Seawater carbonate chemistry and biological processes during experiments with common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis, 2008

Ocean acidification and associated changes in seawater carbonate chemistry negatively influence calcification processes and depress metabolism in many calcifying marine invertebrates. We present data on the cephalopod mollusc Sepia officinalis, an invertebrate that is capable of not only maintaining calcification, but also growth rates and metabolism when exposed to elevated partial pressures of carbon dioxide (pCO2). During a 6 wk period, juvenile S. officinalis maintained calcification under ~4000 and ~6000 ppm CO2, and grew at the same rate with the same gross growth efficiency as did control animals. They gained approximately 4% body mass daily and increased the mass of their calcified cuttlebone by over 500%. We conclude that active cephalopods possess a certain level of pre-adaptation to long-term increments in carbon dioxide levels. Our general understanding of the mechanistic processes that limit calcification must improve before we can begin to predict what effects future ocean acidification will have on calcifying marine invertebrates.

Phenolic composition of four sage species: salvia farinacea, salvia mexico, salvia greggii and salvia officinalis

Salvia species are used worldwide for medicine purposes. In general, these medicinal plants have high amounts of flavonoids and phenolic acids, that are thought to be closely related to their health properties [1,2]. In this work, the aerial parts of Salvia farinacea, Salvia mexico, Salvia greggii and Salvia officinalis were extracted with hot water [3]. Extracts were evaluated for their total phenolic content by an adaptation of the Folin-Ciocalteu method and further analysed by high performance liquid chromatography associated with electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn) in the negative ion mode [4], in order to identify their individual phenolic constituents. The aqueous extracts of S. farinacea, S. mexico, S. officinalis and S. greggii contained, respectively, 106±13, 159±38, 175±46 and 136±1 μg GAE/mg of total phenolics. These four species were characterized by a clear prevalence of caffeic acid derivatives, in particular of rosmarinic acid (MW 360), that is generally the most abundant phenolic compound in Salvia species [2,3]. In addition, S. mexico and S. officinalis contained moderate amounts of salvianolic acid B (MW 718). Among these two, S. mexico was richer in O-caffeoylquinic acid (MW 354), while the latter presented high amounts of salvianolic acid K (MW 556) and moderate amounts of its structural isomer. All the extracts were enriched in flavones: S. farinacea and S. officinalis contained high amounts of luteolin-O-glucuronide while S. mexico contained luteolin-C-glucoside with respective characteristic mass spectrometry fragmentation pattern m/z at 461→285 and m/z at 447→357, 327. Similarly, S. greggii extract presented high content of luteolin-7-O-glucoside ([M-H]− at m/z 447→ 285) and luteolin-C-glucoside and moderate quantities of apigenin-C-hexoside ([M-H]− at m/z 431→341, 311). Further studies are being undertaken in order to understand the contribution of these phenolic constituents in the biological activities of Salvia plants.

Phenolic composition of four sage species: salvia farinacea, salvia mexico, salvia greggii and salvia officinalis

Salvia species are used worldwide for medicine purposes. In general, these medicinal plants have high amounts of flavonoids and phenolic acids, that are thought to be closely related to their health properties [1,2]. In this work, the aerial parts of Salvia farinacea, Salvia mexico, Salvia greggii and Salvia officinalis were extracted with hot water [3]. Extracts were evaluated for their total phenolic content by an adaptation of the Folin-Ciocalteu method and further analysed by high performance liquid chromatography associated with electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn) in the negative ion mode [4], in order to identify their individual phenolic constituents. The aqueous extracts of S. farinacea, S. mexico, S. officinalis and S. greggii contained, respectively, 106±13, 159±38, 175±46 and 136±1 μg GAE/mg of total phenolics. These four species were characterized by a clear prevalence of caffeic acid derivatives, in particular of rosmarinic acid (MW 360), that is generally the most abundant phenolic compound in Salvia species [2,3]. In addition, S. mexico and S. officinalis contained moderate amounts of salvianolic acid B (MW 718). Among these two, S. mexico was richer in O-caffeoylquinic acid (MW 354), while the latter presented high amounts of salvianolic acid K (MW 556) and moderate amounts of its structural isomer. All the extracts were enriched in flavones: S. farinacea and S. officinalis contained high amounts of luteolin-O-glucuronide while S. mexico contained luteolin-C-glucoside with respective characteristic mass spectrometry fragmentation pattern m/z at 461→285 and m/z at 447→357, 327. Similarly, S. greggii extract presented high content of luteolin-7-O-glucoside ([M-H]− at m/z 447→ 285) and luteolin-C-glucoside and moderate quantities of apigenin-C-hexoside ([M-H]− at m/z 431→341, 311). Further studies are being undertaken in order to understand the contribution of these phenolic constituents in the biological activities of Salvia plants.

