306 resultados para Penman-Monteith


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Barrett's esophagus is an increasingly common disease that is strongly associated with reflux of stomach acid and usually a hiatus hernia, and it strongly predisposes to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), a tumor with a very poor prognosis. We report the first genome-wide association study on Barrett's esophagus, comprising 1,852 UK cases and 5,172 UK controls in the discovery stage and 5,986 cases and 12,825 controls in the replication stage. Variants at two loci were associated with disease risk: chromosome 6p21, rs9257809 (P combined = 4.09 × 10-9; odds ratio (OR) = 1.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) =1.13-1.28), within the major histocompatibility complex locus, and chromosome 16q24, rs9936833 (P combined = 2.74 × 10-10; OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.10-1.19), for which the closest protein-coding gene is FOXF1, which is implicated in esophageal development and structure. We found evidence that many common variants of small effect contribute to genetic susceptibility to Barrett's esophagus and that SNP alleles predisposing to obesity also increase risk for Barrett's esophagus. © 2012 Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Five new species of the flightless scarabaeine genus Aptenocanthon Matthews are described from northern Australia: jimara sp. nov. from the Northern Territory; kabura sp. nov., wollumbin sp. nov., winyur sp. nov. and speewah sp. nov. from mountains in the wet tropics of northern Queensland. A key is given to the eight species in the genus. A. jimara is the first record of the genus away from the east coast. Biology and distribution are discussed.

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Forested areas play a dominant role in the global hydrological cycle. Evapotranspiration is a dominant component most of the time catching up with the rainfall. Though there are sophisticated methods which are available for its estimation, a simple reliable tool is needed so that a good budgeting could be made. Studies have established that evapotranspiration in forested areas is much higher than in agricultural areas. Latitude, type of forests, climate and geological characteristics also add to the complexity of its estimation. Few studies have compared different methods of evapotranspiration on forested watersheds in semi arid tropical forests. In this paper a comparative study of different methods of estimation of evapotranspiration is made with reference to the actual measurements made using all parameter climatological station data of a small deciduous forested watershed of Mulehole (area of 4.5 km2 ), South India. Potential evapotranspiration (ETo) was calculated using ten physically based and empirical methods. Actual evapotranspiration (AET) has been calculated through computation of water balance through SWAT model. The Penman-Montieth method has been used as a benchmark to compare the estimates arrived at using various methods. The AET calculated shows good agreement with the curve for evapotranspiration for forests worldwide. Error estimates have been made with respect to Penman-Montieth method. This study could give an idea of the errors involved whenever methods with limited data are used and also show the use indirect methods in estimation of Evapotranspiration which is more suitable for regional scale studies.

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Obesity is associated with many chronic disease states, such as diabetes mellitus, coronary disease and certain cancers, including those of the breast and colon. There is a growing body of evidence that links phytochemicals with the inhibition of adipogenesis and protection against obesity. Mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) are tropical fruits that are rich in a diverse array of bioactive phytochemicals. In this study, methanol extracts of peel and flesh from three archetypal mango cultivars; Irwin, Nam Doc Mai and Kensington Pride, were assessed for their effects on a 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte cell line model of adipogenesis. High content imaging was used to assess: lipid droplets per cell, lipid droplet area per cell, lipid droplet integrated intensity, nuclei count and nuclear area per cell. Mango flesh extracts from the three cultivars did not inhibit adipogenesis; peel extracts from both Irwin and Nam Doc Mai, however, did so with the Nam Doc Mai extract most potent at inhibiting adipogenesis. Peel extract from Kensington Pride promoted adipogenesis. The inhibition of adipogenesis by Irwin (100 mu g mL(-1)) and Nam Doc Mai peel extracts (50 and 100 mu g mL(-1)) was associated with an increase in the average nuclear area per cell; similar effects were seen with resveratrol, suggesting that these extracts may act through pathways similar to resveratrol. These results suggest that differences in the phytochemical composition between mango cultivars may influence their effectiveness in inhibiting adipogenesis, and points to mango fruit peel as a potential source of nutraceuticals.

