Compound specific stable isotopes, BIT, pollen and spores of Miocene to Pliocene sediments of ODP Hole 175-1085A

Pollen and stable carbon (d13C) and hydrogen (dD) isotope ratios of terrestrial plant wax from the South Atlantic sediment core, ODP Site 1085, is used to reconstruct Miocene to Pliocene changes of vegetation and rainfall regime of western southern Africa. Our results reveal changes in the relative amount of precipitation and indicate a shift of the main moisture source from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean during the onset of a major aridification 8 Ma ago. We emphasise the importance of declining precipitation during the expansion of C4 and CAM (mainly succulent) vegetation in South Africa. We suggest that the C4 plant expansion resulted from an increased equator-pole temperature gradient caused by the initiation of strong Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation following the shoaling of the Central American Seaway during the Late Miocene.

Diatoms, total organic carbon, and total nitrogen of sediment core Dethlingen, Germany

To provide insights into the long-term evolution of aquatic ecosystems without human interference, we here evaluate a decadal- to centennial-scale-resolution diatom record spanning about 12 ka of the Holsteinian interglacial (Marine Isotope Stage 11c). Using a partially varved sediment core from the Dethlingen palaeolake (northern Germany), which has previously been studied for palynological and microfacies signals, we document the co-evolution of the aquatic and surrounding terrestrial environment. The diatom record is dominated by the genera Stephanodiscus, Aulacoseira, Ulnaria and Fragilaria. Based on the diatom assemblages and physical sediment properties, the evolution of the Dethlingen palaeolake can be subdivided into three major phases. During the oldest phase (lasting ~1900 varve years), the lake was ~10-15 m deep and characterized by anoxic bottom-water conditions and a high nutrient content. The following ~5600 years exhibited water depths >20 m, maximum diatom and Pediastrum productivity, and a peak in allochtonous nutrient input. During this phase, water-column mixing became more vigorous, resulting in a breakdown of anoxia. The youngest lake phase (~4000-5000 years) was characterized by decreasing water depth, turbulent water conditions and decreased nutrient loading. Based on our palaeolimnological data, we conclude that the evolution of the Dethlingen palaeolake during the Holsteinian interglacial responded closely to (i) changes within the catchment area (as documented by vegetation and sedimentation) related to the transition from closed forests growing on nutrient-rich soils (mesocratic forest phase) to open forests developing on poor soils (oligocratic forest phase), and (ii) short-term climate variability as reflected in centennial-scale climate perturbations.

Revisión osteológica, análisis filogenético y paleocología de proterochampsidae (Reptilia-arcosauriformes)

Históricamente los proterochámpsidos han sido considerados parte del clado Arcosauriformes, entidad tradicionalmente monofilética que incluye especies desde el Pérmico Tardío a la actualidad, los “Proterosuchidae", Erythrosuchidae, Euparkeria capensis Broom y Archosauria. Los proterochámpsidos se distinguen del resto de los arcosauriformes por un cráneo muy deprimido, transversalmente expandido en el extremo posterior, hocico angosto y alargado longitudinalmente, narinas ubicadas sobre la línea media, ausencia del hueso postfrontal y presencia de un pie asimétrico. La familia Proterochampsidae se compone de cinco géneros triásicos registrados exclusivamente en Argentina y Brasil. En esta familia se incluyen las especies argentinas provenientes de la Formación Ischigualasto (Triásico Superior), Cuenca Ischigualasto-Villa Unión, Proterochampsa barrionuevoi Reig (PVSJ 77; PVSJ 606) y una nueva especie del género Chanaresuchus (PVSJ 567). Estos ejemplares se estudian detalladamente, siendo la primera descripción de los neurocráneos de ambas especies, así como la primer descripción de material poscraneano de Proterochampsa barrionuevoi. Con la información obtenida se realiza un análisis filogenético que incluye los proterochámpsidos diferenciados específicamente. Mediante este análisis se soporta la monofilia de los proterochámpsidos, la cual se sostiene con la sinapomorfía referida a la ausencia de dentículos en ambos lados de los dientes. También se presentan las siguientes relaciones internas del taxón: ((Chanaresuchus sp. nov. + C. bonapartei) + Gualosuchus reigi )+ (P. nodosa + P. barrionuevoi)) y se propone una nueva definición de la Familia Proterochampsidae. En el marco filogenéticamente controlado obtenido se proponen medidas de masa para los ejemplares estudiados y se infiere que los mismos debieron presentar la capacidad el estado de cinesis craneana Competente parcialmente cinético, rasgo compartido con algunos dinosaurios predadores. Tanto el análisis filogenético como el estudio paleoecológico realizado se verán complementados por futuros trabajos dirigidos a dilucidar la microanatomía, paleohistología, microestructura dentaria, así como la morfología de la cavidad encefálica en desarrollo.

¿Varía la dieta de las aves granívoras en áreas pastoreadas en el desierto del Monte central?

