Thermodynamic analysis of direct steam reforming of ethanol in molten carbonate fuel cell

Fuel cell as MCFC (molten carbonate fuel cell) operate at high temperatures, and due to this issue, cogeneration processes may be performed, sending heat for own process or other purposes as steam generation in an industry. The use of ethanol for this purpose is one of the best options because this is a renewable and less environmentally offensive fuel, and cheaper than oil-derived hydrocarbons (in the case of Brazil). In the same country, because of technical, environmental and economic advantages, the use of ethanol by steam reforming process have been the most investigated process. The objective of this study is to show a thermodynamic analysis of steam reforming of ethanol, to determine the best thermodynamic conditions where are produced the highest volumes of products, making possible a higher production of energy, that is, a most-efficient use of resources. To attain this objective, mass and energy balances are performed. Equilibrium constants and advance degrees are calculated to get the best thermodynamic conditions to attain higher reforming efficiency and, hence, higher electric efficiency, using the Nernst equation. The advance degree of reforming increases when the operation temperature also increases and when the operation pressure decreases. But at atmospheric pressure (1 atm), the advance degree tends to the stability in temperatures above 700°C, that is, the volume of supplemental production of reforming products is very small for the high use of energy resources necessary. Reactants and products of the steam-reforming of ethanol that weren't used may be used for the reforming. The use of non-used ethanol is also suggested for heating of reactants before reforming. The results show the behavior of MCFC. The current density, at same tension, is higher at 700°C than other studied temperatures as 600 and 650°C. This fact occurs due to smaller use of hydrogen at lower temperatures that varies between 46.8 and 58.9% in temperatures between 600 and 700°C. The higher calculated current density is 280 mA/cm 2. The power density increases when the volume of ethanol to be used also increases due to higher production of hydrogen. The highest produced power at 190 mW/cm 2 is 99.8, 109.8 and 113.7 mW/cm2 for 873, 923 and 973K, respectively. The thermodynamic efficiency has the objective to show the connection among operational conditions and energetic factors, which are some parameters that describes a process of internal steam reforming of ethanol.

Study of utilization of petrol engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and catalytic converter to reduce consumption and NOx emission

Study of consumption rate and gaseous pollutant emission from engine tests simulating real work conditions, using spark point manually controlled and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) in diverse proportion levels. The objective of this work is to re-examine the potential of the EGR conception, a well-known method of combustion control, employed together electronic fuel injection and three-way catalytic converter closed-loop control at a spark ignition engine, verifying the performance characteristics and technical availability of this conception to improve pollution control, fuel economy at low torque drive condition and to improve the engine exhaust components useful life. The pollutant emissions and consumption levels under operational conditions simulations were analysed and compared with the expected by concerning theory and real tests performed by EGR equipped engines by factory. Copyright © 2006 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

Desempenho do aspersor NaanDanJain 435 em função da posição do defletor

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estudo experimental do escoamento em cavidades abertas utilizando um canal de superfície livre

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEIS

Avaliação de um biorreator rotativo para fermentação em estado sólido

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Construção e desenvolvimento de um secador de leito pulso-fluidizado para secagem de pastas e polpas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Efeitos do ultrassom de alta intensidade sob pressão na redução de Listeria monocytogenes em extrato de carne bovina

Pós-graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos - IBILCE

Avaliação de um sistema de irrigação por aspersão do tipo pivô central móvel

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Irrigação e Drenagem) - FCA

Caracterização microestrutural de um aço baixo carbono e baixos teores de elementos de ligas com estrutura contento ferrita acicular

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Gerenciamento do processo de calibração secundária de acelerômetros por meio de uma aplicação de banco de dados

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estudo da combustão de carvões e misturas com o coque verde de petróleo injetadas em altos fornos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Análise de sistemas de cogeração com gaseificação de licor negro no setor de papel e celulose

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Controle térmico de componentes eletrônicos com tubos de calor

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG

Modelagem estatística do frete da madeira no Uruguai

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Desempenho de um controlador de fluxo com DGPS para máquinas de pulverização

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA