Botanical Origin of Protein Sources Used by Honeybees (Apis mellifera) in an Atlantic Forest

Productive and reproductive traits of beehives are influenced by climate and food availability in the region where the bees are reared or maintained, thus honey and pollen storage, egg-laying conditions of the queen as well as comb occupation are subject to seasonal variations. The present study was conducted in the apiary of the Department of Entomology and Acarology, College of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz, ESALQ/USP, in the municipality of Piracicaba, in an area containing fruit trees, ornamental plants and a fragment of a native forest. The objective was to identify protein sources used by honeybees (Apis mellifera) over a whole year (2010-2011) in remnants of the Atlantic forest, information that can be used in the conservation and restoration of degraded areas. For sample preparation, the acetolysis method was adopted (Eredtman 1952) and the quantitative analysis was performed by counting successive samples of 900 grains per sample which were grouped by botanical species and/or pollen types. The results show that the bees used various plant types in the area, including ruderal species, to maintain their colonies. Apis mellifera seeks food sources in all plants in the surroundings of the apiary, including herbaceous, shrubs, trees, native or introduced. Eucalyptus sp. played an important role as a food source in all seasons due to its wide availability around the apiary and its high flower production. The most frequent pollen types (greater than 10% of the sample) were Anadenanthera sp., Acacia sp, Miconia sp. and Eucalyptus sp. in winter; Philodendron sp., Mikania cordifolia, Parthenium and Eucalyptus sp. in spring; Alternanthera ficoidea, Chamissoa altissima and Eucalyptus sp. in summer; Philodendron sp., Raphanus sp. and Eucalyptus sp. in autumn.

Genetic variation of the Ananas genus with ornamental potential

Brazil is one of the main centers of origin of pineapple species presenting the largest genetic variation of the Ananas genus. Embrapa Cassava and Fruits is a Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation and has an ex-situ collection of 678 accessions of the Ananas genus and some other Bromeliaceae. The use of ornamental pineapple has increased in the last years demanding new varieties, mainly for the external market, due to the originality and colors of its tiny fruits. The main aim of the present study was describing accessions from the pineapple gene bank in order to quantify their genetic variation and identify possible progenitors to be used in breeding programs of ornamental pineapples. Eighty-nine accessions of Ananas comosus var. comosus, A. comosus var. bracteatus (Lindl.) Coppens et Leal, A. comosus var. ananassoides (Baker) Coppens et Leal, A. comosus var. erectifolius (L. B. Smith) Coppens et Leal, A. comosus var. parguasensis (Camargo et L. B. Smith) Coppens et Leal and A. macrodontes Morren were evaluated with 25 morphological descriptors. According to the results, the evaluated accessions were separated into the following categories: landscape plants, cut flower, potted plants, minifruits, foliage and hedge. The genetic distance among accessions was determined using the combined qualitative and quantitative data by the Gower algorithm. The pre-selected accessions presented genetic variation and ornamental potential for different uses. The multicategory analysis formed seven clusters through a classification method based on the average Euclidean distance between all accessions using the cut-point of genetic dissimilarity (D dg = 0.35). The genotypes A. comosus var. erectifolius were selected to be used as landscape plants, cut flower, minifruits and potted plants. Accessions of A. comosus var. bracteatus and A. macrodontes were selected as landscape plants and hedge. The highest variation was observed in A. comosus var. ananassoides genotypes, which presented high potential for use as cut flowers.

Susceptibility to deltamethrin in the predatory mites Neoseiulus californicus and Phytoseiulus macropilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) populations in protected ornamental crops in Brazil

Knowledge of inter and intra-specific variation in the susceptibility of natural enemies to pesticides could help to better design integrated pest management strategies. The objective of this research was to evaluate the susceptibility to deltamethrin in populations of the predatory mites Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) and Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks) populations collected from protected ornamental crops in Brazil. The susceptibility to deltamethrin was characterized against immature and adult stages of both species. The impact of this insecticide was also measured by estimating the intrinsic rate of increase (r (i)). The immature and adult stages of N. californicus were approximately 3,600 and 3,000-fold more tolerant to deltamethrin than those of P. macropilis. However, high variability in the susceptibility to this insecticide was detected among P. macropilis populations, with resistance ratios of up to 3,500-fold. The selection of deltamethrin-resistant strains of P. macropilis could be exploited in applied biological control programs.