Avaliação de micronutrientes e sua influência no metabolismo secundário de Bidens pilosa e Salvia officinalis, plantas usadas no tratamento de diabetes

Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)

Cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of four different extracts of Galega officinalis L (Goat’s rue)

Purpose: To evaluate the cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of four different solvent extracts obtained from the aerial parts of Galega officinalis L Methods: The hexane, DCM, methanol and water extracts of G. officinalis were successively obtained by soxhlet extraction method. The cytotoxic activity of the extracts was assessed against human lung carcinoma (A-549), human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29), human brain glioblastoma (U-87), and colon adenocarcinoma (DLD-1) by Resazurine test. The antioxidant activity of extracts were determined by Folin-Ciocalteau, oxygen radical absorbing capacity (ORAC), and 2’.7’-dichlorofluorescin-diacetate (DCFH-DA) cell-based assay while their anti-inflammatory activity was determined by nitric oxide (NO) assay. Results: DCM extract showed strong cytotoxic activity against lung adenocarcinoma and brain glioblastoma cell lines, with IC50 (concentration inhibiting 50 % of cell growth) values of 11 ± 0.4 and 16 ± 3 μg/mL, respectively. The hexane extract showed moderate anticancer activity against the same cell lines (59 ± 13 and 63 ± 16 μg/mL, respectively). DCM extract also showed significant anti-inflammatory activity, inhibiting NO release by 86.7 % at 40 μg/mL in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - stimulated murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. Of all test extracts, the methanol extract of G. officinalis showed the highest antioxidant activity with 2.33 ± 0.09 μmol Trolox/mg , 7.10 ± 0.9 g tannic acid equivalent (TAE), and IC50 of 44 ± 4 μg/mL. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that DCM extract may possess anticancer effect against lung adenocarcinoma and brain glioblastoma, as well as serve as an anti-inflammatory agent.

Effects of aqueous extract from Asparagus officinalis L. roots on hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis hormone levels and the number of ovarian follicles in adult rats

Background: Asparagus is a plant with high nutritional, pharmaceutical, and industrial values. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of asparagus roots on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis hormones and oogenesis in female rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 40 adult female Wistar rats were divided into five groups, which consist 8 rats. Groups included control, sham and three experimental groups receiving different doses (100, 200, 400 mg/kg/bw) of aqueous extract of asparagus roots. All dosages were administered orally for 28 days. Blood samples were taken from rats to evaluate serum levels of Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinal hormone (LH), estrogen, and progesterone hormones. The ovaries were removed, weighted, sectioned, and studied by light microscope. Results: Dose-dependent aqueous extract of asparagus roots significantly increased serum levels of GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogen, and progestin hormones compared to control and sham groups. Increase in number of ovarian follicles and corpus luteum in groups treated with asparagus root extract was also observed (p<0.05). Conclusion: Asparagus roots extract stimulates secretion of hypothalamic- pituitary- gonadal axis hormones. This also positively affects oogenesis in female rats.

