Percepção de pequenos e médios produtores rurais sobre a tecnologia Integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta (iLPF) no município de Ipameri - GO

As práticas agrícolas, muito além de processos estritamente ecológicos, constituem processos sociais. Simplificações na dinâmica ecológica, impostas pela artificialização dos sistemas agrícolas, tem causado desequilíbrios entre produção e diversidade de espécies. A utilização de modernas tecnologias de manejo agrícola, desenvolvidas com o intuito de restabelecer o funcionamento de agrossistemas complexos e facilitar mecanismos de autoregulação do ambiente, estão amplamente conectadas a questões socioeconômicas. Concebidas com o propósito de conservar e ampliar a biodiversidade, facilitar a ciclagem de nutrientes, assim como diminuir impactos ao solo (tais como erodibilidade e compactação) além de, entre outros efeitos, preservar a umidade dos solos e propiciar microclima mais estável e ameno, as tecnologias de integração agropecuária e florestal tem sido implementadas em diferentes regiões do mundo. Pesquisas tem sido conduzidas quanto às práticas de implementação adequadas a cada ecossistema e às especificidades locais, com a expectativa de obtenção de resultados satisfatórios a partir das perspectivas ecológica, agronômica, econômica e social. Identificar e avaliar o grau de identificação dos pequenos e médios produtores rurais do município de Ipameri, sudeste de Goiás, com formas de produção agrícola diversificadas e integradas, bem como a viabilidade de utilização destas tecnologias em seu cotidiano, são os propósitos desta pesquisa. Buscou-se compreender, a partir da perspectiva destes atores sociais, as implicações dos efeitos decorrentes de variáveis econômicas, sociais, ambientais e simbólicas inerentes às práticas agronômicas eleitas por estes produtores, para condução de suas atividades e expressão de seus valores, preceitos, tradições e estilos de organização social. Concluiu-se que os sistemas integrados constituem alternativas para recuperação de áreas de pastagens degradas e da paisagem, representam oportunidades de geração de empregos, diversificação de renda para micro, pequenos e médios produtores locais. A despeito das dificuldades elencadas pelos interagentes da pesquisa para sua implementação, constitui-se em uma estratégia compreendida como viável e de interesse para os potenciais usuários

Os impactos ambientais no meio físico: erosão e assoreamento na bacia hidrográfica do rio Taquari, MS, em decorrência da pecuária

O aumento da inundação em áreas do baixo curso do rio Taquari, no Pantanal do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, tem transformado a pecuária desta região numa atividade com baixa rentabilidade, à medida que extensas áreas de campo passaram a ser inundadas vários meses durante o ano a partir da década de 70. A pecuária realizada em campos naturais de regiões úmidas do Pantanal indica que há necessidade de se investigar metodologias apropriadas para avaliação de impacto ambiental, que abordem impactos diretos, indiretos, cumulativos e processos do meio físico que alteram, de maneira prejudicial, o meio ambiente. Supõe-se que a inundação na planície do rio Taquari esteja relacionada com a ocupação antrópica nas áreas de planalto da bacia do rio Taquari. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar os impactos ambientais na planície de inundação do baixo curso do Taquari, decorrentes da ocupação antrópica da bacia hidrográfica do rio Taquari em sua totalidade, considerando os impactos ambientais causados pela pecuária à medida que se configura como principal atividade econômica da bacia bem como os processos erosivos e de assoreamento no quadro atual do regime de inundações. As etapas de caracterização da área, de análise dos impactos e as propostas de ações mitigadoras, previstas num Estudo de Impacto Ambiental, foram aqui analisadas. Foram utilizadas informações sobre as características do meio físico, biótico e socioeconômico, selecionadas a partir do levantamento dos dados existentes com recorte efetuado para a bacia hidrográfica do rio Taquari. Na maior parte dos temas, este foi um processo de levantamento, ordenamento e recuperação de informações, na escala original de 1:250.000, do Plano de Conservação da Bacia do Alto Paraguai-PCBAP, gerenciado no SPRING. Foram também realizadas viagens de campo para a complementação dos dados e para o levantamento de atividades antrópicas com verificações \"in loco\" da ocorrência de impacto ambiental. A maioria dos dados socioeconômicos compilados para o presente trabalho teve por base os censos agropecuários e demográficos realizados pelo IBGE. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que os impactos ambientais decorrentes da pecuária no planalto interferem no regime de inundação na planície da bacia, o que só foi possível de ser identificado a partir de análises integradas em toda a bacia hidrográfica do rio Taquari. Verificou-se que os métodos de EIA são adequados para identificar os impactos diretos decorrentes da pecuária, mas não são adequados para identificar os processos e seus efeitos cumulativos na extensão da bacia hidrográfica do rio Taquari. Além disto, a abordagem da avaliação ambiental estratégica, como procedimento para análise ambiental em políticas, planos e programas, mostra-se adequada para as análises na BHRT à medida que está centralizada nos efeitos do ambiente sobre as necessidades e oportunidades de desenvolvimento. Contudo, somente a recuperação de danos ambientais, o controle das origens dos impactos no ambiente e um sistema de gestão consciente de seus compromissos podem levar, juntamente com a melhora dos procedimentos técnicos e administrativos para análises ambientais, à uma maior proximidade da sustentabilidade ambiental na BHRT.