Genetic variability of banana with ornamental potential

The Musa germplasm collection at Embrapa Cassava and Fruits detains accessions from different sections of the Musa genus. The objective of the present study was to identify and morphologically characterize banana accessions from the banana germplasm with ornamental potential, as well as to quantify their genetic variability; and identify possible progenitors to be used in breeding aiming to achieve ornamental crossbreeds. The accessions were evaluated with the use of 32 morphological descriptors. Then, they were the following grouped into categories: landscape plants, cut flower, potted plants, and male inflorescence minifruits. The pre-selected accessions presented great genetic variability and ornamental potential for different uses. The accessions of the Rhodochlamys and Callimusa sections were selected to be used as landscape plants, cut flowers, potted plants, male inflorescence and minifruits. Most of the diploids from the Eumusa section evaluated in this study are indicated for the production of ornamental minifruits, except for 'Lidi' and Cici, which can also be indicated as landscape plants. The BB diploids have great potential for the use of the male inflorescence in floral arrangements, and did not offer any other indication.

Selection and Use Recommendation in Hybrids of Ornamental Banana

The ornamental market is dynamic and demands constant novelties. The use of fruit crops as ornamental plants can be an interesting alternative with very differentiated and original products. The banana germplasm bank at Embrapa Cassava and Fruits has been primarily used in the breeding program for generating new cultivars as food. To diversify and expand the use of this collection, accessions with ornamental potential have been selected to obtain new hybrids. This work was aimed at characterizing the progeny of ornamental Musa L. spp. by grouping the hybrids according to the following uses: landscape plants, potted plants, cut flower, or minifruits. Forty-two hybrids were evaluated with 14 quantitative and 12 qualitative descriptors in three production cycles. In addition, assays for resistance to black and yellow Sigatoka and to Fusarium wilt were performed. Variability was observed for all the characteristics evaluated within progenies, especially with regard to leaf color, fruit, peduncle, rachis, and heart. All evaluated hybrids were resistant to yellow Sigatoka and to Fusarium wilt and were resistant or showed reduced symptoms of susceptibility to black Sigatoka. Most hybrids (82%) presented reduced plant height. After clustering by use category, the hybrids RM 09, RM 38, RM 37, and RM 33 were selected and recommended to be used as cut flowers, minifruits, or landscaping plants.

A verified spider bite and a review of the literature confirm Indian ornamental tree spiders (Poecilotheria species) as underestimated theraphosids of medical importance.

Literature on bird spider or tarantula bites (Theraphosidae) is rare. This is astonishing as they are coveted pets and interaction with their keepers (feeding, cleaning the terrarium or taking them out to hold) might increase the possibility for bites. Yet, this seems to be a rare event and might be why most theraphosids are considered to be harmless, even though the urticating hairs of many American species can cause disagreeable allergic reactions. We are describing a case of a verified bite by an Indian ornamental tree spider (Poecilotheria regalis), where the patient developed severe, long lasting muscle cramps several hours after the bite. We present a comprehensive review of the literature on bites of these beautiful spiders and conclude that a delayed onset of severe muscle cramps, lasting for days, is characteristic for Poecilotheria bites. We discuss Poecilotheria species as an exception from the general assumption that theraphosid bites are harmless to humans.

Are shrubs really a sign of declining ecosystem function? Disentangling the myths and truths of woody encroachment in Australia

Since European settlement, there has been a dramatic increase in the density, cover and distribution of woody plants in former grassland and open woodland. There is a widespread belief that shrub encroachment is synonymous with declines in ecosystem functions, and often it is associated with landscape degradation or desertification. Indeed, this decline in ecosystem functioning is considered to be driven largely by the presence of the shrubs themselves. This prevailing paradigm has been the basis for an extensive program of shrub removal, based on the view that it is necessary to reinstate the original open woodland or grassland structure from which shrublands are thought to have been derived. We review existing scientific evidence, particularly focussed on eastern Australia, to question the notion that shrub encroachment leads to declines in ecosystem functions. We then summarise this scientific evidence into two conceptual models aimed at optimising landscape management to maximise the services provided by shrub-encroached areas. The first model seeks to reconcile the apparent conflicts between the patch- and landscape-level effects of shrubs. The second model identifies the ecosystem services derived from different stages of shrub encroachment. We also examined six ecosystem services provided by shrublands (biodiversity, soil C, hydrology, nutrient provision, grass growth and soil fertility) by using published and unpublished data. We demonstrated the following: (1) shrub effects on ecosystems are strongly scale-, species- and environment-dependent and, therefore, no standardised management should be applied to every case; (2) overgrazing dampens the generally positive effect of shrubs, leading to the misleading relationship between encroachment and degradation; (3) woody encroachment per se does not hinder any of the functions or services described above, rather it enhances many of them; (4) no single shrub-encroachment state (including grasslands without shrubs) will maximise all services; rather, the provision of ecosystem goods and services by shrublands requires a mixture of different states; and (5) there has been little rigorous assessment of the long-term effectiveness of removal and no evidence that this improves land condition in most cases. Our review provides the basis for an improved, scientifically based understanding and management of shrublands, so as to balance the competing goals of providing functional habitats, maintaining soil processes and sustaining pastoral livelihoods.

