Critical leg ischaemia with tissue loss : a challenge for the vascular surgeon

There is a widespread reporting habit of combining the outcomes for patients with rest pain (Fontaine III) and tissue loss (Fontaine IV) under the single category of critical leg ischaemia (CLI). This study focused on patients with ischaemic tissue loss treated with infrainguinal bypass surgery (IBS). All patients included in the study were treated at Helsinki University Central Hospital in 2000-2007. First, ulcer healing time after IBS and factors influencing healing time were prospectively assessed in 2 studies including 148 and 110 patients, respectively. Second,the results of redo IBS were retrospectively evaluated in 593 patients undergoing primary IBS for CLI with tissue loss . Third,long-term outcome were retrospectively analysed in 636 patients who underwent IBS for CLI with tissue loss . Fourth, the outcome of IBS was retrospectively compared with endovascular treatment (PTA) of the infrapopliteal arteries in 1023 CLI patients. Fifth, the influence multidrug resistant Pseudomans aeruginosa (MDR Pa) bacteria contamination in CLI patients treated with IBS was retropectively assessed. Sixty-four patients with positive MDR Pa -culture were matched with 64 MDR Pa - negative controls. Complete ulcer healing rate, including the ischemic ulcers and incisional wounds, was 40% at 6 months after IBS and 75% at one year. Diabetes was a risk factor for prolonged complete ulcer healing time. Ischaemic tissue lesions located in mid-and hindfoot healed poorly. At one year after IBS 50% of the patients were alive with salvaged leg and completely healed ulcers. The absence of gap between tertiary graft patency and leg salvage rates indicates the importance of a patent infrainguinal graft to save a leg with ischaemic tissue loss. Long-term survival for patients with ischaemic tissue loss was poor, 38% at 5 years. Only 30% of the patients were alive without amputation at 5 years. Several of the patient comorbidities increased independently the mortality risk; coronary artery disease, renal insufficiency, chronic obstructive lung disease and high age. When both PTA and bypass is feasible, infrapopliteal PTA as a first-line strategy is expected to achieve similar long-term results to bypass surgery in CLI when redo surgery is actively utilized. MDR Pa in a patient with CLI should be considered as a serious event with increased risk of early major amputation or death. Conclusion: Despite a successful infrainguinal bypass healing of the ischaemic ulcers and incisional wounds ulcer healing is a slow process especially in diabetics. Bypass surgery and PTA improve the outcome of the ischaemic leg but the mortality rate of the patients is high due to their severe comorbidities.

Nonlinear dynamics of eucaryotic pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex: Decarboxylation rate, oscillations, and multiplicity

Pyruvate conversion to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) multienzyme complex is known as a key node in affecting the metabolic fluxes of animal cell culture. However, its possible role in causing possible nonlinear dynamic behavior such as oscillations and multiplicity of animal cells has received little attention. In this work, the kinetic and dynamic behavior of PDH of eucaryotic cells has been analyzed by using both in vitro and simplified in vivo models. With the in vitro model the overall reaction rate (v(1)) of PDH is shown to be a nonlinear function of pyruvate concentration, leading to oscillations under certain conditions. All enzyme components affect v, and the nonlinearity of PDH significantly, the protein X and the core enzyme dihydrolipoamide acyltransferase (E2) being mostly predominant. By considering the synthesis rates of pyruvate and PDH components the in vitro model is expanded to emulate in vivo conditions. Analysis using the in vivo model reveals another interesting kinetic feature of the PDH system, namely, multiple steady states. Depending on the pyruvate and enzyme levels or the operation mode, either a steady state with high pyruvate decarboxylation rate or a steady state with significantly lower decarboxylation rate can be achieved under otherwise identical conditions. In general, the more efficient steady state is associated with a lower pyruvate concentration. A possible time delay in the substrate supply and enzyme synthesis can also affect the steady state to be achieved and lead's to oscillations under certain conditions. Overall, the predictions of multiplicity for the PDH system agree qualitatively well with recent experimental observations in animal cell cultures. The model analysis gives some hints for improving pyruavte metabolism in animal cell culture.

