Cocaine induces cell death and activates the transcription nuclear factor kappa-b in pc12 cells

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Suppression of TNF- induced NFB activity by gallic acid and its semi-synthetic esters: possible role in cancer chemoprevention

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Selective protection of the cerebellum against intracerebroventricular LPS is mediated by local melatonin synthesis

Although melatonin is mainly produced by the pineal gland, an increasing number of extra-pineal sites of melatonin synthesis have been described. We previously demonstrated the existence of bidirectional communication between the pineal gland and the immune system that drives a switch in melatonin production from the pineal gland to peripheral organs during the mounting of an innate immune response. In the present study, we show that acute neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injected directly into the lateral ventricles of adult rats reduces the nocturnal peak of melatonin in the plasma and induces its synthesis in the cerebellum, though not in the cortex or hippocampus. This increase in cerebellar melatonin content requires the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), which positively regulates the expression of the key enzyme for melatonin synthesis, arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AA-NAT). Interestingly, LPS treatment led to neuronal death in the hippocampus and cortex, but not in the cerebellum. This privileged protection of cerebellar cells was abrogated when G-protein-coupled melatonin receptors were blocked by the melatonin antagonist luzindole, suggesting that the local production of melatonin protects cerebellar neurons from LPS toxicity. This is the first demonstration of a switch between pineal and extra-pineal melatonin production in the central nervous system following a neuroinflammatory response. These results have direct implications concerning the differential susceptibility of specific brain areas to neuronal death.

Ação do hormônio triodotironina (T3) altera a expressão gênica do oncogene Amphiregulin (Areg) el células tumorais de adenocarcinoma de mama

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Sub-MICs of Mentha piperita essential oil and menthol inhibits AHL mediated quorum sensing and biofilm of Gram-negative bacteria

Bacterial quorum sensing (QS) is a density dependent communication system that regulates the expression of certain genes including production of virulence factors in many pathogens. Bioactive plant extract/compounds inhibiting QS regulated gene expression may be a potential candidate as antipathogenic drug. In this study anti-QS activity of peppermint (Menthe piperita) oil was first tested using the Chromobacterium violaceum CVO26 biosensor. Further, the findings of the present investigation revealed that peppermint oil (PMO) at sub-Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (sub-MICs) strongly interfered with acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) regulated virulence factors and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aeromonas hydrophila. The result of molecular docking analysis attributed the QS inhibitory activity exhibited by PMO to menthol. Assessment of ability of menthol to interfere with QS systems of various Gram-negative pathogens comprising diverse AHL molecules revealed that it reduced the AHL dependent production of violacein, virulence factors, and biofilm formation indicating broad-spectrum anti-QS activity. Using two Escherichia colt biosensors, MG4/pKDT17 and pEAL08-2, we also confirmed that menthol inhibited both the las and pqs QS systems. Further, findings of the in vivo studies with menthol on nematode model Caenorhabditis elegans showed significantly enhanced survival of the nematode. Our data identified menthol as a novel broad spectrum QS inhibitor.

The inactive form of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta is associated with the development of carcinomas in galectin-3 wild-type mice, but not in galectin-3-deficient mice

Galectin-3 has been implicated in the tumor development via its mediation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Likewise, glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3 beta) also plays a role in the Wnt signaling pathway by controlling the levels of cytoplasmic beta-catenin. Altered GSK3 beta expression has been described in various tumors, but to date, there are no studies evaluating its expression in models of oral carcinogenesis. Additionally, it is unknown whether the absence of galectin-3 regulates the expression of GSK3 beta. To this end, Gal3-deficient (Gal3(-/-)) and wild-type (Gal3(+/+)) male mice were treated with 4NQO for 16 weeks and sacrificed at week 16 and 32. The tongues were removed, processed, and stained with H&E to detect dysplasias and carcinomas. An immunohistochemical assay was performed to determine the level of P-GSK3 beta-Ser9 expression in both groups. Carcinomas were more prevalent in Gal3(+/+) than Gal3(-/-) mice (55.5% vs. 28.5%), but no statistical difference was reached. In the dysplasias, the proportion of cells positive for P-GSK3 beta-Ser9 was slightly higher in Gal3(+/+) than Gal3(-/-) mice (63% vs. 61%). In the carcinomas, a significant difference between Gal3(+/+) and Gal3(-/-) mice was found (74% vs. 59%; p=0.02). P-GSK3 beta-Ser9-positive cells slightly decreased from the progression of dysplasias to carcinomas in Gal3(-/-) mice (61% vs. 59%; p>0.05). However, a significant increase in P-GSK3 beta-Ser9 expression was observed from dysplasias to carcinomas in Gal3(+/+) mice (63% vs. 74%; p=0.01). In conclusion, these findings suggest that fully malignant transformation of the tongue epithelium is associated with increased P-GSK3 beta-Ser9 expression in Gal3(+/+) mice, but not in Gal3(-/-) mice.

