960 resultados para Presynaptic Ca2 Channels
Molecular mechanism of use-dependent calcium channel block by phenylalkylamines: Role ofinactivation
Resumo:
The role of channel inactivation in the molecular mechanism of calcium (Ca2+) channel block by phenylalkylamines (PAA) was analyzed by designing mutant Ca2+ channels that carry the high affinity determinants of the PAA receptor site [Hockerman, G. H., Johnson, B. D., Scheuer, T., and Catterall, W. A. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 2211922122] but inactivate at different rates. Use-dependent block by PAAs was studied after expressing the mutant Ca2+ channels in Xenopus oocytes. Substitution of single putative pore-orientated amino acids in segment IIIS6 by alanine (F-1499-A, F-1500-A, F-1510-A, I-1514-A, and F-1515-A) gradually slowed channel inactivation and simultaneously reduced inhibition of barium currents (IBa) by ()D600 upon depolarization by 100 ms steps at 0.1 Hz. This apparent reduction in drug sensitivity was only evident if test pulses were applied at a low frequency of 0.1 Hz and almost disappeared at the frequency of 1 Hz. ()D600 slowed IBa recovery after maintained membrane depolarization (13 sec) to a comparable extent in all channel constructs. A drug-induced delay in the onset of IBa recovery from inactivation suggests that PAAs promote the transition to a deep inactivated channel conformation. These findings indicate that apparent PAA sensitivity of Ca2+ channels is not only defined by drug interaction with its receptor site but also crucially dependent on intrinsic gating properties of the channel molecule. A molecular model for PAA-Ca2+ channel interaction that accounts for the relationship between drug induced inactivation and channel block by PAA is proposed.
Resumo:
Bath application of compound T-588, a neuroprotective agent, reduced paired-pulse and repetitive-pulse facilitation at mammalian and crustacean neuromuscular junctions. In addition, it reduced voltage-gated sodium and potassium currents in a use-dependent fashion, but had only a small effect on the presynaptic Ca2+ conductance. By contrast, it blocked FM 143 vesicular uptake but not its release, in both species. Postsynaptically, T-588 reduced acetylcholine currents at the mammalian junction in a voltage-independent manner, but had no effect on the crayfish glutamate junction. All of these effects were rapidly reversible and were observed at concentrations close to the compounds acute protective level. We propose that this set of mechanisms, which reduces high-frequency synaptic transmission, is an important contributory factor in the neuroprotective action of T-588.
Resumo:
Neuronal Ca2+ channels are inhibited by a variety of transmitter receptors coupled to Go-type GTP-binding proteins. Go has been postulated to work via a direct interaction between an activated G protein subunit and the Ca2+ channel complex. Here we show that the inhibition of sensory neuron N-type Ca2+ channels produced by -aminobutyric acid involves a novel, rapidly activating tyrosine kinase signaling pathway that is mediated by Go and a src-like kinase. In contrast to other recently described G protein-coupled tyrosine kinase pathways, the Go-mediated modulation requires neither protein kinase C nor intracellular Ca2+. The results suggest that this pathway mediates rapid receptor-G protein signaling in the nervous system and support the existence of a previously unrecognized form of crosstalk between G protein and tyrosine kinase pathways.
Resumo:
Neuronal nitric oxide (NO) synthase (nNOS) is dynamically regulated in response to a variety of physiologic and pathologic stimuli. Although the dynamic regulation of nNOS is well established, the molecular mechanisms by which such diverse stimuli regulate nNOS expression have not yet been identified. We describe experiments demonstrating that Ca2+ entry through voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels regulates nNOS expression through alternate promoter usage in cortical neurons and that nNOS exon 2 contains the regulatory sequences that respond to Ca2+. Deletion and mutational analysis of the nNOS exon 2 promoter reveals two critical cAMP/Ca2+ response elements (CREs) that are immediately upstream of the transcription start site. CREB binds to the CREs within the nNOS gene. Mutation of the nNOS CREs as well as blockade of CREB function results in a dramatic loss of nNOS transcription. These findings suggest that nNOS is a Ca2+-regulated gene through the interactions of CREB on the CREs within the nNOS exon 2 promoter and that these interactions are likely to be centrally involved in the regulation of nNOS in response to neuronal injury and activity-dependent plasticity.