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Plant phytochemicals are increasingly recognised as sources of bioactive molecules which may have potential benefit in many health conditions. In mangoes, peel extracts from different cultivars exhibit varying effects on adipogenesis in the 3T3-L1 adipocyte cell line. In this study, the effects of preparative HPLC fractions of methanol peel extracts from Irwin, Nam Doc Mai and Kensington Pride mangoes were evaluated. Fraction 1 contained the most hydrophilic components while subsequent fractions contained increasingly more hydrophobic components. High content imaging was used to assess mango peel fraction effects on lipid accumulation, nuclei count and nuclear area in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells. For all three mango cultivars, the more hydrophilic peel fractions 1-3 inhibited lipid accumulation with greater potency than the more hydrophobic peel fractions 4. For all three cultivars, the more lipophilic fraction 4 had concentrations that enhanced lipid accumulation greater than fractions 1-3 as assessed by lipid droplet integrated intensity. The potency of this fraction 4 varied significantly between cultivars. Using mass spectrometry, five long chain free fatty acids were detected in fraction 4; these were not present in any other peel extract fractions. Total levels varied between cultivars, with Irwin fraction 4 containing the highest levels of these free fatty acids. Lipophilic components appear to be responsible for the lipid accumulation promoting effects of some mango extracts and are the likely cause of the diverse effects of peel extracts from different mango cultivars on lipid accumulation.

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The plant kingdom harbours many diverse bioactive molecules of pharmacological relevance. Temperate fruits and vegetables have been highly studied in this regard, but there have been fewer studies of fruits and vegetables from the tropics. As global consumers demand and are prepared to pay for new appealing and exotic foods, tropical fruits are now being more intensively investigated. Polyphenols and major classes of compounds like flavonoids or carotenoids are ubiquitously present in these fruits, as they are in the temperate ones, but particular classes of compounds are unique to tropical fruits and other plant parts. Bioactivity studies of compounds specific to tropical fruit plants may lead to new drug discoveries, while the synergistic action of the wide range of diverse compounds contained in plant extracts underlies nutritional and health properties of tropical fruits and vegetables. The evidence for in vitro and animal bioactivities is a strong indicator of the pharmacological promise shown in tropical fruit plant biodiversity. In this review, we will discuss both the occurrence of potential bioactive compounds isolated and identified from a selection of tropical fruit plants of importance in Australia, as well as recent studies of bioactivity associated with such fruits and other fruit plant parts.

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Bioactivities of peel and flesh extracts of 3 genetically diverse mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties were studied. Nam Doc Mai peel extracts, containing the largest amounts of polyphenols, were associated with an effect on MCF-7 viable cell numbers with an IC50 (dose required for 50% inhibition of cell viability) of 56 μg/mL and significantly (p<0.01) induced cell death in MDA-MB-231 cells, compared with other varieties. Hydrophilic fractions of Nam Doc Mai peel extracts had the highest bioactivity values against both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Soluble polyphenols were present in the largest amounts in most hydrophilic fractions. The Nam Doc Mai mango variety contains high levels of fruit peel bioactivity, which appears to be related to the nature of the polyphenol composition.

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Background: Mango fruits contain a broad spectrum of phenolic compounds which impart potential health benefits; their biosynthesis is catalysed by enzymes in the phenylpropanoid-flavonoid (PF) pathway. The aim of this study was to reveal the variability in genes involved in the PF pathway in three different mango varieties Mangifera indica L., a member of the family Anacardiaceae: Kensington Pride (KP), Irwin (IW) and Nam Doc Mai (NDM) and to determine associations with gene expression and mango flavonoid profiles. Results: A close evolutionary relationship between mango genes and those from the woody species poplar of the Salicaceae family (Populus trichocarpa) and grape of the Vitaceae family (Vitis vinifera), was revealed through phylogenetic analysis of PF pathway genes. We discovered 145 SNPs in total within coding sequences with an average frequency of one SNP every 316bp. Variety IW had the highest SNP frequency (one SNP every 258bp) while KP and NDM had similar frequencies (one SNP every 369bp and 360bp, respectively). The position in the PF pathway appeared to influence the extent of genetic diversity of the encoded enzymes. The entry point enzymes phenylalanine lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-mono-oxygenase (C4H) and chalcone synthase (CHS) had low levels of SNP diversity in their coding sequences, whereas anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) showed the highest SNP frequency followed by flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H). Quantitative PCR revealed characteristic patterns of gene expression that differed between mango peel and flesh, and between varieties. Conclusions: The combination of mango expressed sequence tags and availability of well-established reference PF biosynthetic genes from other plant species allowed the identification of coding sequences of genes that may lead to the formation of important flavonoid compounds in mango fruits and facilitated characterisation of single nucleotide polymorphisms between varieties. We discovered an association between the extent of sequence variation and position in the pathway for up-stream genes. The high expression of PAL, C4H and CHS genes in mango peel compared to flesh is associated with high amounts of total phenolic contents in peels, which suggest that these genes have an influence on total flavonoid levels in mango fruit peel and flesh. In addition, the particularly high expression levels of ANR in KP and NDM peels compared to IW peel and the significant accumulation of its product epicatechin gallate (ECG) in those extracts reflects the rate-limiting role of ANR on ECG biosynthesis in mango. © 2015 Hoang et al.

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Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is the single most important species for aquaculture in the state of Karnataka, India, where it is generally grown in polyculture with Indian major carps. Precocious maturation and unwanted reproduction in the species have been identified as constraints to increase production in aquaculture and culture-based fisheries in Karnataka state. Stocks of C. carpio obtained from Hungary (Amur and P3), Indonesia (Rajdanu) and Vietnam (SV) are being assessed alongside two local stocks (L-BRP and L-FRS) in a series of culture performance trials with the objective of setting up a base population for selective breeding. The paper presents progress of research being undertaken at the Fisheries Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India.

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植被-气候关系的研究是预测陆地生态系统对全球变化反应的基础,为研究中国生态系统对全球变化的响应模式,本文对植被分布和植被生产力与气候关系进行了初步探讨。 首先在分析中国气候与植被特点的基础上,将中国潜在自然植被共划分为18类:寒温带针叶林,温带针阔叶混交林,暖温带落叶阔叶林,亚热带常绿落叶林混交林,典型亚热带常绿落叶林,亚热带季风常绿阔叶林,亚热带北常绿阔叶林,西部亚热带旱性常绿阔叶林,西部热带旱性热带雨林、季雨林,热带雨林、季雨林区,森林草原,典型草原,荒漠草原,温带荒漠,暖温带极干旱荒漠,青藏高原高寒灌丛草甸,青藏高原高寒草原、温性草原,青藏高原离寒荒漠。然后从中国基准气象站的气象资料出发,采用Penman方法计算了中国标准气象站的水分平衡指标,根据植被分布的多维气候生态位理论,对水分平衡指标及温度指标与植被分布的关系进行了多元分析,经过主成分析、相关分析、判别分析,典型判别分析等方法综合评价,得出低温指数( LTI),生长季实际蒸散( GAE)、生长季水分亏缺(GDE),干燥度(RATI)是与植被关系最密切的指标,与其它分类系统指标相比较,用该系统中两参数(GAE,RATI)与其它七个两参数模型的邻近判别分析结果比较,本研究提出的气候参数对中国植被类型具有最大的正确判别率;与8个参数的Box植被生活型与气候关系系统相比较,本文四参数模型的判别正确率与之无显著差异.为更直观地表达出植被类型与气候指标之间的关系,运用多段线性判别方法设计了二维决策模型,正确区分率为73.5%. 在收集425个生物量、生产力数据的基础上,分析了气象要素与植被生产力关系,对选取部分地带性植被测量点的数据分析后,提出了中国植被生产力与水分平衡关系的回归模型: NPP=2.55×GAE×EXP(-4.2092-1.9665.RATI) 运用本文建立的植被分布及生产力与气候关系模型对全球气候变化(温度增加、雨量变化)后中国植被的可能变化进行了预测,结果表明青藏高原植被,寒温带针叶林与典型草原对全球变化较敏感,特别是生产力变化较明显,不同的温雨变化组合,不同植被类型的NPP的反应差异显著.

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全球变化与陆地生态系统(GCTE)的研究一直是国际地圈一生物圈计划(IGBP).全球变化研究的焦点之一,其中植被与环境,尤其是气候的关系研究,虽然古老却又包含许多新的涵义,而陆地样带(Terrestrial Transect)则是近年来发起于GCTE,并拓展到IGBP其它核心项目的研究热点.博士后研究的主要工作有:将全球变化作为主线,以单个树种青冈(Cyclobalanopsisgtauco)为对象,研究其过去、现在和将来的地理分布与气候的关系;分别利用气温和降水指标,拓展Kira指标形成生物热量指数和干湿度指数,以及建立水热积指数,在宏观尺度上研究了中国植被与气候的关系;结合生物群区和植物功能型概念的发展以及生物多样性的研究,进行了以生物多样性保育为目的的我国生态地理区划;在熟悉IGBP陆地样带的科学计划并总结其最新发展动态的基础上,分析了中国东北样带的基本生态地理特征;最后,粗略分析r生物性多样保育与自然保护区建设和管理的关系问题。 1.植被一环境(气候)分类:指标、系统和模型 植被一气候关系是一个古老的命题,但在当今的全球变化研究中成为最基础和最具活力的工作。从单一因子的或多因子简单组合的分类指标,如Koppen,Box指标等,到以可能蒸散为基础的综合分类指标,如Penman,Thornthwaite, Holdridge,Budyko,Kira指标等,科学家们发展了众多的植被一气候分类系统和模型,如Koppen.Thornthwaite,Holdridge. Kira. Box. Neilson.Woodward, Budyko, Prentice系统,以及Holdridge,Uvardy,Matthews. Olson. Bailey.Woodward.Prentice. Box模型,为现今植被一气候关系的研究以及全球变化对陆地生态系统的影响,和大气C02增加对潜在植被变化的响应预测奠定了良好的基础。 2.基于物种的植被一气候关系研究:中国青冈的地理分布与气候的关系 在广泛收集青冈[Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Thunb.) Oerst.]地理分布资料的基础上,利用目前国际上比较流行的研究植被与气候相互关系的指标和方法,包括Kira的水热指标、Penman的公式、Thomthwaite的指标和气候分类、Holdridge的生命地带分类系统指标, 以及年平均气温(TEMP). 1月均温(Tl)、’7月均温(T7)、极端最高气温(TMAX)、极端最低气温(TMIN).≥10℃积温(AT)和年降水量(PREC),研究了青冈在中国的地理分布与气候的关系,讨论了青冈垂直分布的上限、下限以及北界的Kira热量指标状况。根据孢粉资料和历史文献,探讨r历史时期青冈在中国大陆的分布与变迁及其与气候的关系,并利用Holdridge生命地带分类系统指标预测了C02浓度倍增条件下中国青冈分布区的可能变化。 3.宏观尺度上的中国植被一气候关系 1)用气温、降水指标研究中国植被一气候关系 能够在气象台站直接、方便地测试到的年平均气温、降水量指标,与其它水热气候因子有显著的相关性,用它们来研究中国植被与气候的关系是可行且有用的。利用全国689个气象站点的气象记录,计算得出了中国各植被地带、亚地带的年平均气温,年降水量指标和温雨系数,利用生态信息系统EIS作出了各气候指标在中国的分布,并将年平均气温和降水量作散点图,均较好地表现了中国各植被类型与气候指标的关系和格局。总结可得中国各植被地带的气候指标范围及界限。综合孢粉,古生物等资料信息,前人确定在全新世中期中国存在一个大暖期,其中稳定暖湿的鼎盛阶段在7.2—6,0 Ka.B.P.,其时中国境内大部分地区的年平均气温比现在高2℃左右,年降水平均高于现在100 mm,通过数学处理,利用生态信息系统恢复重建了全新世大暖期中国大陆的气温和降水分布状况.参考孢粉、古植物和他人研究资料及现代植被气候关系,恢复编制了大暖期鼎盛阶段中国大陆的植被区划图,与现代植被区划相比较,东部各个植被带在大暖期盛时表现出明显的北迁,温带植被的迁移幅度大于亚热带和热带植被;西部的植被带出现了经向西迁,西北部的草原范围扩张,荒漠缩小;青藏高原地区高寒半荒漠和荒漠植被的范围大大缩小,而且植被带仍有不同程度向北迁移的表现。这可为预测与阐明未来的气候变化和植被变迁提供有力的证据. 2)KIRA指标的拓展及其在中国植被与气候关系研究中的应用 根据Kira以月平均气温5℃为界的热量指数和干湿度指数概念,提出了以月平均气温10℃为界的生物热量指数,包括生物温暖指数BWI和生物寒冷指数BCI,并修正其干湿度指数为生物干湿度指数BK。利用中国689个标准气象台站的资料,分析我国主要植被类型分布与热量因子和干湿度因子的关系,得出两者之间有较好的相关性,生物温暖指数、寒冷指数和干湿度指数的散点图,较好地表现了中国各植被类型与气候指标的关系和格局。并得出中国各植被地带的气候指标范围及界限,以1 0℃为界的生物温暖指数不仅对我国森林植被的地理分布和温度气候带的划分具有较好的指示作用,而且对西南部高山、亚高山地区的植被与气候关系指示性较强;生物寒冷指数则对亚热带和热带的指示性很好,能够较好区分亚热带南部及热带地区;由热量指数和降水量综合得出的生物干湿度指数,对中国西北部干旱、半干旱区以至全国的植被分布与水分、热量因子的关系分析有较好的应用价值。 3)水热积指数的估算及其在中国植被与气候关系研究中的应用 试图利用大气年平均气温、年降水量、可能蒸散和土壤水分平衡之间的关系建立一个水热积指数,并应用年平均气温.水分盈亏值和水热积指数三个气候变量来限定植物群落组合,构成一个圆形的生命-气候图式.根据全国689个标准气象台站的气候资料,计算了中国8个植被地带和26个亚地带的年平均气温、年水分盈亏和水热积指数,绘制了各气候指标在中国的分布图及散点图,较好表现了中国各植被类型与气候指标的关系和格局,包括寒温带针叶林、冷温带针阔叶混交林、暖温带落叶阔叶林、亚热带常绿阔叶林、热带雨林和季雨林、温带草原、温带荒漠、青藏高原高寒植被,并得到了中国各植被地带的气候指标范围及界限。通过分析可以看出,年平均气温的等值线较好地反映了中国大陆的热量梯度,经度和纬度方向的区分均较明显;土壤水分盈亏曲线的等值线则比较零乱;综合了热量和水分差异的水热积指数,其等值线与热量梯度和水分梯度均有一定的对应性,与植被类型的对应也较好。这是在宏观尺度上进行的植被与气候关系研究的一种尝试,有待于增加机理性的内容,使其得到进一步的改进。 4.生物多样性保育和全球变化研究中的陆地生物群区类型 Biome(生物群区)是当今生物多样性保育和全球变化研究中的一个重要概念,根据此概念及植物功能型概念的发展,评述了9个重要的世界陆地生物群区分类系统,并根据中国的植被分类和区划,尝试划分了在中国的生物多样性保育和全球变化研究中所需要的陆地生物群区类型。 5.中国生物多样性的生态地理区划 利用各种生态地理因子,包括气候指标如与植物耐寒性有关的绝对最低温度(TMrN),最冷月平均气温(TJAN),最冷月日平均温度的最大值(MXT)和最小值(MIT);与需热性有关的植物生长季积温(AT);年降水量的季节分配,包括最冷月降水(PJAN),最热月降水(PJUL),年降水量,年降水的统计标准差(PSD)和变异系数(年变率PCV);植被指标如植被类型(VEGET)、,植被区划类型(VEGED)、植被的净第一性生产力(NPP)、植物区系类型(FLORA)、动物区系类型(FA UNA).植物特有属的丰富度(EDGENUS)以及度量植物多样性的植物种丰富度(属数GENUS、种数SPECIES);土壤指标如土壤类型(SOILT),土壤理化性质如土壤酸碱度(SOILPH)、土壤表层阳离子交换量(SOILEXC)等;地形和地貌特征如经度(LONG)、纬度(LAT)和海拔高度(ALT),利用模糊聚类的手段,综合进行了中国生物多样性的生态地理区划。采用四级区划,即:生物大区(biodomain) -生物亚区(subbiodomain) -生物群区(biome) -生物区(bioregion).全国划分为5个生物大区,7个生物亚区和1 8个生物群区。 I北方森林大区 I A欧亚北方森林亚区 I Al南泰加山地寒温针叶林 IA2北亚针阔叶混交林 II北方草原荒漠大区 II B欧亚草原亚区 II Bl内亚温带高草草原 II B2黄土高原森林草原(灌木草原) il C亚非荒漠亚区 II Cl中亚温带荒漠 ⅡC2蒙古/内亚温带荒漠 III东亚大区 III D东亚落叶阔叶林亚区 m DI东亚落叶阔叶林 III E东亚常绿阔叶林亚区 III El东亚落叶•常绿阔叶混交林 III E2东亚常绿阔叶林 ⅡI E3东亚季风常绿阔叶林 III E4西部山地常绿阔叶林 IV旧热带大区 IV F印度一马来热带森林亚区 IV Fl北热带雨林、季雨林 IV F2热带海岛植被 V亚洲高原大区 vG青藏高原亚区V Gl青藏高寒灌丛草甸V G2青藏高寒草原V G3青藏高寒荒漠V G4青藏温性草原V Gs青藏温性荒漠IGBP陆地样带:科学计划与最新进展 作为国际地圈一生物圈计划(IGBP)的交叉项目(Interproject)的陆地样带(Terrestrial Transect),已成为IGBP的全球变化研究中最引人重视的发展和新研究方法之一。它以一系列综合性的全球变化研究计划为基础,是由沿着一个主要全球变化驱动因素(如温度、降水、土地利用强度等)的梯度上的一系列研究站点所构成研究区域,并配合以模型模拟和综合分析,其地理范围为1000 km或更大的长度,数百公里的宽度,以涵盖大气环流模型(GCM)运作的最小单元。本节论述了IGBP陆地样带的概念和研究的意义,样带的类型、一般设计和选择标准,国际上IGBP样带的初步设置,包括①经受土地利用变化的潮湿热带系统;②从北方森林到冻原的高纬度地区;③从干旱森林到灌丛的半干旱热带地区;④从森林或灌丛过渡到草地的中纬度半干旱地区,以及其它的一些样带和PAGES核心计划中的PEP样带,主要内容有样带设置的原因、研究内容和主要样带特点等,并总结了样带的最新研究进展和动态. 6.中国东北样带(N ECT)的生态地理特征分析 陆地样带研究已成为国际地圈-生物圈计划(IGBP):全球变化研究的重要手段与热点。中国东北森林-草原样带(NECT)已被列为IGBP国际全球变化陆地样带之一。该样带在东经1120与130030’之间沿北纬43030’设置,长约l 600 km,是一条中纬度温带以降水为驱动因素的梯度,具有由温带针阔叶混交林向温带草原的3个亚地带:草甸草原、典型草原与荒漠草原过渡的空间系列。本文给出了样带的基本生态地理特征及其梯度分析,包括其地理位置、设置意义、地形地貌、气候梯度、土壤类型、土地利用格局、植被类型、主要优势种和群落类型的生态地理特征以及全新世适宜期(大暖期)的植被分布格局。NECT将成为我国全球变化与陆地生态系统(GCTE)与其它IGBP核心项目研究的前沿阵地。 7.自然保护区的作用、建设和管理及其与生物多样性的关系 一般而言,“就地保护”是保护生物多样性的主要措施和最根本的途径,生境的“就地保护”是生物多样性保护最为有力和最为高效的保护方法,而就地保护的措施就是建立自然保护区,通过对自然保护区的建设和有效管理,使生物多样性得到切实有效的人为保护。从自然保护区定义和类型划分及生物多样性的定义本身可以看出,自然保护区的主要保护对象是世界上丰富多彩的生物多样性,自然保护区是生物多样性就地保护的重要基地,是物种多样性的基因库,是留给野生动植物的宝贵栖息地,应把保护区的建设和生物多样性的保护与持续利用密切结合起来,合理开发利用自然资源,促进生物多样性的可持续发展。

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本研究应用数字地球技术,基于1950年~1980年的全国958个气象站的基本气象数据(包括气象站的经纬度,海拔,月均温,月降水,年均温, 年降水,日照时数,日照百分率,风速等),比较了四个不同的根据水、热平衡原理设计的气候一植被关系模型(Penman模型、Holdridge生命地带系统、和Kira方法Thomthwaite模型)在中国应用的一致性和适用性。结果表明:(1) Penman模型在温带草原区和青藏高原地区的一致性指数超过50%,在青藏高原最出色,最有发展潜力。(2) Thornthwaite模型在热带雨林、季雨林区达到39. 72%,可以弥补Holdridg模型在热带地区分类精度的不足。(3) Holdridg生命地带系统在不同地带间适用性最广;只在热带地区,例如西部季雨林、雨林区域(52)、西部草原亚区域(63)和青藏高原温性荒漠地带(86)以及青藏高原温性草原地带(84)不理想。(4)吉良(Kira)方法在亚热带常绿阔叶林区可与Holdridg模型相媲美;在低海拔和湿润、半湿润地区效果尚可,但在温带荒漠区与青藏高原区的模拟效果与实际相差较远。 这四个传统的分类方法在中国植被区划一级分类上是适用的,Holdridge生命地带系统KAPPA -致性指数达到0.57模拟效果优于其它三者,但在特定地区,如青藏高原,所有模型均需改进优化或启用新的模型因子才能很好地区分植被亚地带。本研究还指出,数字地球技术的应用有助于推动气候一植被关系的研究,尤其在气候一植被指标(气候参数和模型参数)的大范围实时动态监测、气候一植被关系数据的海量信息高效、有序基础管理和功能型模型库支撑框架体系方面。

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松嫩平原盐碱化草地是我国著名的天然草场,又是东北西部绿色生态屏障,具有较高的经济价值和重要的生态意义。但是由于各种自然因素和人为因素,致使草地出现退化、沙化和盐渍化,尤其是草地盐渍化加重,生态环境日趋恶化。当地地形条件和气候要素是导致草地原生盐碱化的主要原因。而人类对草地的过度使用,如过度放牧和割草等则是导致草地快速次生盐碱化的主要原因,不仅导致土壤的退化,而且引起草地群落发生次生演替过程。在典型的次生演替过程中,常常可以出现羊革(Aneurolepidium chinense)群落、羊草和一虎尾草(Aneurotepidium chinense&Chloris virgata)群落、虎尾草(Chloris virgata)群落、碱蓬(Suaeda glauca)群落等演替阶段。 本文试图建立一个过程模型,来模拟草地的生态学过程机理以及人类过度放牧对草地生态系统的影响。本模型包括5个部分:1)主要气候因子的模拟,2)土壤水分动态的模拟,3)土壤盐碱化动态的模拟,4)草地群落生长的模拟,5)不同放牧强度对草地生态系统的影响评价。以下将对各个部分分别描述a 在气候因子模拟子模型中,给出了影响草地生态系统主要气候园子的种类,并重点介绍了如何利用解析法计算太阳辐射,包括平地和坡地的理论可照时间,天文辐射日总量以及总辐射量。利用改进后的Penman式,模拟了全国的潜在蒸散量,与900多个气象站点的水面蒸发观测资料进行了验证,模拟结果很好。 利用面向对象技术,将土壤水分动力学模型与水分平衡模型相结合,建立了土壤水分动态的物理过程模型。模型以ld为步长,可以模拟多种土壤质地的水分动态。利用松嫩平原4中典型土壤(碳酸盐草甸黑钙土、栗钙土、碱化盐土、草甸碱土)1997年土壤湿度观测资料对模型进行了验证,效果根理想。 