Effects of elevation and land use on the biomass of trees, shrubs and herbs at Mount Kilimanjaro

The protection and sustainable management of forest carbon stocks, particularly in the tropics, is a key factor in the mitigation of global change effects. However, our knowledge of how land use and elevation affect carbon stocks in tropical ecosystems is very limited. We compared aboveground biomass of trees, shrubs and herbs for eleven natural and human-influenced habitat types occurring over a wide elevation gradient (866–4550 m) at the world's highest solitary mountain, Mount Kilimanjaro. Thanks to the enormous elevation gradient, we covered important natural habitat types, e.g., savanna woodlands, montane rainforest and afro-alpine vegetation, as well as important land-use types such as maize fields, grasslands, traditional home gardens, coffee plantations and selectively logged forest. To assess tree and shrub biomass with pantropical allometric equations, we measured tree height, diameter at breast height and wood density and to assess herbaceous biomass, we sampled destructively. Among natural habitats, tree biomass was highest at intermediate elevation in the montane zone (340 Mg ha−1), shrub biomass declined linearly from 7 Mg ha−1 at 900 m to zero above 4000 m, and, inverse to tree biomass, herbaceous biomass was lower at mid-elevations (1 Mg ha−1) than in savannas (900 m, 3 Mg ha−1) or alpine vegetation (above 4000 m, 6 Mg ha−1). While the various land-use types dramatically decreased woody biomass at all elevations, though to various degrees, herbaceous biomass was typically increased. Our study highlights tropical montane forest biomass as important aboveground carbon stock and quantifies the extent of the strong aboveground biomass reductions by the major land-use types, common to East Africa. Further, it shows that elevation and land use differently affect different vegetation strata, and thus the matrix for other organisms.

Dynamics of Traditional Ecological Knowledge, Local Use and Conservation of Native Trees and Shrubs in the Bolivian Andes

Native trees and shrubs are essential components of rural landscapes in the semi-arid inner-Andean valleys of Bolivia. They can be found as hedges and bushes in various agroecosystems such as terrace walls, slopes, field boundaries and fallow land. Their distribution and floristic composition are the result of dynamic spatial and temporal interactions between local farmers and the environment. Local uses of natural resources and biodiversity reflect the constantly evolving Andean culture, which can be generally characterised as an intertwining of the human, natural, and spiritual worlds. The aim of the present ethnobotanical study was to analyse the dynamics of traditional ecological knowledge, to ascertain local farmers’ perceptions and uses of native woody species in Andean communities and to associate the results with local conservation activities for the trees and shrubs concerned. Our case study was carried out within two communities of the Tunari National Park (Dept. Cochabamba) in Bolivia. For data collection, research methods from social science (semi-structured interviews, participative observation, participatory mapping) as well as vegetation surveys were combined. Local actors included women and men of all ages as well as families from different social categories and altitudinal levels of permanent residence. Our study indicates that, due to a multitude of socio-economic pressures (e.g. migration of young people) as well as changes in use of biodiversity (e.g. replacement of native by exotic introduced species), the traditional ecological knowledge base of native trees and shrubs and their respective uses has become diminished over time. In many cases it has led to a decline in people’s awareness of native species and as a consequence their practical, emotional and spiritual relationships with them have been lost. However, results also show that applied traditional ecological knowledge has led to local conservation strategies, which have succeeded in protecting those tree and shrub species which are most widely regarded for their multifunctional, constant and exclusive uses (e.g. Schinus molle, Prosopis laevigata, Baccharis dracunculifolia). The presentation will discuss the question if and how applied traditional ecological knowledge positively contributes to local initiatives of sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity in rural areas.

Propagación de Lecanophora heterophylla : especie nativa con potencial ornamental

En este trabajo se presentan estudios de germinación y propagación in vitro de L. heterophylla, nativa con potencial ornamental. Se evaluó el efecto del momento y lugar de recolección sobre la germinación. Se recolectaron semillas en plena floración y al final de la misma, en dos localidades de la provincia de Mendoza: Gualtallary y Chacras de Coria. Las pruebas de germinación se realizaron en estufa a 20 °C. Las semillas provenientes de Gualtallary germinaron en mayor proporción que las de Chacras de Coria: en ambas localidades la máxima germinación se obtuvo en la recolección de plena floración. Para establecer un protocolo de micropropagación se realizaron dos ensayos de introducción y uno de multiplicación. En la introducción se evaluó el medio de cultivo MS entero o ½ de macronutrientes, en combinación con BA y AIB. En la multiplicación se evaluaron los medios MS ½ o ¼ de macronutrientes con 20 o 40 g.L-1 de sacarosa. No se encontraron diferencias en la sobrevivencia, el BA incrementó significativamente la proliferación de brotes. El mejor medio de multiplicación fue MS ¼ adicionado de 20 g.L-1 de sacarosa.