O produtor familiar na pecuária leiteira : limites e potencialidades

The technological change is nowadays, comprehended as a playing field which involves cultural and economic processes of appreciation and depreciation of the social aspects of family unit. The exclusion of small producers from the activity is used as an argument to characterize that in the contemporary intercapitalist competition, the family ways of production take up restrict social positions of a technical progress and of a cultural and economic appreciation. The state, a coparcener of the modernization process, has its relevance as a financing agent, a technical capacitor, an infrastructure propitiator, that is, through macro and microeconomic policies which can create sustainable conditions to permit, mainly, not only the family producer to be inserted in the activity, but, above all, to remain in it. This way, this study aims to identify and analyze the family producer, through its limits and potentialities, with a thesis that this would be the main agent responsible for boosting the Brazilian milk production in quantity and quality. Therefore, results were compared obtained from a field survey with data collection via semi-structured open interviews in a sample of 108 producers effectively respondents, namely: 59 family farmers with active DAP (research focus) and 49 employers producers the municipality of Monte Alegre de Minas - MG. Technological indices were used to identify the developmental stage of the producers, thus allowing a comparative study between them. The field research covered all rural municipality of Monte Alegre de Minas – MG and, the result found that the majority of family farmers presented lower rates than technological employers producers. However, it allowed us to state also that the producer family and assisted by public policies, can be the agent of transformation of dairy farming.

Competências inovativas e a acumulação do conhecimento: um estudo de caso em uma inovação tecnológica da pecuária de corte

Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever o processo de gerar competências inovadoras na Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária. No inicio de 1980, o centro de pesquisa da Embrapa Gado de Corte estava engajado no projeto Marandu - Brachiaria brizantha - originalmente uma planta nativa da África, potencialmente usada para alimentação do gado. Atualmente é responsável por cerca de 40% das sementes de forrageiras vendidas no Brasil, cultivada em cerca de 70 milhões de hectares de pastagens no país. Uma abordagem qualitativa foi definida para a pesquisa exploratória, e delineamento de estudo de caso. Foram feitas entrevistas semiestruturadas com os pesquisadores envolvidos no projeto e examinado os processos de geração, armazenamento, distribuição e aplicação do modelo de conhecimento tecnológico aplicado pela Embrapa. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam a relevância do ciclo de geração de competências nos processos da gestão do conhecimento, essenciais nas tecnologias da pecuária de corte do agronegócio.

Qualidade física e matéria orgânica do solo em sistema de integração lavoura - pecuária submetido a doses de nitrogênio

The animal trampling favors the soil compaction process in sheep raising and crop production integrated systems. This compression has negative effects, hindering the development of roots, the availability of nutrients, water and aeration, causing production losses, making it essential for the assessment of soil physical attributes for monitoring soil quality. Soil organic matter can be used to assess the quality of the soil, due to its relationship with the chemical, physical and biological soil properties. Conservation management system with tillage, along with systems integration between crops and livestock are being used to maintain and even increase the levels of soil organic matter. For that, a field experiment was carried out over a Oxisol clayey Alic in Guarapuava, PR, from de 2006 one. experiment sheep raising and crop production integrated systems The climate classified as Cfb .. The study was to evaluate the soil physical properties and quantify the stock of soil organic carbon and its compartmentalization in system integration crop - livestock with sheep under four nitrogen rates (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg ha-1) in the winter pasture, formed by the consortium oat (Avena strigosa) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and the effect of grazing (with and without). The soil samples blades density evaluations, total porosity, macro and micro, aggregation and carbon stocks were held in two phases: Phase livestock (after removal of the animals of the area) and phase crop (after maize cultivation). The collection of soil samples were carried out in layers of 0-0.5, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.20 and m. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and the hypotheses tested by the F test (p <0.05). For the quantitative effect data regression and the qualitative effect used the test medium. In non-significant regressions used the average and standard deviation treatments. The animal trampling caused an increase in bulk density in the 0.10-0.20 m layer. The dose of 225 kg N ha-1 in winter pasture increased total soil porosity at 8% compared to dose 0 kg N ha-1 in the crop stage. The grazing had no effect on soil macroporosity. GMD of aggregates in the phase after grazing the surface layer was damaged by grazing. Nitrogen rates used in the winter pasture and grazing not influence the total organic carbon stocks. The TOC is not influenced by nitrogen fertilization on grassland. The grazing increases the stock of POC in the 0.10-0.20 m layer livestock phase and cause the stock of POC in the 0-0.5 m layer in the crop stage. The MAC is not influenced by N rates applied in the pasture or by grazing.

Adubação de sistemas: antecipação de adubação nitrogenada para a cultura do milho em integração lavoura-pecuária

Traditionally in no-tillage systems, fertilization is done to the catch crop. In general nutrient cycling in crop systems has not been treated as an important tool in the process of nutrient supplying for plants. The type and the condition in which vegetable residuesis decomposed can affect the efficiency of nutrient cycling.This study assessed the effect of anticipated nitrogen fertilization in crop-livestock systems on cultivated cornproduction, rate ofnutrient release from plant residue, and theN-minerallevels of soil. The study was carried out in the city Abelardo Luz (SC) in a Clayey Oxisol. The experimental design was a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. The first factor was N Fertilization Time: in the N-Pasture level, nitrogen (200 kg ha-1 N) and N-Grains level, no nitrogen was applied. The second factor was the Grazing Height, characterized by two sward heights of oat at 15 cm (Low Height Pasture) and at 30 cm (High Height Pasture). Corn hybrid ‘Máximus’ was sowed in 10thOctober, 31 days after the removal of animals. In the twelve resulting plots from the combination of treatments on pasture phase (N Fertilization Time x Grazing Height) rates of N-fertilizer (0, 100, 200 e 300 Kg ha-1 of N) as urea were allocated in the split plot.We conclude that anticipated N fertilization of winter cover crop pasture to provide high-quality forage and carry-over N to the subsequent corn crop and may eventually replace side drees nitrogen fertilization on corn and can improve overall N fertilizer efficiency use in integrated crop-livestock systems.The rate of K release from plant residues is very fast, releasing large quantities in the first days after plant desiccation.Despite of considerably high nitrogen dose used in both the pasture and at the grain crop it was not observed nitrate leaching risks during the study period.

