Salicaceae Endophytes: Growth Promotion Potential in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Maize (Zea mays L.) and Bio-Control of Plant Pathogen

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Pasture production and composition response after killing Eucalypt trees with herbicides in central Queensland

Clearing woodlands is practised world-wide to increase crop and livestock production, but can result in unintended consequences including woody regrowth and land degradation. The pasture response of 2 eucalypt woodlands in the central Queensland rangelands to killing trees with herbicides, in the presence or absence of grazing and regular spring burning, was recorded over 7 or 8 years to determine the long-term sustainability of these common practices. Herbage mass and species composition plus tree dynamics were monitored in 2 replicated experiments at each site. For 8 years following herbicide application, killing Eucalyptus populnea F. Muell. (poplar box) trees resulted in a doubling of native pasture herbage mass from that of the pre-existing woodland, with a tree basal area of 8.7 m2 ha-1. Conversely, over 7 years with a similar range of seasons, killing E. melanophloia F. Muell. (silver-leaved ironbark) trees of a similar tree basal area had little impact on herbage mass grown or on pasture composition for the first 4 years before production then increased. Few consistent changes in pasture composition were recorded after killing the trees, although there was an increase in the desirable grasses Dichanthium sericeum (R. Br.) A. Camus (Queensland bluegrass) and Themeda triandra Forssk. (kangaroo grass) when grazed conservatively. Excluding grazing allowed more palatable species of the major grasses to enhance their prominence, but seasonal conditions still had a major influence on their production in particular years. Pasture crown basal area was significantly higher where trees had been killed, especially in the poplar box woodland. Removing tree competition did not have a major effect on pasture composition that was independent of other management impositions or seasons, and it did not result in a rapid increase in herbage mass in both eucalypt communities. The slow pasture response to tree removal at one site indicates that regional models and economic projections relating to tree clearing require community-specific inputs.

Transcriptional regulation os phenylalaline biosynthesis and utilization

Conifer trees divert large quantities of carbon into the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, particularly to generate lignin, an important constituent of wood. Since phenylalanine is the precursor for phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, the precise regulation of phenylalanine synthesis and utilization should occur simultaneously. This crucial pathway is finely regulated primarily at the transcriptional level. Transcriptome analyses indicate that the transcription factors (TFs) preferentially expressed during wood formation in plants belong to the MYB and NAC families. Craven-Bartle et al. (2013) have shown in conifers that Myb8 is a candidate regulator of key genes in phenylalanine biosynthesis involved in the supply of the phenylpropane carbon skeleton necessary for lignin biosynthesis. This TF is able to bind AC elements present in the promoter regions of these genes to activate transcription. Constitutive overexpression of Myb8 in white spruce increased secondary-wall thickening and led to ectopic lignin deposition (Bomal et al. 2008). In Arabidopsis, the transcriptional network controlling secondary cell wall involves NAC-domain regulators operating upstream Myb transcription factors. Functional orthologues of members of this network described have been identified in poplar and eucalyptus, but in conifers functional evidence had only been obtained for MYBs. We have identified in the P. pinaster genome 37 genes encoding NAC proteins, which 3 NAC proteins could be potential candidates to be involved in vascular development (Pascual et al. 2015). The understanding of the transcriptional regulatory network associated to phenylpropanoids and lignin biosynthesis in conifers is crucial for future applications in tree improvement and sustainable forest management. This work is supported by the projects BIO2012-33797, BIO2015-69285-R and BIO-474 References: Bomal C, et al. (2008) Involvement of Pinus taeda MYB1 and MYB8 in phenylpropanoid metabolism and secondary cell wall biogenesis: a comparative in planta analysis. J Exp Bot. 59: 3925-3939. Craven-Bartle B, et al. (2013) A Myb transcription factor regulates genes of the phenylalanine pathway in maritime pine. Plant J, 74: 755-766. Pascual MB, et al. (2015) The NAC transcription factor family in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster): molecular regulation of two genes involved in stress responses. BMC Plant Biol, 15: 254.