Resumo:
In addition to their well-known functions in cellular energy transduction, mitochondria play an important role in modulating the amplitude and time course of intracellular Ca2+ signals. In many cells, mitochondria act as Ca2+ buffers by taking up and releasing Ca2+, but this simple buffering action by itself often cannot explain the organelle's effects on Ca2+ signaling dynamics. Here we describe the functional interaction of mitochondria with store-operated Ca2+ channels in T lymphocytes as a mechanism of mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling. In Jurkat T cells with functional mitochondria, prolonged depletion of Ca2+ stores causes sustained activation of the store-operated Ca2+ current, ICRAC (CRAC, Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+). Inhibition of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake by compounds that dissipate the intramitochondrial potential unmasks Ca2+-dependent inactivation of ICRAC. Thus, functional mitochondria are required to maintain CRAC-channel activity, most likely by preventing local Ca2+ accumulation near sites that govern channel inactivation. In cells stimulated through the T-cell antigen receptor, acute blockade of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake inhibits the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NFAT in parallel with CRAC channel activity and [Ca2+]i elevation, indicating a functional link between mitochondrial regulation of ICRAC and T-cell activation. These results demonstrate a role for mitochondria in controlling Ca2+ channel activity and signal transmission from the plasma membrane to the nucleus.
Resumo:
Signaling between cell membrane-bound L-type Ca2+ channels (LTCC) and ryanodine receptor Ca2+ release channels (RyR) on sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) stores grades excitationcontraction coupling (ECC) in striated muscle. A physical connection regulates LTCC and RyR in skeletal muscle, but the molecular mechanism for coordinating LTCC and RyR in cardiomyocytes, where this physical link is absent, is unknown. Calmodulin kinase (CaMK) has characteristics suitable for an ECC coordinating molecule: it is activated by Ca2+/calmodulin, it regulates LTCC and RyR, and it is enriched in the vicinity of LTCC and RyR. Intact cardiomyocytes were studied under conditions where CaMK activity could be controlled independently of intracellular Ca2+ by using an engineered Ca2+-independent form of CaMK and a highly specific CaMK inhibitory peptide. CaMK reciprocally enhanced L-type Ca2+ current and reduced release of Ca2+ from the SR while increasing SR Ca2+ content. These findings support the hypothesis that CaMK is required to functionally couple LTCC and RyR during cardiac ECC.
Resumo:
Activation of distinct classes of potassium channels can dramatically affect the frequency and the pattern of neuronal firing. In a subpopulation of vagal afferent neurons (nodose ganglion neurons), the pattern of impulse activity is effectively modulated by a Ca2+-dependent K+ current. This current produces a post-spike hyperpolarization (AHPslow) that plays a critical role in the regulation of membrane excitability and is responsible for spike-frequency accommodation in these neurons. Inhibition of the AHPslow by a number of endogenous autacoids (e.g., histamine, serotonin, prostanoids, and bradykinin) results in an increase in the firing frequency of vagal afferent neurons from <0.1 to >10 Hz. After a single action potential, the AHPslow in nodose neurons displays a slow rise time to peak (0.30.5 s) and a long duration (315 s). The slow kinetics of the AHPslow are due, in part, to Ca2+ discharge from an intracellular Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR) pool. Action potential-evoked Ca2+ influx via either L or N type Ca2+ channels triggers CICR. Surprisingly, although L type channels generate 60% of action potential-induced CICR, only Ca2+ influx through N type Ca2+ channels can trigger the CICR-dependent AHPslow. These observations suggest that a close physical proximity exists between endoplasmic reticulum ryanodine receptors and plasma membrane N type Ca2+ channels and AHPslow potassium channels. Such an anatomical relation might be particularly beneficial for modulation of spike-frequency adaptation in vagal afferent neurons.