El ganado vacuno consume principalmente plantas de gramíneas, lo que provoca una reducción en la abundancia de sus semillas tanto en pie como en el banco del suelo. Estas semillas son el principal alimento de las aves granívoras en el desierto del Monte central, quienes las prefieren por encima de las herbáceas dicotiledóneas. Se evaluó si el pastoreo genera cambios en la dieta de cinco especies de aves granívoras: Saltatricula multicolor, Diuca diuca, Poospiza torquata, Catamenia analis y Zonotrichia capensis (la cual posee tres subespecies con diferente estatus de residencia). Durante el invierno de 2014 se capturaron aves en algarrobales no pastoreados dentro de la Reserva de Biósfera de Ñacuñán (Mendoza) y en dos estancias aledañas con distinto grado de pastoreo. Se obtuvieron muestras de contenido estomacal por medio de la técnica de lavaje y evacuación del tracto digestivo. Las muestras fueron analizadas cuantificando y clasificando las distintas semillas presentes. Zonotrichia capensis y P. torquata se comportaron como especies plásticas incorporando una mayor cantidad de semillas sub-óptimas a la dieta. Saltatricula multicolor, D. diuca y C. analis mostraron, aunque en distinto grado, una dieta poco flexible basada en la ingesta casi exclusiva de semillas de gramíneas. Las tres subespecies de Z. capensis consideradas en este trabajo mostraron una dieta plástica consumiendo una gran cantidad de ítems sub-óptimos. El pastoreo, al disminuir la abundancia de semillas de gramíneas, provoca variaciones especie-específicas en la dieta de las especies de aves granívoras

(Table 1) Presence of sublittoral macroalgae in the investigated profiles in Potter Cove, King George Island, Antarctica

The vegetation of a small fjord and its adjacent open shore was documented by subaquatic video. The distribution of individual species of macroalgae and the composition of assemblages were compared with gradients of light availability, hydrography, slope inclination, substratum, and exposition to turbulence and ice. The sublittoral fringe is usually abraded by winterly ice floes and devoid of large, perennial algae. Below this zone, the upper sublittoral is dominated by Desmarestia menziesii on steep rock faces, where water movements become irregular, or by Ascoseira mirabilis and Palmaria decipiens on weakly inclined slopes with steady rolling water movements. In the central sublittoral above 15 m, where turbulence is still active, Desmarestia anceps is outcompeting all other species on solid substratum, However, the species is not able to persist on loose material under these conditions. Instead, Himantothallus grandifolius may occur. Deeper, where turbulence usually is negligible, Desmarestia anceps also covers loose material. The change of dominance to Himantothallus grandifolius in the deep sublittoral cannot completely be explained at present. Himantothallus grandifolius also prevails in a mixed assemblage under the influence of grounding icebergs. Most of the smaller algae are opportunists with different degrees of tolerance for turbulence, but some apparently need more stable microhabitats and thus are dependent from continuing suppression of competitive large phaeophytes.

Palynological record and radiocarbon dates for sediment core T89-16, Congo River mouth

We present a high-resolution reconstruction of tropical palaeoenvironmental changes for the last deglacial transition (18 to 9 cal. kyr BP) based on integrated oceanic and terrestrial proxies from a Congo fan core. Pollen, grass cuticle, Pediastrum and dinoflagellate cyst fluxes, sedimentation rates and planktonic foraminiferal d18O ratios, uK37 sea-surface temperature and alkane/alkenone ratio data highlight a series of abrupt changes in Congo River palaeodischarge. A major discharge pulse is registered at around 13.0 cal. kyr BP which we attribute to latitudinal migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) during deglaciation. The data indicate abrupt and short-lived changes in the equatorial precipitation regime within a system of monsoonal dynamics forced by precessional cycles. The phases of enhanced Congo discharge stimulated river-induced upwelling and enhanced productivity in the adjacent ocean.

AMS radiocarbon dates and pollen analysis of ODP Hole 175-1078C

ODP Site 1078 situated under the coast of Angola provides the first record of the vegetation history for Angola. The upper 11 m of the core covers the past 30 thousand years, which has been analysed palynologically in decadal to centennial resolution. Alkenone sea surface temperature estimates were analysed in centennial resolution. We studied sea surface temperatures and vegetation development during full glacial, deglacial, and interglacial conditions. During the glacial the vegetation in Angola was very open consisting of grass and heath lands, deserts and semi-deserts, which suggests a cool and dry climate. A change to warmer and more humid conditions is indicated by forest expansion starting in step with the earliest temperature rise in Antarctica, 22 thousand years ago. We infer that around the period of Heinrich Event 1, a northward excursion of the Angola Benguela Front and the Congo Air Boundary resulted in cool sea surface temperatures but rain forest remained present in the northern lowlands of Angola. Rain forest and dry forest area increase 15 thousand years ago. During the Holocene, dry forests and Miombo woodlands expanded. Also in Angola globally recognised climate changes at 8 thousand and 4 thousand years ago had an impact on the vegetation. During the past 2 thousand years, savannah vegetation became dominant.

Bird observations in the Weddell Sea

Pelagic distribution of birds at the Weddell Sea. The essay contains the notes taken of the observation of birds at the Weddell Sea (24 species). The observations were made on two expeditions in the southern summer of 1955/56 and 1959/60 on board the Argentine icebreaker "General San Martin". After an introduction dealing with the Weddell Sea and the methods of research the species are represented together with the territory of observation and supplementary annotations. Two tables give a survey of the birds seen on each day of the expedition and in the territories they sailed through.

Oligocene and lowermost Miocene diatom stratigraphy and datums of ODP Site 199-1220 sediments

Completion of studies on material collected during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 199 at Site 1220 in the equatorial Pacific allows calibration of the ranges of >35 stratigraphically important diatoms to paleomagnetic stratigraphy for the Oligocene and earliest Miocene (~33.5-21.5 Ma). The taxonomy of these taxa is reviewed, and age estimates of their first and last occurrences are compiled. The diatom zonation for the Oligocene and earliest Miocene of the equatorial Pacific is revised and correlated with paleomagnetic stratigraphy. This biostratigraphy is likely to be applicable throughout the low-latitude regions of the world's oceans.