Effects of type I collagen coating on titanium osseointegration: histomorphometric, cellular and molecular analyses

The investigation of titanium (Ti) surface modifications aiming to increase implant osseointegration is one of the most active research areas in dental implantology. This study was carried out to evaluate the benefits of coating Ti with type I collagen on the osseointegration of dental implants. Acid etched Ti implants (AETi), either untreated or coated with type I collagen (ColTi), were placed in dog mandibles for three and eight weeks for histomorphometric, cellular and molecular evaluations of bone tissue response. While the histological aspects were essentially the same with both implants being surrounded by lamellar bone trabeculae, histomorphometric analysis showed more abundant bone formation in ColTi, mainly at three weeks. Cellular evaluation showed that cells harvested from bone fragments in close contact with ColTi display lower proliferative capacity and higher alkaline phosphatase activity, phenotypic features associated with more differentiated osteoblasts. Confirming these findings, molecular analyses showed that ColTi implants up-regulates the expression of a panel of genes well known as osteoblast markers. Our results present a set of evidences that coating AETi with collagen fastens the osseointegration by stimulating bone formation at the cellular and molecular levels, making this combination of morphological and biochemical modification a promising approach to treat Ti surfaces.

Exercise training prevents the microvascular rarefaction in hypertension balancing angiogenic and apoptotic factors role of microRNAs-16,-21, and -126

Aerobic exercise training (ET) lowers hypertension and improves patient outcomes in cardiovascular disease. The mechanisms of these effects are largely unknown. We hypothesized that ET modulates microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in vascularization. miRNA-16 regulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. miRNA-21 targets Bcl-2. miRNA-126 functions by repressing regulators of the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway. We investigated whether miRNA-16, -21 and -126 are modulated in hypertension and by ET. Twelve-week-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs; n=14) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY; n=14) rats were assigned to 4 groups: SHRs, trained SHRs (SHR-T), Wistar Kyoto rats, and trained Wistar Kyoto rats. ET consisted of 10 weeks of swimming. ET reduced blood pressure and heart rate in SHR-Ts. ET repaired the slow-to-fast fiber type transition in soleus muscle and the capillary rarefaction in SHR-Ts. Soleus miRNA-16 and -21 levels increased in SHRs paralleled with a decrease of 48% and 25% in vascular endothelial growth factor and Bcl-2 protein levels, respectively. Hypertension increased Bad and decreased Bcl-x and endothelial NO synthase levels and lowered p-Bad(ser112): Bad ratio. ET in SHR-Ts reduced miRNA-16 and -21 levels and elevated vascular endothelial growth factor and Bcl-2 levels. ET restored soleus endothelial NO synthase levels plus proapoptotic and antiapoptotic mediators in SHR-Ts, indicating that the balance between angiogenic and apoptotic factors may prevent microvascular abnormalities in hypertension. miRNA-126 levels were reduced in SHRs with an increase of 51% in phosphoinositol-3 kinase regulatory subunit 2 expression but normalized in SHR-Ts. Our data show that ET promoted peripheral revascularization in hypertension, which could be associated with regulation of select miRNAs, suggesting a mechanism for its potential therapeutic application in vascular diseases. (Hypertension. 2012;59[part 2]:513-520.). Online Data Supplement

Cocaine induces cell death and activates the transcription nuclear factor kappa-b in pc12 cells