Small MPAs do not protect cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis)

Marine reserves have been widely implemented as tools for biodiversity conservation and fisheries management, amongst other goals. A large number of empirical studies have focused on their effects on reef fish populations. Yet, few studies have looked at their effectiveness on semelparous species such as cephalopods, in spite of their commercial importance in many coastal regions across the globe. In this study we combine behavioural (biotelemetry) and demographic (experimental fishing) data to understand the effects of the Luiz Saldanha Marine Park (LSMP) on local populations of cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis. We used a beyond-BACI design to analyze the possible effect of the implementation of a no-take area on the abundance and biomass of this species and acoustic telemetry data to assess its site fidelity and movements within the study area. Results indicate that there was no detectable effect of the implementation of the no-take area on the abundance or biomass of cuttlefish. We found evidence that acoustically tagged adult cuttlefish leave the reserve a few days or weeks after tagging. The fact that cuttlefish have low site fidelity inside the reserve and large movements across and beyond the study area explains why there is no increase in the population inside the MPA. These results suggest that small coastal marine reserves such as the LSMP are not effective in providing long term protection to cuttlefish populations and, probably, those of other short-lived, highly mobile cephalopods. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Agronomic challenges for organic crop husbandry

With respect to resource management and environmental impact, organic farming offers rationales for agricultural sustainability. However, agronomic productivity is usually higher with conventional farming. This work aimed at investigating two factors of major importance for the agronomic productivity of organic crop husbandry, nitrogen (N) supply through symbiotic N fixation (SNF) and weed occurrence. Perennial red clover-grass leys and spring cereal crops subjected to regular agricultural practices were studied on 34 organic farms located in the southern and the north-western coastal regions of Finland. Herbage growth, clover content as a proportion of the ley and extent of SNF in perennial leys, and the occurrence of weed species and weed-crop competition in spring cereal stands were related to climate conditions, soil properties, and management measures. The herbage accumulated from the first and the second cut of one- and two-year-old leys averaged 7.5 t DM ha-1 (SD ± 1.7 t DM ha-1); the clover content averaged 43.9% (SD ± 18.8%). Along with the clover content, herbage production decreased with ley age. Radiation use efficiency (RUE) correlated positively with clover proportion but despite low clover contents, three-year-old leys were still productive with regard to RUE. SNF in the accumulated annual growth of one- and two-year-old leys averaged 247.5 kg N ha-1 yr-1 (SD ± 114.4 kg N ha-1 yr-1). It was supposed that if red clover-grass leys constituted 40% of the rotation, then the mean N supply by SNF would be able to sustain two or three succeeding cereal crops (green manure and forage ley, respectively), yielding 3.0 to 4.0 t grain ha-1. Being a function of clover biomass, the SNF increased from the first to the second cut and thereafter declined with ley age. Coefficients of variation of clover contents (and SNF) between and within fields were around 50%, which was about twice as high as those of herbage production. The lower were the clover contents, the higher were the within-field variations of clover as a proportion of the ley. Low clover contents in one-year-old leys and increasing variability with ley age suggested that red clover growth was limited by poor establishment and poor overwintering. The proportions of clover in leys were lower and their variability was higher in the northwest than in the south. Soil properties, primarily texture and structure, had a major impact on clover proportion and herbage production, which largely explained regional differences in ley growth. Within-field variability of soil properties can be amended through site-specific measures, including drainage, liming, and applications of organic manures and mineral fertilizers. Overwintering and the persistence of leys can be improved by the choice of winter-hardy varieties, careful establishment and the appropriate harvest regime. Mean grain yields of spring cereal crops amounted to 3.2 t ha-1 in the south and 3.6 t ha-1 in the northwest. At 570 and 565 m-2 for the south and northwest respectively, mean weed densities did not differ between the regions, whereas the respective mean weed biomass of 697 and 1594 kg dry weight ha-1, respectively did differ. Weed abundance varied remarkably between single fields. The number of weed species was higher in the south than in the northwest. For example, Fumaria officinalis and Lamium spp. were found only in the south. Frequencies and abundances of Lapsana communis, Myosotis arvensis, Polygonum aviculare, Tripleurospermum inodorum, and Vicia spp. were higher in the south, whereas those of Elymus repens, Persicaria spp. and Spergula arvensis were higher in the northwest. The number of years since conversion to organic farming, i.e. long-term management, was one of the variables that explained the abundance of single weed species. E. repens was the weed species whose biomass increased most with the duration of organic farming. Another significant variable was crop biomass, which was affected by short-term management. The presence of different weed species was related to the duration of organic farming and to low crop yield. This finding demonstrated that it was not the organic farming regime per se, which resulted in high weed infestation and low yielding crops, but failures in the understanding and the management of organic farming systems. Successful weed control relies on farm- and field-specific long- and short-term management approaches. The agronomic productivity of ley and spring cereal crops managed by full-time farmers with an interest in organic farming was on the same level as of the mean for conventional farming. Given the many options for further improvements of the agronomic performance of organic arable systems, organic farming offers foundations for the development of sustainable agriculture. The main threat to the sustainability of farming in Finland, both conventional and organic, is the spatial separation of crop production and animal husbandry by region, along with the simplification of associated crop rotations.

