Wound healing dressings and drug delivery systems: a review

The variety of wound types has resulted in a wide range of wound dressings with new products frequently introduced to target different aspects of the wound healing process. The ideal dressing should achieve rapid healing at reasonable cost with minimal inconvenience to the patient. This article offers a review of the common wound management dressings and emerging technologies for achieving improved wound healing. It also reviews many of the dressings and novel polymers used for the delivery of drugs to acute, chronic and other types of wound. These include hydrocolloids, alginates, hydrogels, polyurethane, collagen, chitosan, pectin and hyaluronic acid. There is also a brief section on the use of biological polymers as tissue engineered scaffolds and skin grafts. Pharmacological agents such as antibiotics, vitamins, minerals, growth factors and other wound healing accelerators that take active part in the healing process are discussed. Direct delivery of these agents to the wound site is desirable, particularly when systemic delivery could cause organ damage due to toxicological concerns associated with the preferred agents. This review concerns the requirement for formulations with improved properties for effective and accurate delivery of the required therapeutic agents. General formulation approaches towards achieving optimum physical properties and controlled delivery characteristics for an active wound healing dosage form are also considered briefly.

An industrial implementation of a methodology for the optimisation of product design tolerances

Today, the key to commercial success in manufacturing is the timely development of new products that are not only functionally fit for purpose but offer high performance and quality throughout their entire lifecycle. In principle, this demands the introduction of a fully developed and optimised product from the outset. To accomplish this, manufacturing companies must leverage existing knowledge in their current technical, manufacturing and service capabilities. This is especially true in the field of tolerance selection and application, the subject area of this research. Tolerance knowledge must be readily available and deployed as an integral part of the product development process. This paper describes a methodology and framework,currently under development in a UK manufacturer, to achieve this objective.

La aplicación estratégica por escenarios en el medio natural. El caso del Nature Outlook 2050 del PBL.

La prospectiva es parte de la planificación estratégica. Es una herramienta habitual en la gestión y dirección de empresas. Algunos países europeos la incluyen dentro de sus trabajos de diseño de las políticas ambientales. La generación de escenarios es una técnica cualitativa de prospectiva apta para los entornos con alta variabilidad y complejidad. El artículo explica el modo de aplicar esta técnica poniendo en paralelo los pasos dados en el proyecto Nature Outlook 2050 que ha desarrollado la agencia de evaluación y prospectiva ambiental de los Países Bajos (PBL).

Synthesis of N3- and 2-NH2-substituted 6,7-diphenylpterins and their use as intermediates for the preparation of oligonucleotide conjugates designed to target photooxidative damage on single-stranded DNA representing the bcr-abl chimeric gene

Two 17-mer oligodeoxynucleotide-5'-linked-(6,7-diphenylpterin) conjugates, 2 and 3, were prepared as photosensitisers for targeting photooxidative damage to a 34-mer DNA oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) fragment 1 representing the chimeric bcr-abl gene that is implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). The base sequence in the 17-mer was 3'G G T A G T T A T T C C T T C T T5'. In the first of these ODN conjugates (2) the pterin was attached at its N3 atom, via a -(CH2)3OPO(OH)- linker, to the 5'-OH group of the ODN. Conjugate 2 was prepared from 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxypropyl)-6,7-diphenyl-4(3H)-pteridinone 10, using phosphoramidite methodology. Starting material 10 was prepared from 5-amino-7-methylthiofurazano[3,4-d]pyrimidine 4 via an unusual highly resonance stabilised cation 8, incorporating the rare 2H,6H-pyrimido[6,1-b][1,3]oxazine ring system. In the characterisation of 10 two pteridine phosphazenes, 15 and 29, were obtained, as well as new products containing two uncommon tricyclic ring systems, namely pyrimido[2,1-b]pteridine (20 and 24) and pyrimido[1,2-c]pteridine (27). In the second ODN conjugate the linker was -(CH2)5CONH(CH2)6OPO(OH)- and was attached to the 2-amino group of the pterin. In the preparation of 3, the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester 37 of 2-(5-carboxypentylamino)-6,7-diphenyl-4(3H)-pteridinone was condensed with the hexylamino-modified 17-mer. Excitation of 36 with near UV light in the presence of the single-stranded target 34-mer, 5'T G A C C A T C A A T A A G14 G A A G18 A A G21 C C C T T C A G C G G C C3' 1 caused oxidative damage at guanine bases, leading to alkali-labile sites which were monitored by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Cleavage was observed at all guanine sites with a marked preference for cleavage at G14. In contrast, excitation of ODN-pteridine conjugate 2 in the presence of 1 caused oxidation of the latter predominantly at G18, with a smaller extent of cleavage at G15 and G14 (in the double-stranded portion) and G21. These results contrast with our previous observation of specific cleavage at G21 with ruthenium polypyridyl sensitisers, and suggest that a different mechanism, probably one involving Type 1 photochemical electron transfer, is operative. Much lower yields were found with the ODN-pteridine conjugate 3, perhaps as a consequence of the longer linker between the ODN and the pteridine in this case.