Total synthesis of panaxytriol and panaxydiol

The enantioselective total synthesis of the diyne containing natural products panaxytriol and (3S,10R)-panaxydiol from L-tartaric acid is reported. Key steps in the synthesis include the elaboration of a gamma-hydroxy amide derived from tartaric acid to the required alkyne and the formation of the desired diyne unit by a Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Inverse models to analyze the spatiotemporal variations of chemical weathering fluxes in a granito-gneissic watershed: Mule Hole, South India

Water-rock reactions are driven by the influx of water, which are out of equilibrium with the mineral assemblage in the rock. Here a mass balance approach is adopted to quantify these reactions. Based on field experiments carried out in a granito-gneissic small experimental watershed (SEW), Mule Hole SEW (similar to 4.5 km(2)), quartz, oligoclase, sericite, epidote and chlorite are identified as the basic primary minerals while kaolinite, goethite and smectite are identified as the secondary minerals. Observed groundwater chemistry is used to determine the weathering rates, in terms of `Mass Transfer Coefficients' (MTCs), of both primary and secondary minerals. Weathering rates for primary and secondary minerals are quantified in two steps. In the first step, top red soil is analyzed considering precipitation chemistry as initial phase and water chemistry of seepage flow as final phase. In the second step, minerals present in the saprolite layer are analyzed considering groundwater chemistry as the output phase. Weathering rates thus obtained are converted into weathering fluxes (Q(weathering)) using the recharge quantity. Spatial variability in the mineralogy observed among the thirteen wells of Mule Hole SEW is observed to be reflected in the MTC results and thus in the weathering fluxes. Weathering rates of the minerals in this silicate system varied from few 10 mu mol/L (in case of biotite) to 1000 s of micromoles per liter (calcite). Similarly, fluxes of biotite are observed to be least (7 +/- 5 mol/ha/yr) while those of calcite are highest (1265 791 mol/ha/yr). Further, the fluxes determined annually for all the minerals are observed to be within the bandwidth of the standard deviation of these fluxes. Variations in these annual fluxes are indicating the variations in the precipitation. Hence, the standard deviation indicated the temporal variations in the fluxes, which might be due to the variations in the annual rainfall. Thus, the methodology adopted defines an inverse way of determining weathering fluxes, which mainly contribute to the groundwater concentration. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Synthesis of one-dimensional N-doped Ga2O3 nanostructures: different morphologies and different mechanisms

N-doped monoclinic Ga2O3 nanostructures of different morphologies have been synthesized by heating Ga metal in ambient air at 1150 degrees C to 1350 degrees C for 1 to 5 h duration. Neither catalyst nor any gas flow has been used for the synthesis of N-doped Ga2O3 nanostructures. The morphology was controlled by monitoring the curvature of the Ga droplet. Plausible growth mechanisms are discussed to explain the different morphology of the nanostructures. Elemental mapping by electron energy loss spectroscopy of the nanostructures indicate uniform distribution of Ga, O and N. It is interesting to note that we have used neither nitride source nor any gas flow but the synthesis was carried out in ambient air. We believe that ambient nitrogen acts as the source of nitrogen. Unintentional nitrogen doping of the Ga2O3 nanostructures is a straightforward method and such nanostructures could be promising candidates for white light emission.