Resumo:
Oxidative burst constitutes an early response in plant defense reactions toward pathogens, but active oxygen production may also be induced by other stimuli. The oxidative response of suspension-cultured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv Xanthi) cells to hypoosmotic and mechanical stresses was characterized. The oxidase involved in the hypoosmotic stress response showed similarities by its NADPH dependence and its inhibition by iodonium diphenyl with the neutrophil NADPH oxidase. Activation of the oxidative response by hypoosmotic stress needed protein phosphorylation and anion effluxes, as well as opening of Ca2+ channels. Inhibition of the oxidative response impaired Cl efflux, K+ efflux, and extracellular alkalinization, suggesting that the oxidative burst may play a role in ionic flux regulation. Active oxygen species also induced the cross-linking of a cell wall protein, homologous to a soybean (Glycine max L.) extensin, that may act as part of cell volume and turgor regulation through modification of the physical properties of the cell wall.
Resumo:
Al toxicity is a major problem that limits crop productivity on acid soils. It has been suggested that Al toxicity is linked to changes in cellular Ca homeostasis and the blockage of plasma membrane Ca2+-permeable channels. BY-2 suspension-cultured cells of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) exhibit rapid cell expansion that is sensitive to Al. Therefore, the effect of Al on changes in cytoplasmic free Ca concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) was followed in BY-2 cells to assess whether Al perturbed cellular Ca homeostasis. Al exposure resulted in a prolonged reduction in [Ca2+]cyt and inhibition of growth that was similar to the effect of the Ca2+ channel blocker La3+ and the Ca2+ chelator ethyleneglycol-bis(-aminoethyl ether)-N,N-tetraacetic acid. The Ca2+ channel blockers verapamil and nifedipine did not induce a decrease in [Ca2+]cyt in these cells and also failed to inhibit growth. Al and La3+, but not verapamil or nifedipine, reduced the rate of Mn2+ quenching of Indo-1 fluorescence, which is consistent with the blockage of Ca2+- and Mn2+-permeable channels. These results suggest that Al may act to block Ca2+ channels at the plasma membrane of plant cells and this action may play a crucial role in the phytotoxic activity of the Al ion.
Resumo:
Squid synaptotagmin (Syt) cDNA, including its open reading frame, was cloned and polyclonal antibodies were obtained in rabbits immunized with glutathione S-transferase (GST)-Syt-C2A. Binding assays indicated that the antibody, anti-Syt-C2A, recognized squid Syt and inhibited the Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipid binding to the C2A domain. This antibody, when injected into the preterminal at the squid giant synapse, blocked transmitter release in a manner similar to that previously reported for the presynaptic injection of members of the inositol high-polyphosphate series. The block was not accompanied by any change in the presynaptic action potential or the amplitude or voltage dependence of the presynaptic Ca2+ current. The postsynaptic potential was rather insensitive to repetitive presynaptic stimulation, indicating a direct effect of the antibody on the transmitter release system. Following block of transmitter release, confocal microscopical analysis of the preterminal junction injected with rhodamine-conjugated anti-Syt-C2A demonstrated fluorescent spots at the inner surface of the presynaptic plasmalemma next to the active zones. Structural analysis of the same preparations demonstrated an accumulation of synaptic vesicles corresponding in size and distribution to the fluorescent spots demonstrated confocally. Together with the finding that such antibody prevents Ca2+ binding to a specific receptor in the C2A domain, these results indicate that Ca2+ triggers transmitter release by activating the C2A domain of Syt. We conclude that the C2A domain is directly related to the fusion of synaptic vesicles that results in transmitter release.
Resumo:
"Snapshot" images of localized Ca2+ influx into patch-clamped chromaffin cells were captured by using a recently developed pulsed-laser imaging system. Transient opening of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels gave rise to localized elevations of Ca2+ that had the appearance of either "hotspots" or partial rings found immediately beneath the plasma membrane. When the Ca2+ imaging technique was employed in conjunction with flame-etched carbon-fiber electrodes to spatially map the release sites of catecholamines, it was observed that the sites of Ca2+ entry and catecholamine release were colocalized. These results provide functional support for the idea that secretion occurs from "active zone"-like structures in neuroendocrine cells.