Modulation de l’homéostasie lipidique intestinale suite à une intervention en médecine traditionnelle Cri chez un modèle animal d’obésité et de pré-diabète

Introduction : Les taux d’obésité et de diabète de type 2 et leurs complications sont plus élevés chez les populations autochtones que chez la population générale. Une des raisons pour ces taux très élevés de complications est la résistance culturelle des autochtones envers les soins de santé contemporains souvent dus aux traitements culturellement inadéquats pour ces affections. Afin d’adresser cette problématique, l’équipe sur les médecines autochtones antidiabétiques des Instituts de recherche en santé du Canada (ÉMAAD-IRSC) a étudié 17 plantes de la pharmacopée traditionnelle des Cris de la Nation de la Baie James, dont le peuplier baumier Populus balsamifera. Objectifs : Le but de cette présente étude est d’examiner les effets de P. balsamifera sur les contenus lipidiques de l’intestin ainsi que la composition des protéines clés impliquées dans le métabolisme des lipides. Matériel et méthodes : Les souris étaient assignées à huit semaines de diètes, soit la diète standard (CHOW), une diète à forte teneur lipidique (HFD) ou une HFD avec ajout de 125 mg/kg de Populus balsamifera. Résultats : Les résultats ont montré que les teneurs totales de l’intestin en cholestérol, en phospholipides et en triglycérides ne sont pas influencées par l’absence ou la présence de l’extrait de P. balsamifera. La teneur en acides gras a significativement augmenté dans le traitement HFD comparé au groupe contrôle CHOW. Le traitement avec P. balsamifera a significativement réduit le contenu d’acides gras dans le jéjunum vers des valeurs observées pour la diète contrôle. Une modification non significative a été notée dans l’expression des protéines FAS, CPT-1, ACC-P. Conclusion : Ces résultats renforcent davantage le potentiel d’utilisation de l’extrait de peuplier baumier dans le contexte de forte prévalence d’obésité dans les populations autochtones.

ASSESSMENT OF ASPEN AND NORTHERN HARDWOODS EXTENT IN THIRTY THREE COUNTIES OF UPPER/LOWER MICHIGAN

The importance of the United States' wood and wood byproducts as biomass feedstocks is increasing as the concern about security and sustainability of global energy production continues to rise. Thus, second generation woody feedstock sources in Michigan, e.g., hybrid poplar and hybrid willow (Populus spp.), are viewed as a potential source of biomass for the proposed biofuel ethanol production plant in Kinross, MI. It is important to gain an understanding of the spatial distribution of current feedstock sources, harvesting accessibility via the transportation infrastructure and land ownerships in order to ensure long-term feedstock extent. This research provides insights into the current extent of aspen and northern hardwoods, and an assessment of potential for expanding the area of these feedstock sources based on pre-European settlement conditions. A geographic information system (GIS) was developed to compile available geospatial data for 33 counties located within 150 miles of the Kinross facility. These include present day and pre-European settlement land use/cover, soils, road infrastructure, and land ownerships. The results suggest that a significant amount of northern hardwoods has been converted to other land use/cover types since European settlement, and the "scattering" of aspen stands has increased. Furthermore, a significant amount of woody biomass is available in close proximity to the existing road network, which can be effectively utilized as feedstock. Potential aspen and northern hardwoods restoration areas are identified in the vicinity of road networks which can be used for future woody feedstock production.

Sustainable Energy Production in the United States: Life Cycle Assessment of Biofuels and Bioenergy