Cocaine is a worldwide used drug and its abuse is associated with physical, psychiatric and social problems. The mechanism by which cocaine causes neurological damage is very complex and involves several neurotransmitter systems. For example, cocaine increases extracellular levels of dopamine and free radicals, and modulates several transcription factors. NF-κB is a transcription factor that regulates gene expression involved in cellular death. Our aim was to investigate the toxicity and modulation of NF-κB activity by cocaine in PC 12 cells. Treatment with cocaine (1 mM) for 24 hours induced DNA fragmentation, cellular membrane rupture and reduction of mitochondrial activity. A decrease in Bcl-2 protein and mRNA levels, and an increase in caspase 3 activity and cleavage were also observed. In addition, cocaine (after 6 hours treatment) activated the p50/p65 subunit of NF-κB complex and the pretreatment of the cells with SCH 23390, a D1 receptor antagonist, attenuated the NF-κB activation. Inhibition of NF-κB activity by using PDTC and Sodium Salicilate increased cell death caused by cocaine. These results suggest that cocaine induces cell death (apoptosis and necrosis) and activates NF-κB in PC12 cells. This activation occurs, at least partially, due to activation of D1 receptors and seems to have an anti-apoptotic effect on these cells.

Stem cell pathways in the basal-like breast carcinoma: the role of beta-catenin and HIF-1alpha

Basal-like tumor is an aggressive breast carcinoma subtype that displays an expression signature similar to that of the basal/myoepithelial cells of the breast tissue. Basal-like carcinoma are characterized by over-expression of the Epidermal Growth Factor receptor (EGFR), high frequency of p53 mutations, cytoplasmic/nuclear localization of beta-catenin, overexpression of the Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha target Carbonic Anhydrase isoenzime 9 (CA9) and a gene expression pattern similar to that of normal and cancer stem cells, including the over-expression of the mammary stem cell markers CD44. In this study we investigated the role of p53, EGFR, beta-catenin and HIF-1alpha in the regulation of stem cell features and genes associated with the basal-like gene expression profile. The findings reported in this investigation indicate that p53 inactivation in ductal breast carcinoma cells leads to increased EGFR mRNA and protein levels. In our experimental model, EGFR overexpression induces beta-catenin cytoplasmatic stabilization and transcriptional activity and, by that, leads to increased aggressive features including mammosphere (MS) forming and growth capacity, invasive potential and overexpression of the mammary stem cell gene CD44. Moreover we found that EGFR/beta-catenin axis promotes hypoxia survival in breast carcinoma cells via increased CA9 expression. Indeed beta-catenin positively regulates CA9 expression upon hypoxia exposure. Interestingly we found that beta-catenin inhibits HIF-1alpha transcriptional activity. Looking for the mechanism, we found that CA9 expression is promoted by HIF-1alpha and cytoplasmatic beta-catenin further increased it post-transcriptionally, via direct mRNA binding and stabilization. These data reveal a functional beta-catenin/HIF-1alpha interplay among hallmarks of basal-like tumors and unveil a new functional role for cytoplasmic beta-catenin in the phenotype of such tumors. Therefore it can be proposed that the interplay here described among EGFR/beta-catenin and HIF-1alpha may play a role in breast cancer stem cell survival and function.

Ruolo della Interleuchina-6 nella colite ulcerosa long-standing: regolazione della p53 ed induzione delle cellule mesenchimali epiteliali

L’infiammazione cronica è un fattore di rischio di insorgenza del cancro, e la citochina infiammatoria IL-6 gioca un ruolo importante nella tumorigenesi. In questo studio abbiamo dimostrato che L’IL-6 down-regola l'espressione e l'attività di p53. In linee cellulari umane, IL-6 stimola la trascrizione dell’rRNA mediante espressione della proteina c-myc a livello post-trascrizionale in un meccanismo p38MAPK-dipendente. L'up-regolazione della biogenesi ribosomiale riduce l'espressione di p53 attraverso l'attivazione della via della proteina ribosomale-MDM2. La down-regolazione di p53 produce l’acquisizione di modifiche fenotipiche e funzionali caratteristiche della epitelio mesenchimale di transizione, un processo associato a trasformazione maligna e progressione tumorale. I nostri dati mostrano che questi cambiamenti avvengono anche nelle cellule epiteliali del colon di pazienti affetti da colite ulcerosa, un esempio rappresentativo di una infiammazione cronica soggetta a trasformazione neoplastica, che scompaiono dopo trattamento con farmaci antinfiammatori. Questi risultati svelano un nuovo effetto oncogenico indotto dall’IL-6 che può contribuire notevolmente ad aumentare il rischio di sviluppare il cancro non solo in pazienti con infiammazioni croniche, ma anche in quei pazienti con condizioni patologiche caratterizzate da elevato livello di IL-6 nel plasma, quali l'obesità e e il diabete mellito di tipo 2.