Resumo:
Receptores purinrgicos e canais de clcio voltagem-dependentes esto envolvidos em diversos processos biolgicos como na gastrulao, durante o desenvolvimento embrionrio, e na diferenciao neural. Quando ativados, canais de clcio voltagem-dependentes e receptores purinrgicos do tipo P2, ativados por nucleotdeos, desencadeiam transientes de clcio intracelulares controlando diversos processos biolgicos. Neste trabalho, ns estudamos a participao de canais de clcio voltagem-dependentes e receptores do tipo P2 na gerao de transientes de clcio espontneos e sua regulao na expresso de fatores de transcrio relacionados com a neurognese utilizando como modelo clulas tronco (CTE) induzidas diferenciao em clulas tronco neurais (NSC) com cido retinico. Descrevemos que CTE indiferenciadas podem ter a proliferao acelerada pela ativao de receptores P2X7, enquanto que a expresso e a atividade desse receptor precisam ser inibidas para o progresso da diferenciao em neuroblasto. Alm disso, ao longo da diferenciao neural, por anlise em tempo real dos nveis de clcio intracelular livre identificamos 3 padres de oscilaes espontneas de clcio (onda, pico e unique), e mostramos que ondas e picos tiveram a frequncia e amplitude aumentadas conforme o andamento da diferenciao. Clulas tratadas com o inibidor do receptor de inositol 1,4,5-trifosfato (IP3R), Xestospongin C, apresentaram picos mas no ondas, indicando que ondas dependem exclusivamente de clcio oriundo do retculo endoplasmtico pela ativao de IP3R. NSC de telencfalo de embrio de camundongos transgnicos ou pr-diferenciadas de CTE tratadas com Bz-ATP, o agonista do receptor P2X7, e com 2SUTP, agonista de P2Y2 e P2Y4, aumentaram a frequncia e a amplitude das oscilaes espontneas de clcio do tipo pico. Dados, obtidos por microscopia de luminescncia, da expresso em tempo real de gene reprter luciferase fusionado Mash1 e Ngn2 revelou que a ativao dos receptores P2Y2/P2Y4 aumentou a expresso estvel de Mash1 enquanto que ativao do receptor P2X7 levou ao aumento de Ngn2. Alm disso, clulas na presena do quelante de clcio extracelular (EGTA) ou do depletor dos estoques intracelulares de clcio do retculo endoplasmtico (thapsigargin) apresentaram reduo na expresso de Mash1 e Ngn2, indicando que ambos so regulados pela sinalizao de clcio. A investigao dos canais de clcio voltagem-dependentes demonstrou que o influxo de clcio gerado por despolarizao da membrana de NSC diferenciadas de CTE decorrente da ativao de canais de clcio voltagem-dependentes do tipo L. Alm disso, esse influxo pode controlar o destino celular por estabilizar expresso de Mash1 e induzir a diferenciao neuronal por fosforilao e translocao do fator de transcrio CREB. Esses dados sugerem que os receptores P2X7, P2Y2, P2Y4 e canais de clcio voltagem-dependentes do tipo L podem modular as oscilaes espontneas de clcio durante a diferenciao neural e consequentemente alteram o padro de expresso de Mash1 e Ngn2 favorecendo a deciso do destino celular neuronal.
Resumo:
Les canaux calciques de type L CaV1.2 sont principalement responsables de lentree des ions calcium pendant la phase plateau du potentiel daction des cardiomyocytes ventriculaires. Cet influx calcique est requis pour initier la contraction du muscle cardiaque. Le canal CaV1.2 est un complexe oligomerique qui est compose de la sous-unite principale CaV1 et des sous-unites auxiliaires CaV et CaV21. CaV joue un role determinant dans ladressage membranaire de la sous-unite CaV1. CaV21 stabilise letat ouvert du canal mais le mecanisme moleculaire responsable de cette modulation na pas ete encore identifie. Nous avons recemment montre que cette modulation requiert une expression membranaire significative de CaV21 (Bourdin et al. 2015). CaV21 est une glycoproteine qui possede 16 sites potentiels de glycosylation de type N. Nous avons donc evalue le role de la glycosylation de type-N dans ladressage membranaire et la stabilite de CaV21. Nous avons dabord confirme que la proteine CaV21 recombinante, telle la proteine endogene, est significativement glycosylee puisque le traitement a la PNGase F se traduit par une diminution de 50 kDa de sa masse moleculaire, ce qui est compatible avec la presence de 16 sites Asn. Il sest avere par ailleurs que la mutation simultanee de 6/16 sites (6xNQ) est suffisante pour 1) reduire significativement la densite de surface de! CaV21 telle que mesuree par cytometrie en flux et par imagerie confocale 2) accelerer les cinetiques de degradation telle questimee apres arret de la synthese proteique et 3) diminuer la modulation fonctionnelle des courants generes par CaV1.2 telle quevaluee par la methode du patch-clamp . Les effets les plus importants ont toutefois ete obtenus avec les mutants N663Q, et les doubles mutants N348Q/N468Q, N348Q/N812Q, N468Q/N812Q. Ensemble, ces resultats montrent que Asn663 et a un moindre degre Asn348, Asn468 et Asn812 contribuent a la biogenese et la stabilite de CaV21 et confirment que la glycosylation de type N de CaV21 est necessaire a la fonction du canal calcique cardiaque de type L.