Effect of phenolic-rich plant materials on protein and lipid oxidation reactions

The antioxidant activity of natural plant materials rich in phenolic compounds is being widely investigated for protection of food products sensitive to oxidative reactions. In this thesis plant materials rich in phenolic compounds were studied as possible antioxidants to prevent protein and lipid oxidation reactions in different food matrixes such as pork meat patties and corn oil-in water emulsions. Loss of anthocyanins was also measured during oxidation in corn oil-in-water emulsions. In addition, the impact of plant phenolics on amino acid level was studied using tryptophan as a model compound to elucidate their role in preventing the formation of tryptophan oxidation products. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with ultraviolet and fluorescence detection (UV-FL) was developed that enabled fast investigation of formation of tryptophan derived oxidation products. Byproducts of oilseed processes such as rapeseed (Brassica rapa L.), camelina (Camelina sativa) and soy meal (Glycine max L.) as well as Scots pine bark (Pinus sylvestris) and several reference compounds were shown to act as antioxidants toward both protein and lipid oxidation in cooked pork meat patties. In meat, the antioxidant activity of camelina, rapeseed and soy meal were more pronounced when used in combination with a commercial rosemary extract (Rosmarinus officinalis). Berry phenolics such as black currant (Ribes nigrum) anthocyanins and raspberry (Rubus idaeus) ellagitannins showed potent antioxidant activity in corn oil-in-water emulsions toward lipid oxidation with and without β-lactoglobulin. The antioxidant effect was more pronounced in the presence of β-lactoglobulin. The berry phenolics also inhibited the oxidation of tryptophan and cysteine side chains of β-lactoglobulin. The results show that the amino acid side chains were oxidized prior the propagation of lipid oxidation, thereby inhibiting fatty acid scission. In addition, the concentration and color of black currant anthocyanins decreased during the oxidation. Oxidation of tryptophan was investigated in two different oxidation models with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hexanal/FeCl2. Oxidation of tryptophan in both models resulted in oxidation products such as 3a-hydroxypyrroloindole-2-carboxylic acid, dioxindolylalanine, 5-hydroxy-tryptophan, kynurenine, N-formylkynurenine and β-oxindolylalanine. However, formation of tryptamine was only observed in tryptophan oxidized in the presence of H2O2. Pine bark phenolics, black currant anthocyanins, camelina meal phenolics as well as cranberry proanthocyanidins (Vaccinium oxycoccus) provided the best antioxidant effect toward tryptophan and its oxidation products when oxidized with H2O2. The tryptophan modifications formed upon hexanal/FeCl2 treatment were efficiently inhibited by camelina meal followed by rapeseed and soy meal. In contrast, phenolics from raspberry, black currant, and rowanberry (Sorbus aucuparia) acted as weak prooxidants. This thesis contributes to elucidating the effects of natural phenolic compounds as potential antioxidants in order to control and prevent protein and lipid oxidation reactions. Understanding the relationship between phenolic compounds and proteins as well as lipids could lead to the development of new, effective, and multifunctional antioxidant strategies that could be used in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications.