Investment and Capitalization of Firms in the USA

In the USA today, the precipitous rise of new financial mechanisms for capitalisation of firms as well as the merger and acquisition of others, especially risk equity capital through venture capitalist and investment banking, has sparked growth and helped to bring the economy out of the 1990s recession into a robust continuous growth pattern well positioned for the next century. The scenario is not new. For the venture capitalists of ''Silicon Valley'' in California, the experience is not new. They have seen the new industries arise before, like a phoenix from ashes of ruin, despair and even failure. Venture capital poured into high tech start-up companies has been an enormous source of financial support for the entrepreneurs who head new and growing companies. The mid-1990s marked the most dramatic increase yet recorded. Indicators, such as the NASDAQ document, outlined the solid and continuous growth in high tech industries. The paper discusses investment in US corporations within the context of governance and management of the company. Discussion about the various forms of finance are related to the organisation and management of the US corporation. Critical to any firm today are its ability to find innovative, new products or services. A growing literature on resource-base framework for analysis will be discussed as part of the firm's development of research for commercialisation. The results of a recent survey further shed light on the relationship between corporate financial management and allocated resources for research and development as the ''engine'' for new product development and therefore corporate market share and growth. The conclusion is that more financial mechanisms will be created and changed within US corporate systems to adjust, grow, and expand companies in the global economic arena, as the inevitable economic pattern leads to mergers, consolidations, and increasing cooperation and alliances among firms.

Fasciola hepatica: Histological changes in the reproductive structures of triclabendazole (TCBZ)-sensitive and TCBZ-resistant flukes after treatment in vivo with TCBZ and the related benzimidazole derivative, Compound Alpha

