El régimen contractual de los establecimientos de crédito de carácter estatal

Se precisa el régimen de contratación al que el Estado se sujeta al crear o autorizar la creación de un establecimiento de crédito de orden nacional. Para ello, se analizan la normatividad que los regula y algunos de sus manuales de contratación.

TLC Colombia Canadá una apertura a nuevos lazos para el sector agrícola

Este proyecto da una perspectiva inicial del TLC entre Colombia y Canadá en el sector de frutas exóticas, para esto se realizó un exhaustivo pero beneficioso análisis, en el cual se pudo tener una perspectiva desde su entrada en vigencia en el año 2011 hasta la actualidad, todo con el fin de entender el mercado de ambos países y como potencializar las necesidades del mismo. El objetivo es dar a conocer las oportunidades, ventajas, desventajas, amenazas y recomendaciones acerca del TLC entre Colombia-Canadá específicamente en el sector agropecuario, sub-sector agrícola y como entrar a un mercado, el cual llega ofreciendo un producto commodities, para lograr posicionarlo en el mercado Canadiense. Es importante para el proyecto identificar si hay posibilidad para entrar a este mercado y si se tienen nichos los cuales puedan satisfacer las necesidades generadas por las personas, sus comportamientos, cambios culturales y los diferentes procesos de migración que se han tenido durante los últimos años.

Los derechos de aduana aproximación a una definición

El estudio de los derechos de aduana se aborda inicialmente a través de la definición que sobre los mismos efectúa el artículo primero del Decreto 2685 de 1999, denominado Estatuto Aduanero de Colombia, artículo que, como es usual en materia aduanera, comprende ciertas definiciones para la aplicación del mismo y enfatizando que las expresiones usadas en dicha compilación aduanera, tendrán el significado que ahí se determina.

Towards a Protocol for the Attachment of Metadata to Service Descriptions and its Use in Semantic Discovery

Service discovery in large scale, open distributed systems is difficult because of the need to filter out services suitable to the task at hand from a potentially huge pool of possibilities. Semantic descriptions have been advocated as the key to expressive service discovery, but the most commonly used service descriptions and registry protocols do not support such descriptions in a general manner. In this paper, we present a protocol, its implementation and an API for registering semantic service descriptions and other task/user-specific metadata, and for discovering services according to these. Our approach is based on a mechanism for attaching structured and unstructured metadata, which we show to be applicable to multiple registry technologies. The result is an extremely flexible service registry that can be the basis of a sophisticated semantically-enhanced service discovery engine, an essential component of a Semantic Grid.

Do real ao ficcional : a loucura e suas representações em Machado de Assis

A partir dos estudos realizados sobre a loucura e suas repercussões no âmbito literário, tendo como limite temporal o século XIX, este trabalho busca identificar, no que diz respeito ao tema, como se dá a passagem do real ao ficcional. A análise de algumas obras literárias da literatura ocidental do século XIX e, mais especificamente, da obra O Alienista, de Machado de Assis, permite a verificação de quais idéias acerca da loucura, vigentes no referido período, encontram correspondência na literatura e, por outro lado, quais aspectos da abordagem literária a fazem distinta da abordagem científica do tema. A partir dessa verificação, constatamos, ainda, a maneira peculiar com que Machado de Assis trabalha o tema. N’ O Alienista, a loucura é usada como mote para o trato de outras questões, como a crítica ao cientificismo no qual se encontra mergulhado o século XIX, representado pelo Positivismo e pela incipiente psiquiatria.

História e educação de mulheres remanescentes indíginas de missão do Sahy.