Bioconversion efficiency and growth in the white shrimp Penaeus indicus (Milne Edwards), fed with decomposed mangrove leaves

Food conversion efficiency and growth in the white shrimp Penaeus indicus fed with decomposed mangrove leaves of Avicennia marina and A. officinalis were monitored under laboratory conditions. It was observed that test animals fed with the decomposed leaves of A. marina had higher assimilation efficiency (87.96%), gross growth efficiency (10.82%), net growth efficiency (12.3%) and relative growth rate (0.0603 g/day) than those fed with A. officinalis. The relatively higher growth registered in the animals fed with decomposed leaves of A. marina was attributed to its high calorific and protein content.

中国三种野生稻的遗传变异与保护生物学研究

稻属(OryzaL．)隶属禾本科(Poaceae)之稻族(OryzeaeDUmort.)，广布于全球热带与亚热带地区。目前认为该属约含20个野生种和2个栽培种，中国产4个种。亚洲栽培稻(O. sativaL．)是世界上最重要的粮食作物之一，而在中国则为第一粮食作物。在稻种基因库中，发掘野生稻中丰富的遗传多样性是解决当今人口与粮食矛盾的必由之路。因此，保护野生稻的遗传多样性举世瞩目。针对热带与亚热带地区的环境恶化而导致野生稻居群的大量绝灭与急剧萎缩的状况，制订有效的策略，最大限度地保护野生稻的遗传多样性已迫在眉睫。然而，目前对野生稻种内遗传多样性的知识十分贫乏，缺乏制订保护策略的科学基础。这一问题在中国尤为突出。本文基于1994-1995年对中国三种野生稻濒危状况的调查结果，利用等位酶分析对普通野生稻26个居群，药用野生稻8个居群和疣粒野生稻l7个居群进行了遗传多样性的研究，并重点对目前育种价值最大而濒危程度最高的普通野生稻从五个方面作了进一步的探讨。最后根据遗传多样性的研究结果讨论了它们的濒危原因，并提出了初步的保护策略。主要结果如下： 一．普通野生稻D．rufipogon Griff. 在中国的三种野生稻中，普通野生稻的遗传多样性水平最高(A=1.33，P= 0.227，Ho=0.033和He=_0.068)，遗传分化水平较低(Fst=0,310)。广西与广东的居群较其它地区的居群具有较丰富的遗传变异。因此，华南可能是中国普通野生稻的遗传多样性中心;云南现存的所有三个居群的遗传多样性水平偏低(A=1.10.p=0.148，Ho=0.007和He=0.079)，与该地区栽培稻丰富的遗传多样性形成鲜明对照，普通野生稻居群间的遗传一致度与地理距离无明显相关。 1．通过14个中央居群与5个边缘居群的对比研究表明了边缘居群的遗传结构明显不同于中央居群：其遗传多样性水平与遗传分化均低予中央居群，杂合子比中央居群更为不足。而且，从中央居群到边缘居群，位点的多态性逐渐丧失，遗传多样性水平递减，一些多态位点的等位基因频率逐渐地发生变化。 2. 通过7个受栽培稻基因渗入的居群与5个隔离较好居群的对比研究表明，被渗入居群虽然在形态上表现出复杂的变异式样，但遗传多样性水平并无相应的增高。