Chronobiologie von SK in quantitativer und morphologischer Hinsicht auf eine Abhängigkeit von der Photoperiode bzw. Licht und Dunkelheit und nicht auf eine endogene zirkadiane Rhythmik hin. Die oberhalb funktionell wichtiger Ca++-Känale lokalisierten SK setzen in Photorezeptoren die Lichtinformation in exozytierte Glutamatquanten um, wobei das Glutamat an verschiedenen postsynaptischen Orten wirkt. Die zuvor nie so anschaulich durch 3D-Stereoanimationen visualisierten Befunde zeigen, daß die Morphologie von SK hier für eine maximal schnelle Freisetzung der gebundenen Transmittervesikel an in unmittelbarer Nähe gelegenen aktiven Zonen der Ribbonsynapsen optimiert ist. Der molekulare Aufbau von SK wird ultrastrukturell nachvollzogen und die Funktion der Organellen diskutiert. Diesbezüglich ist die Vesikelspei-cherung erwiesen, das "Priming" für die Exozytose beinahe bewiesen, eine Koordinations-funktion für multivesikuläre Transmitterfreisetzung ist denkbar, während eine Förderband-funktion eher unwahrscheinlich ist. In breve haben die im Rahmen dieser Habilitation ge-wonnenen Erkenntnisse und entwickelten Methoden einige Beiträge zur Klärung des mor-phologisch funktionellen Gesamtverständnisses der Ribbonsynapsen geleistet.

Dotierte Nanographenstreifen mit definierten Randstrukturen

Die in der vorliegenden Dissertation entwickelten organochemischen Protokolle und Konzepte erweitern die Bottom-Up-Synthese von atompräzisen Nanographenstreifen (GNR) um zwei fundamentale Bereiche. Zum einen die Dotierung der halbleitenden GNR mit Schwefel oder Stickstoffatomen und zum anderen ein Protokoll für eine lösungsbasierte Synthese von stickstoffdotierten Zickzack-Streifen.rnDie Dotierung von GNR beinhaltet die Synthese von monomeren Bausteinen bei denen, im Gegensatz zu ihren reinen Kohlenstoffhomologen, definierte Positionen am Rand mit zwei oder vier Stickstoff- beziehungsweise zwei Schwefelatomen ersetzt wurden. Die Synthese atompräziser GNR konnte mit verschiedenen experimentellen Methoden analysiert und anschaulich über STM visualisiert werden. Neben einer n-Dotierung gelang so auch erstmals eine Bottom-Up-Synthese von schwefeldotierten GNR. Eine mögliche Anwendung in der Nanoelektronik aufbauend auf dotierten GNR wurde bestätigt, indem durch Co-Polymerisation von stickstoffhaltigen mit reinen Kohlenstoffmonomeren Heteroschnittstellen zwischen dotierten und undotierten Bereichen hergestellt werden konnten. Solche Heteroschnittstellen sind fundamentale Grundlage von Dioden und damit Basis einer Vielzahl elektronischer Elemente wie Solarzellen oder Leuchtdioden.rnWährend für halbleitende GNR mit einer Armlehnen-Form ein breites Spektrum an organischen Syntheseprotokollen zur Verfügung stand, existierte zu Beginn dieser Arbeit keines für GNR mit Zickzack-Struktur. Innerhalb dieser Arbeit konnte eine Bottom-Up-Synthese zur Erschließung stickstoffdotierter GNR mit Zickzack-Randstruktur erarbeitet werden. Durch die Verwendung eines (2-Hydroxymethyl)phenylboronsäureesters werden Hydroxymethylsubsituenten entlang eines Polyphenylenrückgrats eingebaut, die nach Kondensation mit dem Stickstoffatom eine Zickzack-Kante ergeben. Innerhalb der synthetisierten Zielstrukturen kann das 9a-Azaphenalen als letztes, bislang nicht erschlossenes Isomer der Azaphenalene, als wiederkehrende Struktur, gefunden werden. Die Reaktivität der Zickzackkante konnte zudem zum Aufbau einer Vielzahl bislang unzugänglicher, polycyclischer Heteroaromaten über 1,3-dipolare Addition dieses polycyclischen Azomethin Ylides (PAMY) genutzt werden.rn

Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor of the fourth ventricle: Report of two cases with a differential diagnostic overview