Oligomerisation, localisation and interaction of the sensor histidine kinases DcuS and CitA in Escherichia coli

The two-component system DcuSR of Escherichia coli regulates gene expression of anaerobic fumarate respiration and aerobic C4-dicarboxylate uptake. C4-dicarboxylates and citrate are perceived by the periplasmic domain of the membrane-integral sensor histidine kinase DcuS. The signal is transduced across the membrane by phosphorylation of DcuS and of the response regulator DcuR, resulting in activation of DcuR and transcription of the target genes.rnIn this work, the oligomerisation of full-length DcuS was studied in vivo and in vitro. DcuS was genetically fused to derivatives of the green fluorescent protein (GFP), enabling fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements to detect protein-protein interactions in vivo. FRET measurements were also performed with purified His6-DcuS after labelling with fluorescent dyes and reconstitution into liposomes to study oligomerisation of DcuS in vitro. In vitro and in vivo fluorescence resonance energy transfer showed the presence of oligomeric DcuS in the membrane, which was independent of the presence of effector. Chemical crosslinking experiments allowed clear-cut evaluation of the oligomeric state of DcuS. The results showed that detergent-solubilised His6-DcuS was mainly monomeric and demonstrated the presence of tetrameric DcuS in proteoliposomes and in bacterial membranes.rnThe sensor histidine kinase CitA is part of the two-component system CitAB of E. coli, which is structurally related to DcuSR. CitAB regulates gene expression of citrate fermentation in response to external citrate. The sensor kinases DcuS and CitA were fused with an enhanced variant of the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and expressed in E. coli under the control of an arabinose-inducible promoter. The subcellular localisation of DcuS-YFP and CitA-YFP within the cell membrane was studied by means of confocal laser fluorescence microscopy. Both fusion proteins were found to accumulate at the cell poles. The polar accumulation was slightly increased in the presence of the stimulus fumarate or citrate, respectively, but independent of the expression level of the fusion proteins. Cell fractionation demonstrated that polar accumulation was not related to inclusion bodies formation. The degree of polar localisation of DcuS-YFP was similar to that of the well-characterised methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs), but independent of their presence. To enable further investigations on the function of the polar localisation of DcuS under physiological conditions, the sensor kinase was genetically fused to the flavin-based fluorescent protein Bs2 which shows fluorescence under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The resulting dcuS-bs2 gene fusion was inserted into the chromosome of various E. coli strains.rnFurthermore, a protein-protein interaction between the related sensor histidine kinases DcuS and CitA, regulating common metabolic pathways, was detected via expression studies under anaerobic conditions in the presence of citrate and by in vivo FRET measurements.

Genetische Mechanismen der dorsoventralen Musterbildung im embryonalen Gehirn von Drosophila