Carbohydrate-appended photocytotoxic (imidazophenanthroline)-oxovanadium(IV) complexes for cellular targeting and imaging

Oxovanadium(IV) complexes VO(aip)(L)](ClO4)(2) (L = phtpy, 1; stpy, 2) and VO(pyip)(L)](ClO4)(2) (L = phtpy, 3; stpy, 4), where aip is 2-(9-anthryl)-1H-imidazo4,5-f]1,10] phenanthroline, pyip is 2-(1-pyrenyl)-1Himidazo4,5-f]1,10] phenanthroline, phtpy is (4'-phenyl)-2,2': 6',2 `'-terpyridine and stpy is (2,2': 6', 2 `'-terpyridin-4'-oxy) ethyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, were prepared, characterized and their DNA binding and photocleavage activity, cellular uptake and photocytotoxicity in visible light were studied. The complexes are avid binders to calf thymus DNA (K-b similar to 10(5) mol(-1)). They efficiently cleave pUC19 DNA in red light of 705 nm via the formation of HO center dot species. The glucose appended complexes 2 and 4 showed higher photocytotoxicity in HeLa and Hep G2 cells over the normal HEK 293T cells. No such preference was observed for the phtpy complexes 1 and 3. No significant difference in IC50 values was observed for the HEK 293T cells. Cell cycle analysis showed that the glucose appended complexes 2 and 4 are more photocytotoxic in cancer cells than in normal cells. Fluorescence microscopy was done to study the cellular localization of complex 4 having a pendant pyrenyl group.

From Workstations to Workbenches: Towards Predicting Physicochemically Viable Protein-Protein Interactions Across a Host and a Pathogen

The understanding of protein-protein interactions is indispensable in comprehending most of the biological processes in a cell. Small-scale experiments as well as large-scale high-throughput techniques over the past few decades have facilitated identification and analysis of protein-protein interactions which form the basis of much of our knowledge on functional and regulatory aspects of proteins. However, such rich catalog of interaction data should be used with caution when establishing protein-protein interactions in silico, as the high-throughput datasets are prone to false positives. Numerous computational means developed to pursue genome-wide studies on protein-protein interactions at times overlook the mechanistic and molecular details, thus questioning the reliability of predicted protein-protein interactions. We review the development, advantages, and shortcomings of varied approaches and demonstrate that by providing a structural viewpoint in terms of shape complementarity and interaction energies at protein-protein interfaces coupled with information on expression and localization of proteins homologous to an interacting pair, it is possible to assess the credibility of predicted interactions in biological context. With a focus on human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, we show that such scrupulous use of details at the molecular level can predict physicochemically viable protein-protein interactions across host and pathogen. Such predicted interactions have the potential to provide molecular basis of probable mechanisms of pathogenesis and hence open up ways to explore their usefulness as targets in the light of drug discovery. (c) 2014 IUBMB Life, 66(11):759-774, 2014

On flame-turbulence interaction in constant-pressure expanding flames

In this paper we present one of the first high-speed particle image velocimetry measurements to quantify flame-turbulence interaction in centrally-ignited constant-pressure premixed flames expanding in nearisotropic turbulence. Measurements of mean flow velocity and rms of fluctuating flow velocity are provided over a range of conditions both in the presence and absence of the flame. The distributions of stretch rate contributions from different terms such as tangential straining, normal straining and curvature are also provided. It is found that the normal straining displays non-Gaussian pdf tails whereas the tangential straining shows near Gaussian behavior. We have further tracked the motion of the edge points that reside and co-move with the edge of the flame kernel during its evolution in time, and found that within the measurement conditions, on average the persistence time scales of stretch due to pure curvature exceed that due to tangential straining by at least a factor of two. (C) 2014 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

多层陶瓷涂层厚度配比应力场有限元分析

钢基铝层经等离子体电解氧化技术陶瓷化后,可在钢表面形成多层体系结构的陶瓷涂层．采用有限元方法,对不同厚度配比的复合涂层在均布接触载荷作用下的应力分布进行了研究．结果表明:铝层的存在可明显缓解界面处的剪应力．同时,铝层厚度增加,也使表面拉应力增大; Al2O3层决定着涂层内最大剪应力距离表面的距离。增强了涂层表面支撑能力．可减缓表面拉应力值．特别．当Al2O3层与Al层的厚度相等时,Al2O3／Al界面处的剪应力最小;FeAl层对表面应力和界面应力影响较小．因此,当选择较厚陶瓷层和较薄铝层时,涂层内将具有较优的表面和界面应力分布状态,从而可提高涂层力学性能．