Macrofauna epígea de besouros coprófilos em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária

The soil macrofauna (organisms ≥ 2.0 mm) main function is to act indirectly on the decomposition of organic matter and control the population of microorganisms. This study aims to evaluate the density and richness of coprphilic dung beetles at different levels of nitrogen fertilization and grazing pressure on Crop-Livestock Integration System (ILP) and his opposition to morphotypes present in the native forests of the region. Was used a rural area in Abelardo Luz city, western state of Santa Catarina, on the border of southwest of Paraná, 26° 31' 18.8832" south latitude and 52° 15' 3.4986' west longitude and elevation 862 m for the installation of the experiment, which is already carried out the activity of agriculture and livestock. The study is part of the Integrated Project of Long Duration GISPA UTFPR Group, which evaluates the grazing pressure and time of fertilization deployed in April 2013. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design in a 2x2 factorial arrangement with three replications. The factors were "Nitrogen Application" (NP = N in the pasture and NG = N applied in corn) and "Height Grazing" (high and low). The native forest, which provided the parameters for assessing the degree of conservation, lies 700 meters northeast of the experimental area. Modified pitfall traps were used at ground level, on the bait trap and covered together to prevent dehydration. They were carried out 36 collections in bushland, within one year from 26 April 2013, in which we obtained a total of 16,301 individuals and 28 morphotypes. In ILP area specimens were collected from June to September 2014, totaling 23 collections, 74,586 individuals and 30 morphotypes. To carry out the statistics and faunal analysis, GENES programs were used, ANAFAU, NTIA/EMBRAPA and SigmaPlot version 12.5. Most of the correlations observed (90%) between the variables of insects and environmental conditions was significant. The largest number of insects was directly related to the temperature rise. There was a positive correlation between the application of nitrogen and the occurrence of coprophilous. There was a positive correlation between the number of insects and low grazing height. It was also found that some of the insects migrate from the culture to the area of native forest after reaching their peak population. The great similarity of results observed in the native forest and the ILP System indicates the ecological benefits of adopting this technology.

Altura do pasto e adubação nitrogenada sobre a produção de forragem e eficiência no uso de nutrientes em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária

The proper use of management strategies, such as grazing intensity and nitrogen fertilization are primordial to the success of integrated crop-livestock system. Several studies have demonstrated the influence of grazing intensity and nitrogen fertilization on dynamics of forage production and nutrient cycling. However, most this researches studying these strategies in isolation and little is known about the interaction of these factors in the management of an integrated crop-livestock system. In this context, the aim of this study is to determine the best management strategy involving sward height and nitrogen fertilization, permitting greater forage production and improved efficiency in the use of nitrogen soil by a black oat ‘BRS 139’ plus ryegrass ‘Barjumbo’ pasture in integrated crop-livestock system. The experiment was realized in Abelardo Luz – SC, in an area of 14 ha, where has been conducted an experiment in long term with integrated crop-livestock system under no-tillage since 2012. The experimental design is a randomized block design with three replications in a factorial design (2x2), the first factor was the grazing intensity (high and low), characterized by two sward height management (10 and 25 cm), and the second included the time factor application of N in the system: N applied on pasture (N-pasture) and N applied on the culture of grain (N-grain), at dose of 200 kg N ha stocking and variable stocking rate. The previous crop to pasture was corn. The nitrogen fertilization of pasture increased tiller density, forage density, participation of ryegrass ‘Barjumbo’ and percentage of ryegrass leaves in forage mass. Forage mass was less at low sward height on average, however the percentage of ryegrass ‘Barjumbo’ and rye leaves was greater and dead material was lower in this treatment. With nitrogen fertilization of pasture it was possible to double the amount of forage accumulated in periods with further development of ryegrass, furthermore, the total production of DM was increased in 38.4% and the shoot N concentration in 28.6%. When the nitrogen fertilization is applied in pasture, it is possible to keep black oat ‘BRS 139’ plus ryegrass ‘Barjumbo’ pasture with an average sward height of 11 cm. The residual effect of N applied at corn was not sufficient to meet the nutritional needs of pasture and the forage production was affected by periods with N deficiency, while a single application of 200 kg N ha was sufficient to meet the N requirements throughout the forage accumulation period. The black oat ‘BRS 139’ plus ryegrass ‘Barjumbo’ pasture is efficient in use and recovery of the nitrogen applied in both treatments of sward height.

A altura de dossel e a adubação nitrogenada da pastagem podem afetar a nutrição nitrogenada do milho, num sistema de integração lavoura pecuária?

We conducted a field experiment near Abelardo Luz, Santa Catarina, from October 2012 to April 2014, to evaluate the effect interaction of nitrogen fertilization and height of canopy over the N nutrition of corn subsequently grown to pasture. The data belonging to this thesis are related to the first two production cycles obtained in sorghum pasture (2012/2013), oat (2013) and corn crop (2013/2014). In the evaluation of forage sorghum and oat it was used the same experimental design, consisting of randomized complete block in a factorial arrangement (2 x 2) with three replications. The first factor was considered canopy height (Low and High) and the second factor was the fertilization of cover crop pasture (0 and 200 kg N.ha-1). In phase I and II, the combination of factors evaluators were prepared in the same experimental unit. For corn crop the design was a randomized complete block in a factorial design (2X2X4X6) with three replications. Factors considered in corn were: canopy height of pasture (Low and High), nitrogen application times (NG - nitrogen in the grains and NP - nitrogen in pasture), nitrogen fertilization in corn (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg N.ha-1) and time (46, 53, 60, 67, 76 and 103 days after sowing the maize). In phases I and II, in general the use of N in the pasture increased the productive potential of the pasture and animal management and canopy height has changed the dynamics of structural components and botanical pasture. In cold conditions for long periods and not acclimatized plants the adoption of high nitrogen fertilization and height high grazing pasture leave vulnerable to damage caused by the freezing of plants. The anticipation of nitrogen fertilization on pasture positively affects the corn crop by increasing the accumulated dry matter and N content in the plant. Nitrogen nutritional content of corn with the anticipation of fertilization in pasture is suitable for obtaining high crop production in integrated crop-livestock system. When used nitrogen only coverage in corn sufficiency level in the nitrogen nutrition is achieved with the use of 100 kg N.ha-1. With the use of 200 kg N ha -1 NG and NP no difference in nitrogen content and nitrogen nutrition index.

Multifuncionalidade e sustentabilidade na produção agro-pecuária: estudo de caso da Herdade do Freixo do Meio

Numa época em que se atravessam dificuldades ligadas aos efeitos das alterações climáticas, a agricultura é um sector muito afectado e que necessita urgentemente que sejam tomadas medidas que ajudem a mitigar os efeitos dessas alterações. É inadiável a integração de critérios de sustentabilidade nas explorações agro-pecuárias, para que através da prática de uma agricultura sustentável, seja possível resgatar os ecossistemas em risco e que podem contribuir para a redução dos impactos negativos. O estudo de caso da Herdade do Freixo do Meio revelou que é possível a conciliação de aspectos ambientais e socioeconómicos, recorrendo à multifuncionalidade que a actividade agrícola apresenta na sua função de produtora de bens e serviços. A existência de políticas baseadas na valorização ambiental contribui para o bem-estar social e para a conservação dos recursos naturais, através de uma maior eficiência na sua afectação. ABSTRACT; ln a time that we are going through difficulties related to the climate changing effects, agriculture is a very affected sector that needs urgent measurements to be taken, that would assist to mitigate the change effects. Integration of sustainability criteria in the mixed farming production cannot be delayed, through the practice of sustainable agriculture it can be possible to rescue threatened ecosystems that could contribute for the reduction of negative impacts. The case study of Herdade do Freixo do Meio revealed that is possible the reconciliation of environmental and socio-economic aspects, using the multi functionality that farming activity presents in its role as a producer of goods and services. The existence of policies based in environment valorization contributes to the welfare and to the conservation of natural resources, through greater efficiency in its allocation.

Benefícios da integração lavoura-pecuária sobre a qualidade física do solo visando à sustentabilidade da produção de soja no nordeste matogrossense.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de forrageiras tropicais em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária sobre a qualidade física do solo, na região nordeste do Estado do Mato Grosso.