Las certificaciones responsables como mecanismo para la reducción de la pobreza en la población rural de Ecuador : estudio de caso múltiple

La pobreza rural continúa siendo un fenómeno de alcance mundial. En Ecuador las familias pobres son en gran mayoría indígenas que dependen de la agricultura como medio de subsistencia y enfrentan problemas serios de mínima o nula participación en el comercio, lo que perpetúa su condición de pobreza. En este contexto, las certificaciones Fair Trade y Rainforest Alliance se presentan como una forma de comercio que busca el bienestar social, la protección ambiental y la responsabilidad económica. El objetivo principal del trabajo es estudiar las certificaciones responsables como alternativas institucionales, organizacionales y tecnológicas para la reducción de la pobreza de los pequeños productores agropecuarios indígenas en el Ecuador. Para ello, se desarrolla un 'Estudio de Caso Múltiple' de FEDECADE y KALLARI, organizaciones que aglutinan a pequeños productores y trabajan con las certificaciones Comercio Justo y Rainforest Alliance. A nivel de pequeño productor se aplicaron técnicas de evaluación participativa como la Técnica diez semillas (TST) para levantar información cualitativa y cuantitativa. La contribución a la reducción de la pobreza se basa en 8 factores o características identificados en los pequeños productores certificados. Las mismas están relacionadas con: bajos ingresos, bajo nivel de conocimientos, deficiente salud, finca pequeña, mínima participación, conformismo y baja producción, las cuales han sido tomadas en cuenta para los estudios de caso. Con la implementación de las certificaciones mencionadas, se observa la aplicación de innovaciones tecnológicas que permitieron uniformizar los rendimientos y las condiciones de la chacra. La permanente interacción entre productores y la organización coordinadora permitió que los productores cuenten con mayor información sobre la demanda del mercado objetivo y menor incertidumbre, dada la estructura de contratos que se desarrolla. A pesar de estas innovaciones, a nivel institucional tuvo el menor grado de desarrollo siendo las certificaciones una iniciativa promovida por el sector privado. El pequeño productor bajo la certificación de Comercio Justo accede a un nuevo mercado que busca mejorar sus condiciones especialmente comerciales para aliviar su condición de pobreza. Con la adopción de la certificación los pequeños productores obtienen beneficios y ventajas como la mayor valoración el mayor precio del cacao y las nuevas técnicas de producción aprendidas. Sin embargo, su contribución para la reducción de la pobreza de los pequeños productores no es significativa. Con la certificación de Rainforest Alliance surge una nueva realidad comercial para el pequeño productor, caracterizada por una nueva estructura de coordinación entre actores de la cadena, sin la presencia de los intermediarios tradicionales y la producción de cacao con valor agregado, la incorporación de prácticas de sostenibilidad ambiental y el sentido de pertenencia a una organización indígena.

Multidimensional DSP Core Synthesis for FPGA

This paper, chosen as a best paper from the 2004 SAMOS Workshop on Computer Systems: describes a novel, efficient methodology for automatically creating embedded DSP computer systems. The novelty arises since now embedded electronic signal processing systems, such as radar or sonar, can be designed by anyone from the algorithm level, i.e. no low level system design experience is required, whilst still achieving low controllable implementation overheads and high real time performance. In the chosen design example, a bank of Normalised Lattice Filter (NLF) components is created which a four-fold reduction in the required processing resource with no performance decrease.

Welfare Effort and Poverty from the Monetary and Capabilities Approach: A Cross-Country Analysis in Latin American and the Caribbean (1990-2010)

There is abundant empirical evidence on the negative relationship between welfare effort and poverty. However, poverty indicators traditionally used have been representative of the monetary approach, excluding its multidimensional reality from the analysis. Using three regression techniques for the period 1990-2010 and controlling for demographic and cyclical factors, this paper examines the relationship between social spending per capita —as the indicator of welfare effort— and poverty in up to 21 countries of the region. The proportion of the population with an income below its national basic basket of goods and services (PM1) and the proportion of population with an income below 50% of the median income per capita (PM2) were the two poverty indicators considered from the monetarist approach to measure poverty. From the capability approach the proportion of the population with food inadequacy (PC1) and the proportion of the population without access to improved water sources or sanitation facilities (PC2) were used. The fi ndings confi rm that social spending is actually useful to explain changes in poverty (PM1, PC1 and PC2), as there is a high negative and signifi cant correlation between the variables before and after controlling for demographic and cyclical factors. In two regression techniques, social spending per capita did not show a negative relationship with the PM2. Countries with greater welfare effort for the period 1990-2010 were not necessarily those with the lowest level of poverty. Ultimately social spending per capita was more useful to explain changes in poverty from the capability approach.