We report on clinicopathological findings in two cases of rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor of the fourth ventricle (RGNT) occurring in females aged 16 years (Case 1) and 30 years (Case 2). Symptoms included vertigo, nausea, cerebellar ataxia, as well as headaches, and had been present for 4-months and 1 week, respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indicated a cerebellar-based tumor of 1.8cm (Case 1) and 5cm (Case 2) diameter each, bulging into the fourth ventricle. Case 2 involved a cyst-mural-nodule configuration. In both instances, the solid component appeared isointense on T(1) sequences, hyperintense in the T(2) mode, and enhanced moderately. Gross total resection was achieved via suboccipital craniotomy. However, functional recovery was disappointing in Case 1. On microscopy, both tumors comprised an admixture of low-grade astrocytoma interspersed with circular aggregates of synaptophysin-expressing round cells harboring oligodendrocyte-like nuclei. The astrocytic moiety in Case 1 was nondescript, and overtly pilocytic in Case 2. The architecture of neuronal elements variously consisted of neurocytic rosettes, of pseudorosettes centered on a capillary core, as well as of concentric ribbons along irregular lumina. Gangliocytic maturation, especially "floating neurons", or a corresponding immunoreactivity for neurofilament protein was absent. Neither of these populations exhibited atypia, mitotic activity, or a significant labeling for MIB-1. Cerebellar parenchyma included in the surgical specimen did not reveal any preexisting malformative anomaly. Despite sharing some overlapping histologic traits with dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNT), the presentation of RGNT with respect to both patient age and location is consistent enough for this lesion to be singled out as an autonomous entity.

Electronic band dispersion of graphene nanoribbons via Fourier-transformed scanning tunneling spectroscopy

The electronic structure of atomically precise armchair graphene nanoribbons of width N=7 (7-AGNRs) are investigated by scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) on Au(111). We record the standing waves in the local density of states of finite ribbons as a function of sample bias and extract the dispersion relation of frontier electronic states by Fourier transformation. The wave-vector-dependent contributions from these states agree with density functional theory calculations, thus enabling the unambiguous assignment of the states to the valence band, the conduction band, and the next empty band with effective masses of 0.41±0.08me,0.40±0.18me, and 0.20±0.03me, respectively. By comparing the extracted dispersion relation for the conduction band to corresponding height-dependent tunneling spectra, we find that the conduction band edge can be resolved only at small tip-sample separations and has not been observed before. As a result, we report a band gap of 2.37±0.06 eV for 7-AGNRs adsorbed on Au(111).

Hierarchical self-assembly of the DNA-grafted supramolecular polymers

Conjugation of functional entities with a specific set of optical, mechanical or biological properties to DNA strands allows engineering of sophisticated DNA-containing architectures. Among various hybrid systems, DNA-grafted polymers occupy an important place in modern materials science. In this contribution we present the non-covalent synthesis and properties of DNA-grafted linear supramolecular polymers (SPs), which are assembled in a controllable manner from short chimeric DNA-pyrene oligomers. The synthetic oligomers consist of two parts: a 10 nucleotides long DNA chain and a covalently attached segment of variable number of phosphodiester-linked pyrenes. The temperature-dependent formation of DNA-grafted SPs is described by a nucleation-elongation mechanism. The high tendency of pyrenes to aggregate in water, leads to the rapid formation of SPs. The core of the assemblies consists of stacked pyrenes. They form a 1D platform, to which the DNA chains are attached. Combined spectroscopic and microscopic studies reveal that the major driving forces of the polymerization are π-stacking of pyrenes and hydrophobic interactions, and DNA pairing contributes to a lesser extent. AFM and TEM experiments demonstrate that the 1D SPs appear as elongated ribbons with a length of several hundred nanometers. They exhibit an apparent helical structure with a pitch-to-pitch distance of 50±15 nm. Since DNA pairing is a highly selective process, the ongoing studies are aimed to utilize DNA-grafted SPs for the programmable arrangement of functional entities. For example, the addition of non-modified complementary DNA strands to the DNA-grafted SPs leads to the cooperative formation of higher-order assemblies. Also, our experiments suggest that the fluorescent pyrene core of 1D ribbons serves as an efficient donor platform for energy transfer applications.

Hierarchical self-assembly of the DNA-grafted supramolecular polymers

Conjugation of functional entities with a specific set of optical, mechanical or biological properties to DNA strands allows engineering of sophisticated DNA-containing architectures. Among various hybrid systems, DNA-grafted polymers occupy an important place in modern materials science. In this contribution we present the non-covalent synthesis and properties of DNA-grafted linear supramolecular polymers (SPs), which are assembled in a controllable manner from short chimeric DNA-pyrene oligomers. The synthetic oligomers consist of two parts: a 10 nucleotides long DNA chain and a covalently attached segment of variable number of phosphodiester-linked pyrenes. The temperature-dependent formation of DNA-grafted SPs is described by a nucleation-elongation mechanism. The high tendency of pyrenes to aggregate in water, leads to the rapid formation of SPs. The core of the assemblies consists of stacked pyrenes. They form a 1D platform, to which the DNA chains are attached. Combined spectroscopic and microscopic studies reveal that the major driving forces of the polymerization are π-stacking of pyrenes and hydrophobic interactions, and DNA pairing contributes to a lesser extent. AFM and TEM experiments demonstrate that the 1D SPs appear as elongated ribbons with a length of several hundred nanometers. They exhibit an apparent helical structure with a pitch-to-pitch distance of 50±15 nm. Since DNA pairing is a highly selective process, the ongoing studies are aimed to utilize DNA-grafted SPs for the programmable arrangement of functional entities. For example, the addition of non-modified complementary DNA strands to the DNA-grafted SPs leads to the cooperative formation of higher-order assemblies. Also, our experiments suggest that the fluorescent pyrene core of 1D ribbons serves as an efficient donor platform for energy transfer applications.