Resumo:
It has been shown that P auxiliary subunits increase current amplitude in voltage-dependent calcium channels. In this study, however, we found a hovel inhibitory effect of beta3 Subunit on macroscopic Ba2+ currents through recombinant N- and R-type calcium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Overexpressed beta3 (12.5 ng/ cell cRNA) significantly suppressed N- and R-type, but not L-type, calcium channel currents at physiological holding potentials (HPs) of -60 and -80 mV At a HP of -80 mV, coinjection of various concentrations (0-12.5 ng) of the beta3 with Ca,.2.2alpha(1) and alpha(2)delta enhanced the maximum conductance of expressed channels at lower beta3 concentrations but at higher concentrations (>2.5 ng/cell) caused a marked inhibition. The beta3-induced Current suppression was reversed at a HP of - 120 mV, suggesting that the inhibition was voltage dependent. A high concentration of Ba-2divided by (40 mM) as a charge carrier also largely diminished the effect of P3 at -80 mV Therefore, experimental conditions (HP, divalent cation concentration, and P3 subunit concentration) approaching normal physiological conditions were critical to elucidate the full extent of this novel P3 effect. Steady-state inactivation curves revealed that N-type channels exhibited closed-state inactivation without P3, and that P3 caused an similar to40 mV negative shift of the inactivation, producing a second component with an inactivation midpoint of approximately -85 mV The inactivation of N-type channels in the presence of a high concentration (12.5 ng/cell) of P3 developed slowly and the time-dependent inactivation curve was best fit by the sum of two exponential functions with time constants of 14 s and 8.8 min at -80 mV Similar ultra-slow inactivation was observed for N-type channels Without P3. Thus, P3 can have a profound negative regulatory effect on N-type (and also R-type) calcium channels by Causing a hyperpolarizing shift of the inactivation without affecting ultra-slow and closed-state inactivation properties.
Resumo:
Although neural progenitor cells (NPCs) may provide a source of new neurons to alleviate neural trauma, little is known about their electrical properties as they differentiate. We have previously shown that single NPCs from the adult rat hippocampus can be cloned in the presence of heparan sulphate chains purified from the hippocampus, and that these cells can be pushed into a proliferative phenotype with the mitogen FGF2 [Chipperfield, H., Bedi, K.S., Cool, S.M. & Nurcombe, V. (2002) Int. J. Dev. Biol., 46, 661-670]. In this study, the active and passive electrical properties of both undifferentiated and differentiated adult hippocampal NPCs, from 0 to 12 days in vitro as single-cell preparations, were investigated. Sparsely plated, undifferentiated NPCs had a resting membrane potential of approximate to -90 mV and were electrically inexcitable. In > 70%, ATP and benzoylbenzoyl-ATP evoked an inward current and membrane depolarization, whereas acetylcholine, noradrenaline, glutamate and GABA had no detectable effect. In Fura-2-loaded undifferentiated NPCs, ATP and benzoylbenzoyl-ATP evoked a transient increase in the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration, which was dependent on extracellular Ca2+ and was inhibited reversibly by pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2'-4'-disulphonic acid (PPADS), a P2 receptor antagonist. After differentiation, NPC-derived neurons became electrically excitable, expressing voltage-dependent TTX-sensitive Na+ channels, low- and high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels and delayed-rectifier K+ channels. Differentiated cells also possessed functional glutamate, GABA, glycine and purinergic (P2X) receptors. Appearance of voltage-dependent and ligand-gated ion channels appears to be an important early step in the differentiation of NPCs.
