Palynology on lake sediments from the Pyrenees

A multi-proxy palaeoecological investigation including pollen, plant macrofossil, radiocarbon and sedimentological analyses, was performed on a small mountain lake in the Eastern Pyrenees. This has allowed the reconstruction of: (1) the vegetation history of the area based on five pollen diagrams and eight AMS14C dates and (2) the past lake-level changes, based on plant macrofossil, lithological and pollen analysis of two stratigraphical transects correlated by pollen analysis. The palaeolake may have appeared before the Younger Dryas; the lake-level was low and the vegetation dominated by cold steppic grasslands. The lake-level rose to its highest level during the Holocene in the Middle Atlantic (at ca. 5060±45 b.p.). Postglacial forests (Quercetum mixtum and Abieto-Fagetum) developed progressively in the lower part of the valley, while dense Pinus uncinata forests rapidly invaded the surroundings of the mire and remained the dominant local vegetation until present. The observed lowering of the lake levels during the Late Atlantic and the Subboreal (from 5060 ± B.P. to 3590±40 b.p.) was related to the overgrowth of the mire. The first obvious indications of anthropogenic disturbances of the vegetation are recorded at the Atlantic/Subboreal boundary as a reduction in the forest component, which has accelerated during the last two millennia.

Ferulates and lignin structural composition in cork

The structure of lignin and suberin, and ferulic acid (FA) content in cork from Quercus suber L. were studied. Extractive-free cork (Cork), suberin, desuberized cork (Cork(sap)), and milled-cork lignins (MCL) from Cork and Cork(sap) were isolated. Suberin composition was determined by GC-MS/FID, whereas the polymers structure in Cork, Corksap, and MCL was studied by Py-TMAH and 2D-HSQC-NMR. Suberin contained 94.4% of aliphatics and 3.2% of phenolics, with 90% of omega-hydroxyacids and alpha,omega-diacids. FA represented 2.7% of the suberin monomers, overwhelmingly esterified to the cork matrix. Py-TMAH revealed significant FA amounts in all samples, with about 3% and 6% in cork and cork lignins, respectively. Py-TMAH and 2D-HSQC-NMR demonstrated that cork lignin is a G-lignin (>96% G units), with a structure dominated by beta-O-4' alkyl-aryl ether linkages (80% and 77% of all linkages in MCL and MCLsap, respectively), followed by phenylcoumarans (18% and 20% in MCL and MCLsap, respectively), and smaller amounts of resinols (ca. 2%) and dibenzodioxocins (1%). HSQC also revealed that cork lignin is heavily acylated (ca. 50%) exclusively at the side-chain gamma-position. Ferulates possibly have an important function in the chemical assembly of cork cell walls with a cross-linking role between suberin, lignin and carbohydrates.

Fitocenoses espontâneas dos sobreirais alentejanos: factores ambientais e dinâmica da vegetação associada a condições de mortalidade das árvores. Contribuição para o seu estudo no concelho de Santiago do Cacém

Relatório de Estágio do Curso de Engenheiro Florestal (Gestão de Recursos Naturais) / Instituto Superior de Agronomia

The role of forest certification for the conservation of biodiversity and sustainability of cork oak woodlands

Doutoramento em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Naturais - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL

An expert model approach to assess the potential of non-wood forest products for forest owners

Mestrado em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Naturais - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL

Above ground biomass estimation in Mediterranean multiple use systems with high spatial resolution satellite images