Crystal structure of 2,4,6-tris(cyclohexyloxy)-1,3,5-triazine

The title compound, C21H33N3O3, is a tri-substituted cyclo­hex­yloxy triazine. In the crystal, the triazine rings form (C3i-PU) Piedfort units. The inter-centroid distance of the [pi]-[pi] inter­action involving the triazine rings is 3.3914 (10) Å. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by C-H...O hydrogen bonds, forming ribbons propagating along [1-10]. There are also weak C-H...N and C-H...O contacts present, linking inversion-related ribbons, forming a three-dimensional structure.

Synthesis and Structural Elucidation of Triazolylmolybdenum(VI) Oxide Hybrids and Their Behavior as Oxidation Catalysts

A large family of bifunctional 1,2,4-triazole molecular tectons (tr) has been explored for engineering molybdenum(VI) oxide hybrid solids. Specifically, tr ligands bearing auxiliary basic or acidic groups were of the type amine, pyrazole, 1H-tetrazole, and 1,2,4-triazole. The organically templated molybdenum(VI) oxide solids with the general compositions [MoO3(tr)], [Mo2O6(tr)], and [Mo2O6(tr)(H2O)2] were prepared under mild hydrothermal conditions or by refluxing in water. Their crystal structures consist of zigzag chains, ribbons, or helixes of alternating cis-{MoO4N2} or {MoO5N} polyhedra stapled by short [N–N]-tr bridges that for bitriazole ligands convert the motifs into 2D or 3D frameworks. The high thermal (235–350 °C) and chemical stability observed for the materials makes them promising for catalytic applications. The molybdenum(VI) oxide hybrids were successfully explored as versatile oxidation catalysts with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) or aqueous H2O2 as an oxygen source, at 70 °C. Catalytic performances were influenced by the different acidic–basic properties and steric hindrances of coordinating organic ligands as well as the structural dimensionality of the hybrid.

THE FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF SYNAPTIC VESICLE POOLS IN A RETINAL BIPOLAR NEURON

Ribbon synapses are found in sensory systems and are characterized by ‘ribbon-like’ organelles that tether synaptic vesicles. The synaptic ribbons co-localize with sites of calcium entry and vesicle fusion, forming ribbon-style active zones. The ability of ribbon synapses to maintain rapid and sustained neurotransmission is critical for vision, hearing and balance. At retinal ribbon synapses, three vesicle pools have been proposed. A rapid pool of vesicles that are docked at the plasma membrane, and whose fusion is limited only by calcium entry, a releasable pool of ATP-primed vesicles whose size also correlates with the number of ribbon-tethered vesicles, and a reserve pool of non-ribbon-tethered cytoplasmic vesicles. However evidence of vesicle fusion at sites away from ribbon-style active zones questions this organization. Another fundamental question underlying the mechanism of vesicle fusion at these synapses is the role of SNARE (Soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor Attachment Protein Receptor) proteins. Vesicles at conventional neurons undergo SNARE complex-mediated fusion. However a recent study has suggested that ribbon synapses involved in hearing can operate independently of neuronal SNAREs. We used the well-characterized goldfish bipolar neuron to investigate the organization of vesicle pools and the role of SNARE proteins at a retinal ribbon synapse. We blocked functional refilling of the releasable pool and then stimulated bipolar terminals with brief depolarizations that triggered the fusion of the rapid pool of vesicles. We found that the rapid pool draws vesicles from the releasable pool and that both pools undergo release at ribbon-style active zones. To assess the functional role of SNARE proteins at retinal ribbon synapses, we used peptides derived from SNARE proteins that compete with endogenous proteins for SNARE complex formation. The SNARE peptides blocked fusion of reserve vesicles but not vesicles in the rapid and releasable pools, possibly because both rapid and releasable vesicles were associated with preformed SNARE complexes. However, an activity-dependent block in refilling of the releasable pool was seen, suggesting that new SNARE complexes must be formed before vesicles can join a fusion-competent pool. Taken together, our results suggest that SNARE complex-mediated exocytosis of serially-organized vesicle pools at ribbon-style active zones is important in the neurotransmission of vision.

(Table 2) Sorting and mineral composition of sediment obtained near Sylt, North Sea

Carefully selected sea bottom surface fine sand samples were studied from two sand ribbons normal to the shore. Possible sediment transport along these sand ribbons were investigated from interpretation of the sediment patterns. Simple grain size parameters were obtained and results of heavy mineral and feldspar analysis were compared. On one ribbon offshore sediment movement was indicated, while conversely on the other, onshore movement is proposed.