栽培稻基因流对野生居群遗传结构的影响可能主要是遗传同化，即阻止其居群内与居群间的遗传分化。 3. 通过对2个低纬度居群与2个北缘居群两个生活史阶段的遗传多样性研究表明繁育系统是影响普通野生稻居群遗传结构的因素之一。在低纬度居群中种子阶段的遗传变异高于植株阶段，在高纬度居群中则相反。 4．通过对北缘居群(江西东乡)1980年，1985年和1994年的居群遗传结构的研究，发现该居群的遗传结构逐渐在发生变化，表现为遗传多样性水平不断下降，居群越来越偏移哈迪一温伯格平衡和杂合子变得越来越缺乏。 5．通过对一个典型的普通野生稻居群（元江居群）的居群内遗传结构的研究，表明遗传变异在3个亚居群间分布不均衡，基因型里聚集分布，使得亚居群间有一定的遗传分化。导致其居群遗传结构的亚划分的主要原因可能是有限的基因流(Nm=0.964officinalis Wall.ex Watt. 药用野生稻的遗传多样性水平在三种野生稻中居中(A=1.2，P=0.162，H0=0.044和He=0.056)。海南的居群具有较高的遗传多样性，故海南可能为中国药用野生稻的遗传多样性中心。该物种有较高水平的遗传分化(Pst=0788，I=0.775)，且剧烈的遗传分化主要发生在海南与大陆间，有多达12个等位基因固定在两个地区的居群中：遗传分化也发生予地区内的居群间。 三. 疣粒野生稻0.meyeriana Baill.subsp.granulata Nees et Arn.ex Watt. 疣粒野生稻的遗传多样性水平(A=1.Ot5，p—0.0633，Ho- 0.022和He=O.O16)在三种野生稻中最低，但居群遗传分化却很高(FsT=0.859)。海南的遗传多样性水平与云南差别不大。剧烈的遗传分化不仅发生在海南与云南之间，而且还发生在地区内，甚至在很小地区内的居群阍。对每个地区来说，居群间的遗传一致度与地理距离明显相关，符合“隔离一距离”模型。该物种是克隆植物，遗传变异贫乏但居群遗传分化剧烈是这类植物的特征。 四. 对保护中国野生稻遗传资源的启示 中国的三种野生稻是居群水平上而非物种水平上的的濒危。人类的剧烈干拢和生境遭受破塥是导致它们濒危的主要原因。对普通野生稻和药用野生稻来说，人为的干扰导致了它们现存的居群变小且相互隔离，居群间的基因流受阻，遗传漂变的作用在小群体中显得尤为突出，并与严重的近交相交织，导致遗传多样性大量丧失，居群的遗传结构也进一步改变，从而产生真正遗传学上的濒危，甚至灭绝。对于普通野生稻的大多数居群来说，栽培稻频繁的基因流带来的遗传同化，也会直接或间接地引起濒危甚至消亡。 鉴于普通野生稻有69.0%的遗传多样性存在于居群内，收集种质资源时应在遗传变异丰富的居群中，特别在其遗传多样性中心的居群中取较多数量的个体，还应在不同的地理区域选择2～3个遗传变异丰富、彼此遗传差异大的居群作为代表，捕获存在于居群间的遗传变异。原位保护点的设置应优先考虑以下类型的居群：a．与栽培稻基因流隔离好的居群;b．边缘居群;c．严重受威胁的居群;原位保护区应在其遗传多样性中心设立，选择有数个相邻的较大居群。 鉴于药用野生稻有21.2%的遗传多样性存在于居群内，在收集种质资源时原则上应选择较多的居群，而在每个居群中取较少的个体。海南与大陆居群间的遗传差异较大，故两地的居群都必须收集;药用野生稻的居群通常较小，建议设立原位保护点即可。海南与大陆均须设立保护点，而且在每个地区内应保护尽可能多的居群。对地区间或地区内的居群间进行人工移植，促进基因流，对增强各居群的适应能力会有裨益。 鉴于仅有14.1%的遗传变异存在予疣粒野生稻的居群内，取样的原则是在云南和海南均取尽可能多的居群，而对每个居群取少数个体即可;该种的居群有时较大，其居群内往往有一定的遗传分化，故收集遗传资源时应按亚居群取样;建议在云南与海南各设置2～3个原位保护区，其中可优先考虑我国分布面积最大的云南思茅地区的居群。