El estudio Historia y educación de mujeres indígenas que quedan em Missão do Sahy pretende comprender, a través de recerdos y memorias, la transmisión de costumbres y prácticas educativas de un grupo de mujeres en sus relaciones con la familia, la escuela y la religión. El enfoque teórico-metodológico utilizado fue la Historia Oral, un enfoque que oferece la oportunidad de trabajar con la historia de mujeres y la memoria, tratando de reconstruir algunas de las experiencias de estas mujeres que tienen la custodia de las historias y los conocimientos transmitidos por los antepasados, como activistas en las actividades de la Comunidad, los partidos políticos, en la dirección de las asociaciones de la comunidad y los mantenedoras de la iglesia. La encuesta se realizó en el Distrito de Missão do Sahy, un asentamiento franciscano instalado en 1697 y abolida en 1863, em el territorio de Las Jacobinas, la ciudad de Senhor do Bonfim, en el norte de Bahia. El estudio demostró que todavía hay uma fuerte presencia de la práctica de los Padres Franciscanos, los creadores del pueblo, también mostró que las orientaciones religiosas han contribuido significativamente a fortalecer el papel de la mujer en Missão do Sahy como madre y esposa. Este estudio también mostró que el sesgo afecta a las más jóvenes remanescentes que - ni india ni negra - todavia son victimas de discriminación, un hecho que quizás tiene su origen el desconocimiento de la identidad de estas mujeres. Varios autores han contribuido en este estudio: Halbwachs (2006), Bosi (1994) y Pollak (1989) contribuyó a la construcción del estudio de la memoria, Perrot (1988, 2006, 2007) y Del Piore (2007) proporcionaron la base para la historia de la mujer; Machado y otros autores regionales (1993, 2007), Lourenço Pereira da Silva (1906, 1915), Adolfo Silva (1971), Edith Davis (1997), Joseph Davis (2001), Da Paz (2001, 2004), Oro (2008) , Santos (2007), Araujo (2002) y (2008 Vieira Filho) contribuyeron a la construcción de una historiografía de la zona de la investigación. Cronistas Frei Martinho de Nantes (1979) y Frei Venancio Willeke OFM (1994), además de teórico Norbert Elias (1993), de Michel de Certeau (1994) y Philippe Aries (1981), que presentan elementos importantes para el análisis de las pruebas.

História das mulheres idosas do Grupo Aurora da Vida Campina Grande-PB (1940-1950)

La recherche intitulée l Histoire des femmes agées du group Aurore de La Vie: Campina Grande-PB (1940-1950) a surgit comme consequence de mon observation sur les interêts de femmes en retrouner à l école aprés qu elles étaient arrivées aux soixante ans, um moment de la vie que malgré son importance est encore considerée par trop de gens comme des moments d être seul jusqu à la fin de la vie. Alors, nous avons formulé la question la plus importante de ce travail: Quel est l histoire de l éducation des femmes agées du group Aurore de La Vie, dans le période de son education d enfant? Un group de 25 femmes qui ont étudié le projet Digna, on a fait une seletion de treize agées, entre 65 et 80 ans, qui s appellent: Perpétua, Florinda, Benta, Ambrósia, Celestine, Cordélia, Circe, Filomena, Desdêmona, Dorotéia, Ofelia, Martítius e Nausica. Beaucoup d intelectuels nous ont aidé avec la base theórico-methodologique et nous ont presenté l histoire des excludées comment une histoire en construction. Parmis ces intelectuelles on rencontre Chartier, Halbwachs, Elias, Perrot, Bosi, Bezerra, Morais et Machado. Pendant notre recherche nous avons employés des narrations, des entrevues, des questions ouvertes ou les femmes puissent parler sur l histoire de leur vie. Nous avons regardé aussi le fiche des agées, le arquive de La Secretarie Municipale de Assistence Social (SEMAS) du Hôtel de Ville de Campina Grande-PB. Nous avons aussi étudié sur la legislation relié à la tematique de la Constituition Brésilienne dans l estatute et dans la Politique Nacional de l age. Notre étude nous a donné des analises sur les themas: pauvresse, travail, sourvenirs, jeux e aussi punitions scolaires. Nous sommes arrivés à la conclusion qu à l époque de son enfance, l éducation formale était déjá determinée pour le mariage, la pró-création la famille. Enfim toujours dédans de la maison excludées du reste du monde. Nous avons compris que pesquiser cet object d étude est un contribut avec l histoire des excludées en cassant le silence des femmes lesqueles on été ignorées par presque toute la prodution historiographique

A inserção das mulheres na Câmara Municipal de Natal (1988 - 2004)