Forest biomass has been having an increasing importance in the world economy and in the evaluation of the forests development and monitoring. It was identified as a global strategic reserve, due to its applications in bioenergy, bioproduct development and issues related to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The estimation of above ground biomass is frequently done with allometric functions per species with plot inventory data. An adequate sampling design and intensity for an error threshold is required. The estimation per unit area is done using an extrapolation method. This procedure is labour demanding and costly. The mail goal of this study is the development of allometric functions for the estimation of above ground biomass with ground cover as independent variable, for forest areas of holm aok (Quercus rotundifolia), cork oak (Quercus suber) and umbrella pine (Pinus pinea) in multiple use systems. Ground cover per species was derived from crown horizontal projection obtained by processing high resolution satellite images, orthorectified, geometrically and atmospheric corrected, with multi-resolution segmentation method and object oriented classification. Forest inventory data were used to estimate plot above ground biomass with published allometric functions at tree level. The developed functions were fitted for monospecies stands and for multispecies stands of Quercus rotundifolia and Quercus suber, and Quercus suber and Pinus pinea. The stand composition was considered adding dummy variables to distinguish monospecies from multispecies stands. The models showed a good performance. Noteworthy is that the dummy variables, reflecting the differences between species, originated improvements in the models. Significant differences were found for above ground biomass estimation with the functions with and without the dummy variables. An error threshold of 10% corresponds to stand areas of about 40 ha. This method enables the overall area evaluation, not requiring extrapolation procedures, for the three species, which occur frequently in multispecies stands.

Above ground biomass functions with vegetation indices for multiple use systems of two evergreen oaks

Remote sensing is a promising approach for above ground biomass estimation, as forest parameters can be obtained indirectly. The analysis in space and time is quite straight forward due to the flexibility of the method to determine forest crown parameters with remote sensing. It can be used to evaluate and monitoring for example the development of a forest area in time and the impact of disturbances, such as silvicultural practices or deforestation. The vegetation indices, which condense data in a quantitative numeric manner, have been used to estimate several forest parameters, such as the volume, basal area and above ground biomass. The objective of this study was the development of allometric functions to estimate above ground biomass using vegetation indices as independent variables. The vegetation indices used were the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Simple Ratio (SR) and Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI). QuickBird satellite data, with 0.70 m of spatial resolution, was orthorectified, geometrically and atmospheric corrected, and the digital number were converted to top of atmosphere reflectance (ToA). Forest inventory data and published allometric functions at tree level were used to estimate above ground biomass per plot. Linear functions were fitted for the monospecies and multispecies stands of two evergreen oaks (Quercus suber and Quercus rotundifolia) in multiple use systems, montados. The allometric above ground biomass functions were fitted considering the mean and the median of each vegetation index per grid as independent variable. Species composition as a dummy variable was also considered as an independent variable. The linear functions with better performance are those with mean NDVI or mean SR as independent variable. Noteworthy is that the two better functions for monospecies cork oak stands have median NDVI or median SR as independent variable. When species composition dummy variables are included in the function (with stepwise regression) the best model has median NDVI as independent variable. The vegetation indices with the worse model performance were EVI and SAVI.

Séries de vegetação prioritárias para a conservação no centro e sul de Portugal continental

Como corolário de vários estudos geobotânicos realizados, no sudoeste Ibérico, no âmbito do seminário internacional Gestão e Conservação da Biodiversidade VIII, apresentou-se uma conferência sobre as principais séries de vegetação prioritárias para a conservação no centro e sul de Portugal continental. Assim, neste trabalho, após uma breve introdução apresenta-se uma súmula da caracterização biofísica deste território e um conjunto de séries singulares destas superfícies. Assim, selecionaram-se as séries de vegetação potencial climatófilas, edafoxerófilas e edafo-higrófilas que possuem, do ponto de vista corológico ou florístico, maior originalidade. Dentro destas, com elevado valor conservacionista, destacam-se quatro séries de sobreirais de Quercus suber, seis carvalhais de folha marcescente (três de Quercus broteroi, uma de Quercus canariensis, uma de Quercus marianaica e uma de Quercus pyrenaica), seis de zimbrais (quatro de Juniperus turbinata, uma de Juniperus navicularis e uma de Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. lagunae), um carrascal arbóreo (Quercus rivasmartinezii), um zambujal (Olea europaea var. sylvestris), um salgueiral (Salix salviifolia subsp. australis) e duas comunidades arborescentes de cursos de água torrenciais (Nerium oleander e Flueggea tinctoria). Porém, algumas destas séries encerram o seu volar, particularmente nas suas etapas seriais, essencialmente devido à presença de plantas endémicas e/ou com estatuto de proteção legal. Neste sentido, salienta-se ainda ao nível da série, a sinecologia, a sincorologia e a sinestrutura. Contudo, a revisão da dinâmica serial e os trabalhos de campo efectuados recentemente, permitiram a identificação de uma nova associação vegetal descrita no presente trabalho, no âmbito das séries de Aro neglecti-Querco suberis sigmetum. Finalmente expõem-se alguns dados relativos ao estado de conservação das etapas seriais mais próximas do clímax, apresentando-se sugestões que visam a recuperação e valorização destes habitats boscosos, tendo em vista a criação e consolidação de uma estratégia nacional de conservação.