在水盐平衡模型和动力学模型基础上建立了物理过程模型,来模拟土壤盐碱化动态。模型以ld为步长,适合于模拟异质性强的多层土壤水盐动态。模拟了1997年羊草及碱蓬群落下的土壤盐分、碱化度、pH值动态,并与实验资料进行了比较,模拟结果可以反映土壤盐分和碱化的季节变化规律。 模型将气候要素、土壤湿度、土壤盐分浓度、碱化度和pH值作为影响草地群落生长最重要的环境因子,在土壤水分动态和盐碱化动态模型基础上,建立了过程模型来模拟以羊草(A.chinense)、虎尾草(C.virgata)、星星草(Puccinellialenuiflora)和碱蓬(S. glauca)为建群种的4种植物群落的地上生物量、地下生物量以及枯死生物量变化动态。利用吉林省长岭的气候资料和实验资料,模拟了1991年土壤湿度动态,1991年4种群落土壤盐分、碱化度和pH值变化动态,以及1991年4种群落生长动态,并分另fj利用实验资料进行了验证,模拟效果非常理想。 在此基础上,利用模型对不同放牧强度对土壤水分动态、盐碱化动态的影响进行了评价,并探讨了对群落演替和生长的可能影响。模型选择不放牧、轻牧、重牧、过牧、极牧5种放牧强度,利用模型每15天将地上生物量分别去除0%. 25%、50%、75%和90%,并且相应改变了土壤导水特性来模拟不同的放牧强度。模拟结果表明,重牧、过牧、极牧下土壤湿度显著降低,但在轻牧下土壤温度略有上升。在不放牧时,土壤以脱盐、脱碱过程为主,而轻牧下脱盐、脱碱过程则会变缓:重牧、过牧、极牧下则以盐碱化为主。.不放牧时羊草群落一直占优势,而轻牧下则被羊草一虎尾草群落替代:虎尾草可以忍受轻的盐碱,因此在重牧F取代羊草群落成为优势种;在过牧和极牧下,土壤盐碱化非常迅速,最终只有碱蓬可以忍受强度的盐碱,这时草地变为碱蓬群落或光碱斑。不放牧下草地群落生长良好,生物量最大;轻牧下,草地群落生物量保持在中等水平;而重牧、过牧、极牧下草地生物量迅速减少。通过将每年收割的生物量进行累加,可以发现轻牧下收获的生物量总量是最大的,随着放牧强度的增加,收获的生物量迅速减少,如果同时考虑到适口性的问题,则可以发现轻牧下可 以收获最多的生物量,而过牧和极牧下只能收获极少的适口性非常差的碱蓬。 模拟结果表明,过牧是导致松嫩草地次生盐碱化最重要的原因,它不仅造成草地土壤的退化,而且加速了草地群落的次生演替。适宜的放牧强度对于保护草地免受退化,保持较高的草地生产力水平至关重要。而过牧不仅降低了草地的生产力,而且严重破坏了草地环境,引起草地的迅速退化。

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为检查特殊的涡鞭毛虫--尖尾藻(Oxyrrhis marina)是否已进化产生了核骨架结构,若有的话,又与典型真核细胞核骨架在形态结构上有何异同,用了两种方法。方法一是将分离出的尖尾藻细胞核,仿照P. R. Gook的方法用含高盐及去垢剂的分解液处理之后再经DNase除去DNA,用透射电镜观察。方法二是采用S. Penman实验室的分级抽提、DGD包埋-去包埋剂电镜技术,但根据尖尾藻的生理特性作了修改。此外还用了以热三氯醋酸除去核酸的方法。方法一的实验结果表明,尖尾藻细胞核内有一个起框架作用的纤维蛋白结构,此结构类似于用同一方法在典型真核细胞上所显示的“nuclear cage”结构。方法二的结果显示,尖尾藻细胞核内存在一个纤维网架结构,核仁与染色体都被网络于其间。其纤维粗细为2.8nm到24nm,它们与细胞(质)骨架中的中间纤维(IF)有着广泛的联系。此网架结构是由非DNA性质的纤维蛋白组成的,其中还含有对维持其三维结构所必需的RNA成分。它们的这些特点都十分相似于典型真核细胞核骨架的特点。另外尖尾藻的核纤层及核骨架纤维上所结合的核糖核蛋白颗粒(RNP)方面又与典型真核生物的有差别。本工作首次证明了特殊涡鞭毛虫毛类--尖尾藻已有了核骨结构。