The United States of America is making great efforts to transform the renewable and abundant biomass resources into cost-competitive, high-performance biofuels, bioproducts, and biopower. This is the key to increase domestic production of transportation fuels and renewable energy, and reduce greenhouse gas and other pollutant emissions. This dissertation focuses specifically on assessing the life cycle environmental impacts of biofuels and bioenergy produced from renewable feedstocks, such as lignocellulosic biomass, renewable oils and fats. The first part of the dissertation presents the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy demands of renewable diesel (RD) and hydroprocessed jet fuels (HRJ). The feedstocks include soybean, camelina, field pennycress, jatropha, algae, tallow and etc. Results show that RD and HRJ produced from these feedstocks reduce GHG emissions by over 50% compared to comparably performing petroleum fuels. Fossil energy requirements are also significantly reduced. The second part of this dissertation discusses the life cycle GHG emissions, energy demands and other environmental aspects of pyrolysis oil as well as pyrolysis oil derived biofuels and bioenergy. The feedstocks include waste materials such as sawmill residues, logging residues, sugarcane bagasse and corn stover, and short rotation forestry feedstocks such as hybrid poplar and willow. These LCA results show that as much as 98% GHG emission savings is possible relative to a petroleum heavy fuel oil. Life cycle GHG savings of 77 to 99% were estimated for power generation from pyrolysis oil combustion relative to fossil fuels combustion for electricity, depending on the biomass feedstock and combustion technologies used. Transportation fuels hydroprocessed from pyrolysis oil show over 60% of GHG reductions compared to petroleum gasoline and diesel. The energy required to produce pyrolysis oil and pyrolysis oil derived biofuels and bioelectricity are mainly from renewable biomass, as opposed to fossil energy. Other environmental benefits include human health, ecosystem quality and fossil resources. The third part of the dissertation addresses the direct land use change (dLUC) impact of forest based biofuels and bioenergy. An intensive harvest of aspen in Michigan is investigated to understand the GHG mitigation with biofuels and bioenergy production. The study shows that the intensive harvest of aspen in MI compared to business as usual (BAU) harvesting can produce 18.5 billion gallons of ethanol to blend with gasoline for the transport sector over the next 250 years, or 32.2 billion gallons of bio-oil by the fast pyrolysis process, which can be combusted to generate electricity or upgraded to gasoline and diesel. Intensive harvesting of these forests can result in carbon loss initially in the aspen forest, but eventually accumulates more carbon in the ecosystem, which translates to a CO2 credit from the dLUC impact. Time required for the forest-based biofuels to reach carbon neutrality is approximately 60 years. The last part of the dissertation describes the use of depolymerization model as a tool to understand the kinetic behavior of hemicellulose hydrolysis under dilute acid conditions. Experiments are carried out to measure the concentrations of xylose and xylooligomers during dilute acid hydrolysis of aspen. The experiment data are used to fine tune the parameters of the depolymerization model. The results show that the depolymerization model successfully predicts the xylose monomer profile in the reaction, however, it overestimates the concentrations of xylooligomers.

Integration of a Sedimentation Module to a Hydrologic Model and its Application to a Mercury TMDL Analysis

This research is part of continued efforts to correlate the hydrology of East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC) and Bear Creek (BC) with the long term distribution of mercury within the overland, subsurface, and river sub-domains. The main objective of this study was to add a sedimentation module (ECO Lab) capable of simulating the reactive transport mercury exchange mechanisms within sediments and porewater throughout the watershed. The enhanced model was then applied to a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) mercury analysis for EFPC. That application used historical precipitation, groundwater levels, river discharges, and mercury concentrations data that were retrieved from government databases and input to the model. The model was executed to reduce computational time, predict flow discharges, total mercury concentration, flow duration and mercury mass rate curves at key monitoring stations under various hydrological and environmental conditions and scenarios. The computational results provided insight on the relationship between discharges and mercury mass rate curves at various stations throughout EFPC, which is important to best understand and support the management mercury contamination and remediation efforts within EFPC.

Modulation de l’homéostasie lipidique intestinale suite à une intervention en médecine traditionnelle Cri chez un modèle animal d’obésité et de pré-diabète

Introduction : Les taux d’obésité et de diabète de type 2 et leurs complications sont plus élevés chez les populations autochtones que chez la population générale. Une des raisons pour ces taux très élevés de complications est la résistance culturelle des autochtones envers les soins de santé contemporains souvent dus aux traitements culturellement inadéquats pour ces affections. Afin d’adresser cette problématique, l’équipe sur les médecines autochtones antidiabétiques des Instituts de recherche en santé du Canada (ÉMAAD-IRSC) a étudié 17 plantes de la pharmacopée traditionnelle des Cris de la Nation de la Baie James, dont le peuplier baumier Populus balsamifera. Objectifs : Le but de cette présente étude est d’examiner les effets de P. balsamifera sur les contenus lipidiques de l’intestin ainsi que la composition des protéines clés impliquées dans le métabolisme des lipides. Matériel et méthodes : Les souris étaient assignées à huit semaines de diètes, soit la diète standard (CHOW), une diète à forte teneur lipidique (HFD) ou une HFD avec ajout de 125 mg/kg de Populus balsamifera. Résultats : Les résultats ont montré que les teneurs totales de l’intestin en cholestérol, en phospholipides et en triglycérides ne sont pas influencées par l’absence ou la présence de l’extrait de P. balsamifera. La teneur en acides gras a significativement augmenté dans le traitement HFD comparé au groupe contrôle CHOW. Le traitement avec P. balsamifera a significativement réduit le contenu d’acides gras dans le jéjunum vers des valeurs observées pour la diète contrôle. Une modification non significative a été notée dans l’expression des protéines FAS, CPT-1, ACC-P. Conclusion : Ces résultats renforcent davantage le potentiel d’utilisation de l’extrait de peuplier baumier dans le contexte de forte prévalence d’obésité dans les populations autochtones.