Skeletal maturity and socio-economic status in portuguese children and youths: the Madeira growth study

Skeletal maturity is used to evaluate biological maturity status. Information about the association between socio-economic status (SES) and skeletal maturity is limited in Portugal. Aims: The aim of this study is to document the skeletal maturity of youths in Madeira and to evaluate variation in maturity associated with SES. Subjects and methods: The study involved 507 subjects (256 boys and 251 girls) from the Madeira Growth Study, a mixed-longitudinal study of five cohorts (8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 years of age) followed at yearly intervals over 3 years (1996–1998). A total of 1493 observations were made. Skeletal age was estimated from radiographs of the hand and wrist using the Tanner–Whitehouse 2 method (TW2). Social class rankings were based on Graffar’s (1956) method. Five social rankings were subsequently grouped into three SES categories: high, average and low. Results: Median for the radius, ulna and short finger bones (RUS scores) in the total sample of boys and girls increased curvilinearly across age whereas median for the 7 (without pisiform) carpal bones (Carpal scores) increased almost linearly. The 20-bone maturity scores demonstrated distinctive trends by gender: the medians for boys increased almost linearly while the medians for girls increased curvilinearly. SES differences were minimal. Only among children aged 10–11 years were high SES boys and girls advanced in skeletal maturity. Madeira adolescents were advanced in skeletal maturity compared with Belgian reference values. Conclusion: The data suggests population variation in TW2 estimates of skeletal maturation. Skeletal maturity was not related to SES in youths from Madeira.

Calcium sulfate fillers and binders in Portuguese 15th and 16th centuries: Ground layers from a family painting workshop — Study by multianalytical spectroscopic techniques

This study presents results on a developed methodology to characterize ground layers in Portuguese workshops. In this work a set of altarpieces of the 15th and 16th centuries, assigned to Coimbra painting workshop was studied, overall the masters Vicente Gil (doc. Coimbra 1498–1525), Manuel Vicente (doc. Coimbra 1521–1530) and Bernardo Manuel (act. c. 1559–94), father, son and grandson, encompassing from late gothic to mannerist periods. The aim of the study is to compare ground layers, fillers and binders of Coimbra workshop, and to correlate their characteristics to understand the technical evolution of this family of painters, using complementary microscopic techniques. The cross-sections from the groups of paintings were examined by optical microscopy and the results were integrated through the analysis obtained by μ-X–ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X–ray Spectrometry, μ-confocal Raman and occasionally with μ-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy imaging. Ground layers are of calcium sulfate, present as gesso grosso (mainly anhydrite with small amounts of gypsum) in the first and last phases of the workshop and gesso mate (mainly gypsum with small amounts of anhydrite) in an intermediate period. Binders have protein and oleic characteristics.

O terrível nascimento da beleza: a criação literária em diversos autores

De onde brota a inspiração para baladas de amor e canções de guerra, lendas e narrativas, tragédias e comédias? Ao longo de séculos, escritores e leitores interrogaram-se acerca do nascimento da beleza. Neste artigo, abordo essa questão intrigante, em quatro etapas: a) Examino algumas personificações criadas por Hesíodo, Homero, Luís de Camões e Federico García Lorca para descreverem a inspiração; b) Exploro as estratégias utilizadas por Samuel Coleridge, Salvador Dalí e William Burroughs, para penetrar no reino da fantasia, o inconsciente; c) Apresento as explicações científicas propostas por Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung e Robert Sperry para o impulso criativo; d) Para concluir, menciono as razões que levaram Fernando Pessoa, Eugénio de Andrade e Emily Dickinson a desconfiarem da musa inspiradora, preferindo o esforço que corrige a emoção e gera a obra de arte. Seguindo uma perspectiva comparada, o meu objectivo é mostrar diferentes formas de perceber a criatividade literária. Para tanto, recorro ao trabalho dos escritores e cientistas atrás mencionados e, naturalmente, à minha opinião.

La lyre française.

Mode of access: Internet.

Evans's Supper Rooms.

Binder's title.

Discursos leídos ante la Real academia ezpañola en la recepción pública del Excmo.

Mode of access: Internet.

The liberty minstrel ... /

Includes index.

Bibliographie des chansonniers français des XIIIe et XIVe siècles,

Mode of access: Internet.

Gamle folkeviser i Nordvestsjaelland,

Jomfruen og dvaergen.--Moderen under mulde (A-B).--Sankt Jørgen og dragen.--Liden Kirsten som stalddreng.--Forsmaaet bejlers haevn.--Knud Hyrde (A-B)

The Spirit of the nation: by the writers of The Nation newspaper.

Bound with: The Spirit of the nation ... 3d American ... ed., New York, 1847.

American melodies; containing a single selection from the productions of two hundred writers.

Without the music.

Volkslieder der Serben;

Mode of access: Internet.

Srpske narodne pjesme /

kn. 4. U kojoj su pjesme junačke novijih vremena o vojevanju za slobodu.

Songs and ballads;

Mode of access: Internet.

Loose and humorous songs.

Ballads omitted from Ballads and romances, the original publication of the ms., edited by J. W. Hales and F. J. Furnivall, 1867-68.