Cork oak transplant: A new reality? A Physiological Approach to maximize sucess rate.

Cork oak tree (Quercus suber L.), in Portugal, is considered the national tree and have special demands and legal protection when dealing with silviculture management (pruning, debarking, thinning). Being a species of slow growth, cork oak transplanting procedures can be a valuable asset either from the economic or ecological rationales to relocate trees, re-populate areas affected by high tree mortality, increase tree density to control erosion on montado ecosystems or landscape design. This study focuses the impacts and physiological responses of ten juvenile rain fed cork oak trees (with diameter at breast height between 6 and 16cm), when subjected to transplant operations. The work was conducted in a cork oak woodland experimental plot at the campus of the University of Évora (SW Portugal), during the year of 2015. Tree’s transplants were performed with a truck-mounted hydraulic spade transplanter coupled with a proposed methodology to maximize tree survival rates, addressing techniques to limit canopy transpiration and to improve root systems prior to transplant. Tree ecophysiological indicators (sap flow, leaf water potentials and stomatal conductance) were monitored comprising the periods before and after transplant operations, and water stress avoidance practices were established to promote post-transplant tree status recovery, including irrigation to match average daily accumulated sap flow. Transplant operations were considered successful when the tree's water uptake inferred from sap flow exhibited a high correlation with solar radiation and returned to its undisturbed or pre-transplant water potential gradients in the following 2 to 3 weeks. The post-transplant tree nourishment follow up included permanent sap flow measurements and identified the time elapsed after transplantation from which the tree recovers its normal transpiration thresholds and response. Our results suggest that by following the proposed methodology the sampled cork oak trees exhibited a transplant success rate of 90%.

Plant/Leaf traits and adaptive strategies of Cistus species to Mediterranean drought and insolation in southern Portugal

The effects of climate change can result in dramatic consequences in specific ecosystems such as montados that are seriously threatened by the absence of cork and holm oak (Quercus suber and Q. rotundifolia) natural regeneration. Shrubs of the genus Cistus, which are among the most important elements of encroached montados, seem to promote soil rehabilitation and enhance oak regeneration (Simões et al. 2009). In this context, we compared the life strategies and evaluated the potential ability of Cistus species to adapt to the increasing drought expected for the Mediterranean region, and thus their role on the sustainability of cork oak montados.