Efectos de retirar los aditivos del alimento finalizador en broilers sobre los principales índices productivos

Con el objetivo de reducir los costos de alimentación en broilers se le retiró al alimento finalizador los aditivos más caros y se evaluaron los principales índices productivos. Durante un período de 42 días los pollos de engorde fueron evaluados en la granja avícola "Buenos Aires" propiedad de la empresa Tip-Top industrial S.A., se utilizaron 800 pollos de engorde de un día de edad de la estirpe Peterson x Arbor Acres (sin sexar), se realizó un DCA con cuatro tratamientos y cuatro réplicas cada uno y fueron sometidos a la prueba de Duncan para determinar la superioridad por tratamiento y a la vez se le efectúo Análisis de Costo por alimentación. Los pollos del TI (12 días), T2 (nueve días) y T3 (seis días) de retiro, consumieron al final del período de crianza 3.44, 3.44 y 3.47 kg, mientras que para T4 (tres días) fue de 3.52 kg. El peso vivo final hasta las seis semanas fue de 1.87, 1.87, 1.89 y 1.90 kg. Para los TI, T2, T3 y T4 respectivamente. La ganancia media de peso a los 28-42 días fue de 0.81, 0.79, 0.84 y 0.80 kg para los tratamientos TI, T2, T3 y T4 respectivamente. La conversión alimenticia por tratamiento fue de 1.84 (TI, T2 y T3) y 1.85 (T4). El rendimiento en la canal fue de 82.00, 83.00, 85.00, y 85.00 para los tratamientos 1, 2, 3 y 4 respectivamente. No se encontró diferencia significativa (P<0.05) para las variables mencionadas en estudio sometidas al diseño estadístico, la mortalidad total acumulada fue de 2.37%. Usando el alimento de retiro seis días antes de la matanza se disminuyeron los costos alimenticios en $ 0.016 por kg de carne procesada.

Estudio epidemiológico de la prevalencia de brucelosis equina en el municipio de San Pedro de Lóvago, departamento de Chontales

El presente trabajo se realizó con el objetivo del Estudio epidemiológico de la Prevalencia de brucelosis equina en el Municipio de San Pedro de Lóvago Departamento de Chontales. El municipio de San Pedro de Lóvago está limitado al norte con los municipios de La Libertad y Santo Domingo, al sur con los Municipios de Sto. Tomas y Acoyapa, al Este con el Municipio de Sto. Tomas y al Oeste con el Municipio de Juigalpa. La Zona donde se encuentra ubicado posee un clima semihumedo conocido como de Sabana Tropical, predominando la producción pecuaria con carácter ganadero y donde la tenencia de la tierra está orientada hacia haciendas de ganadería extensiva. El trabajo experimental cubrió 19 comarcas, durante los meses de Abril y Octubre del 2005, donde se tomaron muestras serológicas de todos los equinos en edad reproductiva que se encontraron en las fincas pertenecientes a las cooperativas San Pedro y Manantial. Se usaron como variables de estudio la edad, sexo, comarcas y categorías. Los resultados que se obtuvieron, indicaron que en el municipio existe una Prevalencia del 0% de brucelosis equina, de un total de 511 animales muestreados por lo tanto no existe diferencia significativa entre las variables estudiadas, considerándose al Municipio de San Pedro de Lóvago libre de brucelosis equina durante el periodo estudiado.

Frescos caballerescos y artúricos en el norte de Italia : tres castillos en los alrededores de Trento

Integran este número de la revista ponencias presentadas en Studia Hispanica Medievalia VIII: Actas de las IX Jornadas Internacionales de Literatura Española Medieval, 2008, y de Homenaje al Quinto Centenario de Amadis de Gaula