Captación de polvo atmosférico por especies ornamentales

Se clasificaron 90 especies de árboles y arbustos de uso frecuente en Mendoza (Argentina) en base a su capacidad de filtrado del particulado atmosférico en suspensión. Se utilizó colectores de polvo atmosférico impregnados en vaselina líquida como superficie adherente. Se analizó por turbi-dimetría en un Hach 2100 P, con lectura en unidades nefelométricas de turbidez (NTU). Dichos colectores de polvo se colocaron en el interior y el exterior de la copa de cada ejemplar, con un mínimo de 15 repeticiones para cada posición. Por diferencia de promedios de lectura entre el exterior y el interior de la copa se obtuvo, en cada caso, un valor característico. Para lograr valores comparables entre ejemplares, con variaciones producidas por el follaje, debe referirse la mencionada diferencia del ancho de copa atravesado por el aire que transporta el contaminante y una lectura unitaria, mediante la relación: ILi =[(Loi -Lci) / (Efi * Loi)] * 100 m-1 donde: • ILi = índice de lectura interferométrica de la especie "i" • Loi= lectura interferométrica exterior (promedio de NTU externos) • Lci= lectura interferométrica interior de la copa (promedio de NTU internos) • Efi = espesor - expresado en m- de la copa en línea recta horizontal. El ILI, por caracterizar cada especie según su capacidad de captación de polvo atmosférico, permite el mejor uso de las mismas en proyectos de espacios verdes para protección ambiental.

Flora de un área de la Sierra La Barrosa (Balcarce) y fenología de especies con potencial ornamental

Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron inventariar la flora vascular en un área de la Sierra La Barrosa (Sistema de Tandilia, Buenos Aires), determinar la utilidad actual o potencial de las especies e iniciar un estudio fenológico preliminar in situ de 10 especies nativas de interés ornamental. El relevamiento florístico se realizó en un sector de la cima y laderas y se elaboró una base de datos con registros taxonómicos, origen, ciclo, forma biológica y utilidad de las especies. Se identificaron 204 especies, pertenecientes a 51 familias y 135 géneros; de ellas 70,6% son nativas no endémicas; 9,31% endémicas y 20,1% exóticas. El 76% de las especies son perennes y predominan las hemicriptófitas (41,2%). El 65% de las especies inventariadas tiene interés agronómico por su utilidad potencial como medicinal (21,5%), ornamental (25%), forrajera (13,7%), o por ser malezas o tóxicas (13,2 %). Por su potencial ornamental (hábito, atributos del follaje, flores e inflorescencias), se efectuó un estudio fenológico en Achyrocline satureioides, Eupatorium subhastatum, E. tanacetifolium, Hysterionica pinifolia, Senecio pulcher, Sommerfeltia spinulosa, Lathyrus pubescens, Mimosa rocae, Pavonia cymbalaria y Gomphrena perennis, que indicó diferencias en la época y duración de la floración.

Germinación y crecimiento inicial de Habranthus gracilifolius y Rhodophiala bifida, amarilidáceas nativas con potencial ornamental

La azucena del campo (Az-del campo) (Habranthus gracilifolius) y la azucenita colorada (Az-colorada) (Rhodophiala bifida) son bulbosas nativas de Argentina de valor ornamental potencial, de las que se tiene escasa información sobre la germinación y el crecimiento. Para establecer la aptitud germinativa, el régimen de incubación más adecuado, y el crecimiento de las hojas y los bulbos, se realizó un ensayo de germinación y las plántulas se cultivaron en macetas durante un año. Se emplearon cuatro regímenes de incubación: temperatura constante de 20°C y alternadas de 20°/30°C y de 10°/20°C, todos con 8 horas de luz, y de 10°/20°C en oscuridad. Las semillas resultaron fotoblásticas neutras. A temperaturas de 20°C o de 10°/20°C, en ambas especies, la energía y el poder germinativo superaron el 75 y 92%, respectivamente, pero temperaturas de 20°/30°C demoraron la germinación. De otoño a fin de primavera las plantas presentaron hasta 4 hojas en Az-del campo y 2,5 hojas/ planta en Az-colorada, pero en verano no exhibieron hojas. Los bulbos presentaron crecimiento lineal, siendo mayores las tasas en Az-del campo (ancho = 0,022 y longitud = 0,049 mm.día-1) que en Az-colorada (ancho = 0,011 y longitud = 0,014 mm.día-1). La multiplicación por semillas es efectiva, pero en ambas especies se necesita más de un año para alcanzar el estadio reproductivo.