稻属系统学若干问题的探讨

稻属（OryzaL．）是禾本科稻族(Oryzeae)中最大，也是分布最广的属，由于其包括亚洲栽培稻这一世界第一大粮食作物，对该属各方面的研究都相当多，系统与进化植物学研究也是如此。然而，由于该属分布跨及亚、非、美、澳各洲热带、亚热带地区，材料不易得到，故研究常缺乏系统性，属和属内一些种的界限仍然存在争议，属下组间特别是几个孤立类群间的系统发育关系也一直不很清楚，稻属与近缘类群间系统发育关系研究也很有限。为此，本文在以前学者研究的基础上，综合评述了目前稻属各分类系统，指出了目前普遍接受的观点和存在分歧，同时对稻属系统作了一些必要的修订;通过l7种野生稻的核型分析和通过原位杂交技术在稻属尝试性的应用，从染色体水平探讨了稻属与近缘类群间的关系以及稻属内物种间的关系;通过对lO个属28种稻族植物cp DNA上的trnK基因的限制性内切酶位点的分析，并综合其它证据，对稻属与近缘属间关系进行初步的探讨。主要的结论如下： 一、 17种野生稻核型研究表明： 1）所有种的间期核属染色中心型(chromocentertype)，染色中心较少或多，形状规则或不规则，散布于全核;前期染色体固缩特性属于近基型(proximal type)，2）Sect.Oryza所有种的核型很相似，均为n=5m+5sm+2t，其中第四对和第十对为st染色体，第十对为随体染色体，Sect. Brachyantha和SeCt. Padia的核型与前者有一定的差异，表现在随体染色体的位置和染色体的大小。0. brachyantha的核型特点并不支持将该种置于Sect. Oryza的观点。 对携带BC和CD基因组的四个种的核型分析表明，其染色体组成并非是二倍体染色体组成的叠加，说明其形成后发生了二倍化的分化，综合各方面证据， 我们支持携带BC基因组的两个四倍体种属双系起源， 而携带CD基因组的四倍体之起源与亚洲携带C基因组的物种有关的观点。3）对国内8个居群的药用野生稻（0．officinalis）核型研究表明，所有居群均为二倍体，未发现以前学者所报道的四倍体类型。药用野生稻为一多型种，通过初步的形态学比较分析，我们认为斯里兰卡分布的根茎野生稻O.rhizomatis很可能是药用野生稻这一多型种适应于季节性干旱环境的一个生态型。4）以前学者认为稻属可能源于x一5的次级多倍化，我们不支持这一观点，从整个稻族所有属以及近缘的稻亚科其它三族的染色体基数来考虑，我们认为其祖先类群更可能的染色体基数为x-6。 二、原位杂交结果：1）确定了13个种的45s rDNA的位点数，其中所有携带A基因组的物种除亚洲栽培稻和O_ rufipogon之位点数有1和2的分化外，其余种皆为一个位点;B基因组也含一个位点，C基因组的两个种各含3个位点， BC基因组的两个种均具三个位点，E基因组含二个位点，携带CD基因组的稻种分别携带3和5个位点，其中位点有大小之分;2)利用C基因组作探针，B基因组作封阻DNA，在四倍体CD（O.latifolia）的染色体制片中确立了带C基因组的染色体。 三、用PCR-RFLP技术对稻族lO个属28个种的trnK基因的酶切位点变异进行了分析，发现：(1) trnK基因PCR扩增产物长度约为2575bp，没有明显的长度变异，l7种内切酶处理，共得到72个酶切位点，占整个trnk基因全长的13.98%，72个酶切位点中52个为突变位点，33个为信息位点，利用52个突变位点，构建了28个种的树系图。(2)分支分析表明，稻族的lO个属共分为两组，一组为O.ryza和Porteresia，一组为其余的8个属;该结果明显不同于经典的族内划分。根据稻族各属现在的分布格局，认为稻族是禾本科早期分化过程中产生的类群，由于生境的相似，趋同演化和网状进化事件可能比较频繁，稻族的亚族划分可能存在一些不合理的成分。Porteresia coarctata, Rhynchoryza subulata，Leersia perieri三种以前曾被置于稻属，根据分支图，后两种位于分枝图的第二支，与稻属各种分化较大，而P．coarctata与稻属聚在一起，说明两者在锻汰基因的变异式样是相似的。综合各方面资料，我们认为P. coarctata可能是稻属适应于海滩耐盐环境的一个特化的类群。 (3)稻属的Sect. Oryza所包括的两个系Ser.Oryza与Ser.Latifolia仅在一个酶切位点上有差异，说明其间关系非常密切，Sect. Padia中的两个系Ser. Meyerianae和Ser.Ridleyianae与Sect.Oryza所包括的两个系Ser. Oryza与Ser. Latifolia有明显分化，两个孤立类群O brachytrntha f770．scl71echteri与Ser. Ridleyi聚在一起。 这一结果与Vaughan(1994)将两孤立种和O.ridteyi复合体同置于其系统中的Sect. Ridleyanae是吻合的。