Multidimensional operator multipliers

We introduce multidimensional Schur multipliers and characterise them, generalising well-known results by Grothendieck and Peller. We define a multidimensional version of the two-dimensional operator multipliers studied recently by Kissin and Shulman. The multidimensional operator multipliers are defined as elements of the minimal tensor product of several C *-algebras satisfying certain boundedness conditions. In the case of commutative C*-algebras, the multidimensional operator multipliersreduce to continuousmul-tidimensional Schur multipliers. We show that the multiplierswith respect to some given representations of the corresponding C*-algebrasdo not change if the representations are replaced by approximately equivalent ones. We establish a non-commutative and multidimensional version of the characterisations by Grothendieck and Peller which shows that universal operator multipliers can be obtained ascertain weak limits of elements of the algebraic tensor product of the corresponding C *-algebras.

Efficient Evaluation of Multidimensional Time-Varying Density Forecasts

We propose two simple evaluation methods for time varying density forecasts of continuous higher dimensional random variables. Both methods are based on the probability integral transformation for unidimensional forecasts. The first method tests multinormal densities and relies on the rotation of the coordinate system. The advantage of the second method is not only its applicability to any continuous distribution but also the evaluation of the forecast accuracy in specific regions of its domain as defined by the user’s interest. We show that the latter property is particularly useful for evaluating a multidimensional generalization of the Value at Risk. In simulations and in an empirical study, we examine the performance of both tests.

Genetic Algorithm Search for Predictive Patterns in Multidimensional Time Series

Based on an algorithm for pattern matching in character strings, we implement a pattern matching machine that searches for occurrences of patterns in multidimensional time series. Before the search process takes place, time series are encoded in user-designed alphabets. The patterns, on the other hand, are formulated as regular expressions that are composed of letters from these alphabets and operators. Furthermore, we develop a genetic algorithm to breed patterns that maximize a user-defined fitness function. In an application to financial data, we show that patterns bred to predict high exchange rates volatility in training samples retain statistically significant predictive power in validation samples.

Multipliers of multidimensional Fourier algebras

Let $G$ be a locally compact $\sigma$-compact group. Motivated by an earlier notion for discrete groups due to Effros and Ruan, we introduce the multidimensional Fourier algebra $A^n(G)$ of $G$. We characterise the completely bounded multidimensional multipliers associated with $A^n(G)$ in several equivalent ways. In particular, we establish a completely isometric embedding of the space of all $n$-dimensional completely bounded multipliers into the space of all Schur multipliers on $G^{n+1}$ with respect to the (left) Haar measure. We show that in the case $G$ is amenable the space of completely bounded multidimensional multipliers coincides with the multidimensional Fourier-Stieltjes algebra of $G$ introduced by Ylinen. We extend some well-known results for abelian groups to the multidimensional setting.

A comparative analysis of multidimensional features of objects resembling sets of graphs

In the present paper, we introduce a notion of a style representing abstract, complex objects having characteristics that can be represented as structured objects. Furthermore, we provide some mathematical properties of such styles. As a main result, we present a novel approach to perform a meaningful comparative analysis of such styles by defining and using graph-theoretic measures. We compare two styles by comparing the underlying feature sets representing sets of graph structurally. To determine the structural similarity between the underlying graphs, we use graph similarity measures that are computationally efficient. More precisely, in order to compare styles, we map each feature set to a so-called median graph and compare the resulting median graphs. As an application, we perform an experimental study to compare special styles representing sets of undirected graphs and present numerical results thereof. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Is Human Development Multidimensional?

Stiglitz's Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress (CMEPSP) argued that well-being is multidimensional and identified eight distinct dimensions. Conventional linear techniques confirm that a large number of dimensions are needed to describe development. In contrast, a new non-linear technique that we introduce from chaos theory shows that a smaller number of dimensions are needed to span the development space. From the analysis, variables representing the Health, Education, Inequality and Individual Rights areas of life quality would provide a broad picture of development, whereas income per capita adds little extra information.