The influence of forest management on bird communities of portuguese montados

The world distribution of cork oak Quercus suber and holm oak Q. rotundifolia is basically restricted to the western Mediterranean basin. These two evergreen oaks are the base of the Portuguese montado and the Spanish dehesa. This thesis aims to analyse how bird communities of the montado are influenced by management practices. We used different approaches to study this relationship, and to evaluate which features are responsible for species distribution in different typologies of montado. First, we reviewed the concept of montado in order to better understand the system and to set thresholds on what can be considered as montado. Afterwards, we studied the elements that promote higher species diversity and individual species, or group of species, that can act as indicators of High Nature Value for montados. Finally, we evaluated how the bird communities are structured, and the influence of the main management actions (e.g. cattle and cork exploitation) on those communities; Resumo: A distribuição mundial do sobreiro Quercus suber e da azinheira Quercus rotundifolia é praticamente restrita à bacia do Mediterrâneo. Estas duas espécies de carvalhos são a base dos montados em Portugal e das dehesas em Espanha. No âmbito desta tese analisamos como as comunidades de aves do montado são influenciadas pela gestão florestal. Para este efeito usámos diferentes abordagens e avaliámos quais as características do montado responsáveis pela distribuição das espécies ao longo das suas diferentes tipologias. Fizemos uma revisão do conceito de montado e proposemos uma definição para o sistema, englobando a sua multifuncionalidade. Estudámos os elementos singulares que promovem a diversidade de aves e que podem ser simultaneamente indicadores de áreas de Alto Valor Natural (HNV). Por fim, avaliámos qual a influência da gestão (p. ex. pastoreio e descortiçamento) na estruturação das comunidades de aves.

Anàlisi de la capacitat de regeneració en estadis inicials del desenvolupament en diverses espècies mediterrànies del gènere Quercus