In Vertebraten und Insekten ist während der frühen Entwicklung des zentralen Nervensystems (ZNS), welches sich aus dem Gehirn und dem ventralen Nervensystem (VNS) zusammensetzt, die Unterteilung des Neuroektoderms (NE) in diskrete Genexpressions-Domänen entscheidend für die korrekte Spezifizierung neuraler Stammzellen. In Drosophila wird die Identität dieser Stammzellen (Neuroblasten, NB) festgelegt durch die positionellen Informationen, welche von den Produkten früher Musterbildungsgene bereitgestellt werden und das Neuroektoderm in anteroposteriorer (AP) und dorsoventraler (DV) Achse unterteilen. Die molekulargenetischen Mechanismen, welche der DV-Regionalisierung zugrunde liegen, wurden ausführlich im embryonalen VNS untersucht, sind für das Gehirn jedoch weitestgehend unverstanden. rnIm Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden neue Erkenntnisse bezüglich der genetischen Mechanismen gewonnen, welche die frühembryonale Anlage des Gehirns in DV-Achse unterteilen. So konnte gezeigt werden, dass das cephale Lückengen empty spiracles (ems), das Segmentpolaritätsgen engrailed (en), sowie der „Epidermal growth factor receptor“ (EGFR) und das Gen Nk6 homeobox (Nkx6) für Faktoren codieren, die als zentrale Regulatoren die DV Musterbildung in der Gehirnanlage kontrollieren. Diese Faktoren interagieren zusammen mit den ebenso evolutionär konservierten Homöobox-Genen ventral nervous system defective (vnd), intermediate neuroblasts defective (ind) und muscle segment homeobox (msh) in einem komplexen, regulatorischen DV-Netzwerk. Die im Trito (TC)- und Deutocerebrum (DC) entschlüsselten genetischen Interaktionen basieren überwiegend auf wechselseitiger Repression. Dementsprechend sorgen 1) Vnd und Ems durch gegenseitige Repression für eine frühe DV-Unterteilung des NE, und 2) wechselseitige Repression zwischen Nkx6 und Msh, als auch zwischen Ind und Msh für die Aufrechterhaltung der Grenze zwischen intermediärem und dorsalem NE. 3) Sowohl Ind als auch Msh sind in der Lage, die Expression von vnd zu inhibieren. Ferner konnte gezeigt werden, dass Vnd durch Repression von Msh als positiver Regulator von Nkx6 fungiert. Überdies beeinflusst Vnd die Expression von ind in segment-spezifischer Art und Weise: Vnd reprimiert ind-Expression im TC, sorgt jedoch für eine positive Regulation von ind im DC durch Repression von Msh. Auch der EGFR-Signalweg ist an der frühen DV-Regionalisierung des Gehirns beteiligt, indem er durch positive Regulation der msh-Repressoren Vnd, Ind und Nkx6 dazu beiträgt, dass die Expression von msh auf dorsales NE beschränkt bleibt. Ferner stellte sich heraus, dass das AP-Musterbildungsgen ems die Expression der DV-Gene kontrolliert und umgekehrt: Ems ist für die Aktivierung von Nkx6, ind und msh in TC und DC erforderlich ist, während Nkx6 und Ind zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt benötigt werden, um ems im intermediären DC gemeinsam zu reprimieren. Überdies konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Segmentpolaritätsgen en Aspekte der Expression von vnd, ind und msh in segment-spezifischer Art und Weise reguliert. En reprimiert ind und msh, hält jedoch vnd-Expression im DC aufrecht; im TC wird En benötigt, um die Expression von Msh herunter zu regulieren und somit die Aktivierung von ind dort zu ermöglichen.rnrnZusammengenommen zeigen diese Ergebnisse, dass AP Musterbildungsfaktoren in umfangreichen Maß die Expression der DV Gene im Gehirn (und VNS) kontrollieren. Ferner deuten diese Daten darauf hin, dass sich das „Konzept der ventralen Dominanz“, welches für die DV-Musterbildung im VNS postuliert wurde, nicht auf das genregulatorische Netzwerk im Gehirn übertragen lässt, da Interaktionen zwischen den beteiligten Faktoren hauptsächlich auf wechselseitiger (und nicht einseitiger) Repression basieren. Zudem scheint das Konzept der ventralen Dominanz auch für das VNS nicht uneingeschränkt zu gelten, da in dieser Arbeit u.a. gezeigt werden konnte, dass dorsal exprimiertes Msh in der Lage ist, intermediäres ind zu reprimieren. Interessanterweise ist gegenseitige Repression von Homöodomänen-Proteinen im sich entwickelnden Neuralrohr von Vertebraten weit verbreitet und darüberhinaus essenziell für den Aufbau diskreter DV-Vorläuferdomänen, und weist insofern eine große Ähnlichkeit zu den in dieser Arbeit beschriebenen DV-Musterbildungsvorgängen im frühembryonalen Fliegengehirn auf.rn

Ein räumliches Orientierungsgedächtnis im Zentralkomplex von Drosophila melanogaster und die spezifische Rolle von ellipsoid-body-open