稻属的分子系统学研究

稻属（Oryza L）属于禾本科的稻族，主要分布于世界的热带和亚热带地区。一般认为稻属包括20个左右的野生种和2个栽培种，我国有4-5种。迄今为止，对于稻属中种的数目和划分;稻属中所包括的种类是否为一单系类群;各基因组之闻的关系和起源以及稻属的起源等等，学术界仍然存有争议。本文评述了稻属分子系统学研究的进展，研究中存在的问题以及对未来稻属系统学研究的展望。针对稻属的分子系统学研究中所存在的问题，运用核糖体DNA转录间隔区序列测定、随机扩增多态性DNA（RAD）和SSR-anchoredPCR等分子生物学的手段对稻属中全部23个种的来自中国和世界不同地区的材料开展了分子系统学的研究。所得主要结果如下： 1．对产于中国的三种野生稻和栽培稻的二个亚种的核糖体DNA第一转录间隔区进行了序列测定。 DNA序列分别用PAUP程序进行分支分析和用MEGA程序中的UPGMA和Neighbor-joining进行聚类分析，结果表明核糖体DNA转录间隔区序列适合于进行稻属的分子系统学研究。 2．用荧光自动测序法和人工同位素测序法测定了稻属23个种和4个外类群的转录间隔区的序列。所有的DNA序列用Clustal V程序排阵后，再用PAUP程序进行分支分析。结果表明： A．稻属中的23个种组成四个主要分支，分别相当于Vaughan(1989)的四个种复合体。 B．所有AA基因组的种都在一个分支中。除了O.meridionalis与其它种的关系相对较远外，AA基因组种间有一定程度的分化，但不大。 C．尽管BB、BBCC、CC、CCDD和EE基因组的种都在一个分支中，但它们之间的分化是较为明显的。O.australiensis与该分支中的其它种的关系相对较远。以上两个分支的关系较为密切，它们组成一个自然类群，是稻属的核心部分。 D．O.ridleyi与O.longiglumis非常近缘，它们组成一个分支。 E．O.meyeriana与O．granulata有非常密切的关系。O.brachyantha与O.meyeriana近缘，而与AA基因组的关系较远。O,schlechter/与Leersia hexandra近缘，而与稻属中其它种的关系较远。作为外类群的Porteresia coarctata与稻属的a brachyantha非常近缘，这有可能说明将它作稻属中的一员的观点是正确的。 3．用RAPD和ISSR技术对稻属23介种的36份材料以及Porteresia coar ctata和Leersia hexandra各1份材料进行PCR扩增。16个10-mer RAPD随机引物共扩增出368个多态条带，5个锚定SSR引物共扩增出1 16个多态条带。RAPD和ISSR扩增出的多态条带合在同一数据矩阵中，用NTSYS-pc程序进行聚类分析。得出的结果与ITS序列分支分析的结果相似。 A.从表征图上亦可区分出四个群。所有的AA基因组的种聚在一起，O.nivara与O.rufipogon的关系密切，两个种的界限不清楚，所以认为它们是一个种：O.rufipogon.。 B.分布于中国的O.officinalis与O.minuta非常近缘，而菲律宾的四倍体O.officinalis则与同是基因组的O.eichingeri和O.rhizomatis关系密切。EE基因组的O.australiensis与Officinalis群保持一种松散的联系。 C。具FF基因组的O.brachyantha与O.schlechteri近缘，它们与Porteresiacoarctata和Leersia hexandra关系的密切程度要大于它们与稻属其它种的关系。 D。最后讨论了RAPD和ISSR用予植物属内的系统发育研究存在的问题。本研究结果说明RAPD和ISSR适合于进行属内近缘种亲缘关系的研究。