This work has as objective to reflect about the insertion of the women in the City Council of Natal in the period from 1988 to 2004. We focused our discussion in the context of the politics of quota that has with objective to decrease the frame of inequalities existent between women and men in the politics, besides of to analyze which the determinants responsible for the women's sub-representation. The research still consists of an analysis of the councilor s women profile and how they were seen in that space of power. We analyzed our study object in a gender vision, since this is related intrinsically the social relationships and the relationships of power. The women, for a long time, they were excluded of the participation in the public life, being just seen as mere expectants. This research is informed mainly by studies which discuss the Gender (Scott, 1990), (Perrot, 1988), (Badinter, 1995), (Bruschini, 2002). We also analyzed the power, politics in the vision of Marx (1996), Foucault (1982) and (Arendt, 2001). We tried to analyze the women's presence in the spaces public and private, showing your conflicts and contradictions faced in the society, focalizing the political character of the women's inclusion in the spaces in that are inserted. The instrument of collection of data was the semi-structured questionnaire, descriptive and analytical - critical. The analyses of the interviews show to the sub-representation of women over the years as a determining factor for these women continue in the invisibility. The women were interviewed councillora ex- bounded from 1988 to 2004. The conclusion the one that we arrived is that this sub-representation has as decisive the patriarchal system that prevailed for a long time in our society and still dominates and affects women in all areas of your life. This becomes more serious in the capitalist society in which prevail the interests of those that it stops the produced wealth

Mechanism for interplay between electron and ionic fluxes in KhFek[Fe(CN)(6)](l)center dot mH(2)O compounds

This paper develops a framework for the interpretation of ionic insertion/deinsertion reactions in an aqueous environment taking place in transition-metal hexacyanoferrates of the general formula KhFek3+ [Fe2+ (CN)(6)](l)center dot mH(2)O, also called Prussian Blue. Three different processes were fully separated in the electrochemistry of these films. It was clearly identified that one of these electrochemical processes involves the insertion/deinsertion of H3O+ (hydrated protons) through the channels of the KhFek3+ [Fe2+ (CN)(6)](l) center dot mH(2)O structure to reach the film electroneutrality during the electron transfer between Everitt's Salt and Prussian Blue. The other electrochemical processes involve K+ or H+ (proton) exchange through the water crystalline structure existing in the channels of the KhFek3+ [Fe2+(CN)(6)](l)center dot mH(2)O structure.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as a tool to estimate thickness in PB films

The analysis of the faradaic impedance of electroactive films provides a characteristic point from which it is possible to estimate the thickness of thin films. Thus, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used in this paper as a fast and easy technique to estimate this thickness. The proposed method was checked on PB films. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Coloring ionic trapping states in WO3 and Nb2O5 electrochromic materials

Complex electro-optical analysis is a very useful approach to separate different kinetic processes that occur during ionic insertion reactions in electrochromic oxide materials. In this paper, we use this type of combined technique to investigate ionic and optical changes in different oxide host systems, i.e., in two oxide hosts, specifically WO3 and Nb2O5. A comparison of their electro-optical responses revealed the presence of an ionic trapping contribution to the kinetics of the coloring sites, which was named here as coloring ionic trapping state. As expected, this coloring trapping process is slower in Nb2O5 since the reduction potential of Nb2O5 is more negative (more energy is needed for a higher degree of coloration). A phenomenological solid-state model that encompasses homogeneous charge transfer and valence trapping was proposed to explain the coloring ionic trapping process. Basically the model is able to explain how ionic dynamics at low frequency region, i.e., the slower kinetic step, controls the coloring kinetics, i.e., how it is capable to regulate the coloring rates.Optical transient analyses demonstrated the possibility of the presence of more than one coloring ionic trap, indicating the complexity of the processes involved in coloration phenomenon in metal oxide host systems. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Synchrotron structural characterization of electrochemically synthesized hexacyanoferrates containing K(+): A revisited analysis of electrochemical redox

The presumably soluble KFe(+3)[Fe(2+)(CN)(6)] structure of electrochemically synthesized hexacyanoferrate materials (Prussian Blue) containing K(+) ions was determined for the first time in this study. Prior to drawing conclusions from a structural analysis, the main goal was to make a precise analysis of the inferred soluble structure, that is, KFe(+3) [Fe(2+)(CN)(6)], which is frequently referred to in the literature as the final stable electrochemically synthesized structure. Indeed, a successful X-ray powder diffraction experiment using X-ray synchrotron radiation was made of a powder placed in a 0.5 mm diameter borosilicate glass capillary, which was obtained by removing sixty 90 nm thin films from the substrates on which they were prepared. However, the conclusions were highly unexpected, because the structure showed that the [Fe(CN)61 group was absent from similar to 25% of the structure, invalidating the previously presumed soluble KFe(+3)[Fe(2+)(CN)(6)] structure. This information led to the conclusion that the real structure of Prussian Blue electrochemically synthesized after the stabilization process is Fe(4)[Fe(CN)(6)](3)center dot mH(2)O containing a certain fraction of inserted K(+) ions. In fact, based on an electrogravimetric analysis (Gimenez-Romero et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 2715 and 19352) complemented by the Fourier maps. it is possible to affirm that the K(+) was part of the water crystalline substructure. Therefore, the interplay mechanism was reexamined considering more precisely the role played by the water crystalline substructure and the K+ alkali metal ion. As a final conclusion, it is proposed that the most precise way to represent the structure of electrochemically synthesized and stabilized hexacyanoferrate materials is Fe(4)(3+) Fe(2+)(CN)(6)](3)center dot[K(h)(+)center dot OH(h)(-)center dot mH(2)O]. The importance of this result is that the widespread use of the terms soluble and insoluble in the electrochemical literature could be reconsidered. Indeed, only one type of structure is insoluble, and that is Fe(4)[Fe(CN)(6)](3)center dot mH(2)O hence, the use of the terms soluble and insoluble is inappropriate from a structural point of view. The result of the presence of the [Fe(CN)61 vacancy a, roup is that the water Substructure cannot be ignored in the ionic interplay mechanism which controls the intercalation and redox process, as was previously confirmed by electrogravimetric analyses (Gimenez-Romero et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 2715 Garcia-Jareno et al., Electrochim. Acta 1998, 44, 395: Kulesza, Inorg. Chem. 1990, 29, 2395).

Mass/charge balance as a tool to estimate dimensional change in polypyrrole-based actuators

The deconvolution of the voltammograms of polypyrrole electrochemistry has proved to be possible through the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance data using the F(dm/dQ) function. This deconvolution allows the evolution of the thickness of the polypyrrole films during their redox processes to be estimated and therefore, the mechanical contraction/decontraction of this polymer as a function of the ionic exchange processes can be evaluated. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Changeover during in situ compositional modulation of hexacyanoferrate (Prussian Blue) material

This paper describes the importance of (H2O)(6) clusters in controlling the properties of hexacyanoferrate (Prussian Blue) materials. A careful in situ study of compositional changes by using electrogravimetric techniques (in ac and dc modes) in hexacyanoferrates containing K+ alkali metals reveals the existence of a changeover in the properties of these films in a narrow potential range. Control of the compositional variation of the changeover is dependent on the K+ stoichiometric number in the compound structure. However, a specific K+ occupation in the compound structure activates the occupation of the (H2O)(6) cluster by H3O+ and/or H+, causing the changeover in the properties of hexacyanoferrate film. Thus, the information thus obtained is very useful for understanding the mechanisms involved in the electrochemical reversible switch between ferrimagnetism/paramagnetism, semiconductor/metal and electroluminescence/nonelectroluminescence properties of molecular cyanide materials.

Kinetic aspects of ion exchange in KhFek[Fe(CN)(6)](l)center dot mH(2)O compounds: A combined electrical and mass transfer functions approach

The present paper quantifies and develops the kinetic aspects involved in the mechanism of interplay between electron and ions presented elsewhere(1) for KhFek[Fe(CN)(6)](l)center dot mH(2)O (Prussian Blue) host materials. Accordingly, there are three different electrochemical processes involved in the PB host materials: H3O+, K+, and H+ insertion/extraction mechanisms which here were fully kinetically studied by means of the use of combined electronic and mass transfer functions as a tool to separate all the processes. The use of combined electronic and mass transfer functions was very important to validate and confirm the proposed mechanism. This mechanism allows the electrochemical and chemical processes involved in the KhFek[Fe(CN)(6)](l)center dot mH(2)O host and Prussian Blue derivatives to be understood. In addition, a formalism was also developed to consider superficial oxygen reduction. From the analysis of the kinetic processes involved in the model, it was possible to demonstrate that the processes associated with K+ and H+ exchanges are reversible whereas the H3O+ insertion process was shown not to present a reversible pattern. This irreversible pattern is very peculiar and was shown to be related to the catalytic proton reduction reaction. Furthermore, from the model, it was possible to calculate the number density of available sites for each intercalation/deintercalation processes and infer that they are very similar for K+ and H+. Hence, the high prominence of the K+ exchange observed in the voltammetric responses has a kinetic origin and is not related to the amount of sites available for intercalation/deintercalation of the ions.