Aquest treball es centra en l'estudi de la regeneració vegetativa en els estadis inicials del desenvolupament de Quercus coccifera, Q. humilis, Q. ilex i Q. suber, analitzant la capacitat de rebrotada després de l'eliminació de la biomassa aèria. S'ha realitzat una descripció, a nivell histològic, de l'ontogènesi del nus cotiledonar des de l'embrió fins a la plàntula de mig any d'edat de Q. coccifera, Q. humilis i Q. ilex. Així mateix, s'ha analitzat el contingut de midó i de nitrogen a la primavera, l'estiu i l'hivern en diferents parts de les plàntules de les quatre espècies, avaluant, alhora, l'efecte de la tala. D'altra banda, també s'ha estudiat la biometria de les glans, la capacitat de germinació i el creixement de les plàntules de les quatre espècies de Quercus. A partir dels resultats s'ha comprovat que les glans de Q. suber, en general, són més grans, tant en diàmetre com en longitud, i tenen un pes superior, mentre que les de Q. ilex són més petites i pesen menys. En les quatre espècies estudiades, el pes de la llavor està determinat per la longitud i el diàmetre, si bé, també hi ha un cert efecte de l'espècie. Amb les dades obtingudes de les tres variables de la gla s'ha calculat una funció discriminant a partir de la qual es pot determinar, amb un alt grau d'encert, a quina espècie pertany una determinada gla coneixent la mida i el pes. En relació a la capacitat de germinació, en Q. coccifera i Q. ilex la germinació depèn del pes de la gla, mentre que en Q. humilis i Q. suber és independent. Així mateix, també s'ha comprovat que el pes de la llavor afecta positivament en el creixement de les plàntules de tres i sis mesos d'edat. Possiblement un major pes de la gla implica un contingut de substàncies de reserva més elevat, i per tant representa un major subministrament de nutrients cap a la planta, repercutint així en el seu creixement inicial. En plàntules de nou mesos d'edat ja no s'ha trobat relació entre el pes de la gla i el creixement de la planta, la qual cosa es podria explicar pel fet que les substàncies de reserva de la llavor s'han esgotat. Pel que fa al creixement de la plàntula, les plàntules de Q. ilex han tingut la major taxa de creixement per quasi totes les variables estudiades. En aquesta espècie, al principi de l'experiment la grandària de les plàntules ha estat baixa, però al final han crescut més que les de les altres espècies. Les plàntules de Q. coccifera han presentat la menor taxa. En les plàntules de les quatre espècies s'ha constatat, també, que la biomassa del sistema radicular és superior a la de l'aeri. Les plàntules de Q. coccifera i Q. humilis han tingut una relació BA/BR (biomassa aèria/biomassa radicular) més baixa que les de Q. ilex i Q. suber. En espècies mediterrànies s'ha relacionat sovint una baixa relació BA/BR com una adaptació a la sequera. No obstant això, Q. humilis és una espècie que viu en zones més humides que la resta d'espècies estudiades. En referència a la regeneració vegetativa, amb aquest estudi es demostra que les plàntules de les quatre espècies tenen una elevada capacitat d'emissió de rebrots, quan s'elimina la biomassa aèria per sobre la zona d'inserció dels cotilèdons. Tanmateix, el grau de supervivència difereix segons l'espècie i la intervenció. Així, per exemple, les plàntules de Q. ilex han presentat una major mortalitat tant en la primera com en la segona tala, mentre que en Q. humilis i Q. suber la supervivència de les plàntules ha disminuït després de talar dues vegades. En el cas de Q. coccifera el grau de supervivència és bastant similar tant en la primera com en la segona intervenció. La tala successiva afecta negativament al vigor dels rebrots en Q. coccifera, Q. humilis i Q. ilex. Ara bé, en el cas de Q. suber s'ha trobat que els rebrots emesos després de talar dues vegades han estat més grans que els obtinguts després d'una sola tala. Després de tallar la biomassa aèria per sobre la zona d'inserció dels cotilèdons, els rebrots s'originen a partir de les gemmes del nus cotiledonar. L'estudi de l'ontogènesi del nus cotiledonar ens ha permès de constatar que el patró de desenvolupament d'aquest en Q. coccifera, Q. humilis i Q. ilex és similar, però difereix del descrit per a Q. suber. En les tres primeres espècies el nus cotiledonar pràcticament no s'allarga i només es desenvolupen gemmes cotiledonars just en l'axil·la del pecíol cotiledonar. En aquest sentit, cal ressaltar que en el cas de Q. coccifera i Q. ilex les gemmes es formen després de germinar la gla, mentre que en Q. humilis i Q. suber són ja presents en l'embrió. Tal i com també s'ha descrit en Q. suber, en l'estadi de plàntula, en Q. coccifera, Q. humilis i Q. ilex a l'axil·la de la gemma cotiledonar proliferen noves gemmes, de tal manera que es formen plaques de gemmes. Les anàlisis del contingut de midó han permès de determinar que el sistema radicular de les plàntules de Q. coccifera, Q. humilis, Q. ilex i Q. suber conté aproximadament un 90% del midó de tota la planta. Concretament de les diferents fraccions del sistema radicular (nus cotiledonar, 11 pimers centímetres de l'arrel i resta de l'arrel) la major concentració de midó es troba ens els 11 primers cm de l'arrel, que en el cas de Q. suber correspon al nus cotiledonar. Quant a les estacions, a l'estiu la concentració de midó de la part aèria i radicular disminueix en Q. coccifera, Q. humilis i Q. ilex, si bé es recuperen a l'hivern. En canvi en el cas de Q. suber els nivells més baixos de midó s'han obtingut a l'hivern. La tala provoca una disminució dels nivells de midó, ja que una part d'aquest és mobilitzat per a la síntesi dels nous brots. En les quatre espècies la major proporció de midó mobilitzat és en els primers 11 cm de l'arrel, és a dir, el nus cotiledonar en el cas de Q. suber. Per tant, amb aquest estudi es reafirma que el nus cotiledonar de Q. suber és un lignotúber. Tanmateix, Q. coccifera, Q. humilis i Q. ilex no presenten cap lignotúber o estructura especialitzada en la rebrotada, si bé el fet de tenir gemmes i substàncies de reserva els confereix igualment una elevada capacitat per rebrotar. En relació al nitrogen, en les quatre espècies el sistema radicular presenta aproximadament el 70% del nitrogen total de la planta. A l'estiu, la concentració de nitrogen del sistema radicular de Q. humilis i Q. suber és més baixa que a l'hivern, mentre que en Q. coccifera i Q. ilex els valors són bastant similars en ambdues estacions. La tala no provoca una davallada dels nivells de midó, això possiblement es degui a que les plàntules van rebre continuament un aport de nitrogen a través de l'aigua de reg.