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden zwei Strukturmutationslinien von Drosophila melanogaster, grf und ebo, hinsichtlich ihres Lauf- und Orientierungsverhaltens im Buridanschen sowie im Detour-Paradigma untersucht. Als Kernthema der Arbeit entwickelte sich rasch die molekulare Analyse von ebo in Bezug auf das räumliche Orientierungsgedächtnis, da ebo-mutante Fliegen Letzteres nicht zeigen. Durch Wiederherstellen der EBO-Funktion kann der Verhaltensphänotyp der ebo-Mutante in jeder Ringneuronengruppe des Ellipsoidkörpers gerettet werden, jedoch nicht der Strukturdefekt. Zudem wird zur Ausbildung des Orientierungsgedächtnisses EBO nicht während der Entwicklung, sondern akut benötigt. Aufgrund der Tatsache, dass ebo für das nukleäre Protein Exportin6 codiert, und selbiges für den Export von Aktin-Profilin-Komplexen aus dem Zellkern verantwortlich ist (STÜVEN ET AL., 2003), zeigen ebo-Tiere nukleäre Aktin-Akkumulationen sowohl während der Entwicklung in Speicheldrüsen als auch im adulten Gehirn, was mittels Expression eines Actin::GFP-Fusionsproteins gezeigt wurde. Die genetischen Interaktionsexperimente zeigen, dass der anatomische Defekt von ebo durch eine reduzierte Aktin-Polymerisation erfolgt, für den Verhaltensphänotyp jedoch die Aktin-Anreicherung in den Zellkernen von Ringneuronen des Ellipsoidkörpers ursächlich ist. Die erstaunliche Redundanz der Ringneurone in Bezug auf die Rettung des Verhaltensphänotyps legt nahe, dass diffusible Faktoren eine wichtige Rolle für die Ausbildung eines Orientierungsgedächtnisses spielen. Bezüglich dieser Hypothese konnte nachgeweisen werden, dass durch FMRFamid-RNAi in R2- und R4-Ringneuronen des Ellipsoidkörpers das Orientierungsgedächtnis zerstört wird. Eine daraufhin durchgeführte Antikörperfärbung gegen pro-FMRFa in wildtypischen und ebo-mutanten Gehirnen ergab jedoch keine Verschiedenheit die Menge oder Lokalisation betreffend. Die bei ebo vorhandene Anreicherung von Aktin im Zellkern bewirkt, dass die Aktin-Monomere im Nucleus an den Cofaktor dMRTF (Mrtf) binden und diesen somit inaktivieren. Dadurch kann der Transkriptionsfaktor dSRF (bs) nicht mehr durch dMRTF aktiviert werden, was den Orientierungsgedächtnis-Verlust bewirkt. Da es jedoch unwahrscheinlich ist, dass ein Gedächtnis, welches nur wenige Sekunden andauert, von Transkriptionsregulation abhängt, könnte dSRF auch die Genexpression von Molekülen, die schnelle Veränderungen synaptischer Transmission der Ringneurone vermitteln, modulieren. Für die Zukunft wäre es demnach von enormer Bedeutung, weitere Zielgene von dSRF aufzuklären und zu analysieren.

Blood-CNS barriers in neurodegenerative diseases

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) separate the brain and the spinal cord from the circulating blood and are important for the maintenance of the CNS homeostasis. They build a physical barrier thereby protecting the CNS from pathogens and toxic agents, and their disruption plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of several CNS disorders. In this thesis, the blood-CNS-barriers were studied via in vitro models in two case studies for neurodegenerative disorders, in particular Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The first model evaluates treatment possibilities of AD using nanotechnology-based strategies. Since the toxic amyloid-β42 (Aβ42) peptide plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AD, reduced generation or enhanced clearance of Aβ42 peptides are expected to modify the disease course in AD. Therefore, several Aβ42-lowering drugs like flurbiprofen had been tested in clinical trials, but most of them failed due to their low brain penetration. Here, flurbiprofen was embedded in polylactide (PLA) nanoparticles and its transport was examined in an in vitro BBB model. The embedding of flurbiprofen into the nanoparticles disguised its cytotoxic potential and enabled the administration of higher drug concentrations which resulted in a sufficient transport of the drug across an endothelial cell monolayer. These results demonstrate that non-permeable drugs can be transported efficiently via nanoparticles and that these nanotechnology-based strategies are a promising tool to generate novel therapeutic options for AD and other CNS diseases. rnThe focus of the second project was to investigate the impaired integrity of the BSCB in a mouse model for ALS. About 20% of all familial ALS cases are associated with missense mutations or small deletions in the gene that encodes Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). To date, the molecular mechanisms resulting in ALS are still unknown, but there is evidence that the disruption of the BSCB is one of the primary pathological events. In both familial and sporadic ALS patients, loss of endothelial integrity and endothelial cell damage was observed, and studies with SOD1 transgenic mice demonstrated that the BSCB disruption was found prior to motor neuron degeneration and neurovascular inflammation. Thus, an in vitro model for ALS endothelial cells was generated which exhibited comparable integrity characteristics and tight junction (TJ) protein expression profiles as isolated primary endothelial cells of the BSCB of SOD1 transgenic mice. In this, an alteration of the βcat/AKT/FoxO1 pathway, which regulates the expression of the TJ protein claudin-5, could be observed. These data furthermore indicate that ALS is a neurovascular disease, and understanding of the primary events in ALS pathogenesis will hopefully provide ideas for the development of new therapeutic strategies. rn