Twenty-four shed-reared lambs were each infected orally with 250 metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica, using either the triclabendazole (TCBZ)-sensitive Cullompton isolate or the TCBZ-resistant Sligo isolate. Twelve weeks after infection the lambs were treated with TCBZ (10 mg/kg) or with the experimental fasciolicide, Compound Alpha (Cpd alpha), a benzimidazole derivative of TCBZ (15 mg/kg). The lambs were euthanised 48,72 and 96 h after TCBZ treatment, or 24, 48 and 72 h after Cpd a treatment, and flukes were collected from the liver and/or gall bladder of each animal. Untreated animals harbouring 12-week infections were euthanised 24 h after administration of anthelmintic to the treatment groups, and the untreated flukes provided control material. A semi-quantitative assessment of the degree of histological change induced by the two drugs after different times of exposure was achieved by scoring the intensity of three well-defined lesions that developed in the testes and uteri of a representative sample of flukes from each lamb. In general, it was found that in those tissues where active meiosis and/or mitosis occurred (testis, ovary, and vitelline follicles), there was progressive loss of cell content due to apparent failure of cell division to keep pace with expulsion of the mature or effete products. Further, actively dividing cell types tended to become individualised, rounded and condensed, characteristic of apoptotic cell death. Protein synthetic activity was apparently inhibited in the Mehlis' secretory cells. In the uterus, where successful formation of shelled eggs represents the culmination of a complex sequence of cytokinetic, cytological and synthetic activity involving the vitelline follicles, the ovary and the Mehlis' gland, histological evidence indicating failure of ovigenesis was evident from 24 h post-treatment onwards. The development of these lesions may be related to the known antitubulin activity of the benzimidazole class of anthelmintics, to the induction of apoptosis in cells where mitosis or meiosis has aborted due to failure of spindle formation, and to drug-induced inhibition of protein synthesis. The semi-quantitative findings indicated that Cpd a is slightly less efficacious than TCBZ itself in causing histological damage to the reproductive structures of TCBZ-sensitive flukes, and that, like TCBZ, it caused no histological damage in flukes of the TCBZ-resistant isolate. This study illustrates the potential utility of histological techniques for conveniently screening representative samples of flukes in field trials designed to validate instances of drug resistance or to test the efficacy of new products against known drug-resistant and drug-susceptible fluke isolates. It also provides reference criteria for drug-induced histopathological changes in fluke reproductive structures which may aid interpretation of TEM findings. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Bright Side of Manufacturing–Remanufacturing Conflict in a Decentralised Closed-Loop Supply Chain

Researchers and managers broadly agree that original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), which have opportunities to produce both new and remanufactured products, are better off by centrally controlling their manufacturing and remanufacturing activities. Thus, OEMs should not remanufacture used products until the remanufacturing cost is sufficiently low to overcome the negative impact of new product cannibalisation. In this paper, we present a contrasting view of the manufacturing–remanufacturing conflict: OEMs sometimes benefit from the decentralised control mode under which they ignore the internal cannibalisation rather than the remanufacturing option. We consider a decentralised closed-loop supply chain in which one OEM can purchase new components from one supplier to produce new products and collect used products from consumers to produce remanufactured products. The key feature of our model is that the OEM can select a centralised or decentralised control mode to manage its manufacturing and remanufacturing activities before the supplier prices the new component. In a steady state period setting, we analyse the players’ optimal decisions and compare the OEM's profits under centralised and decentralised control modes. Our analytic results reveal that the decentralised control within the OEM can outperform the centralised control when the cost structure of producing new and remanufactured products satisfies certain conditions. Finally, the key findings are distilled in a conceptual framework and its managerial implications are discussed.

Comparison of tack of pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) at different temperatures

Pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) have applications in the fields of packaging, joining, wound care, and personal care. Depending on the application of the PSA, different performance tests are carried out when new products are developed or the quality of the existing products is checked. Tack is the property of an adhesive that enables it to form instant bond on the surface under light pressure. The tack of a PSA strongly depends on the way the bond is created. Parameters such as the bonded area, contact time and the nature of tack materials all affect the tack force measured. In the development of any PSA, it is desirable to correlate the performance related properties such as tack and peel strength to the rheological behaviour. Finding these correlations would make it possible to evaluate the performance of a PSA using its rheological characteristics. In this investigation we have studied the influence of rheological behaviour of three different PSAs on their tackiness. The three different PSAs used in this study are a low molecular weight rosin ester, high molecular weight rosin ester, and dicyclopentadiene. Various rheological properties such as viscosity, phase angle, and elastic and viscous moduli are measured versus the frequency and temperature. Also the tack properties at various removal speeds and temperatures are evaluated. Analysis of the results indicates different performances of the three PSAs which could be related to their rheological properties, especially the phase angle, at different frequencies and temperatures. The PSA with high molecular weight rosin ester is more sensitive to temperature changes and showed drastic changes in tackiness from high temperature to low temperature. On the other hand, rosin ester with low molecular weight is less sensitive to temperature changes. © 2010 VSP.

Technology, work organisation and job quality in the service sector: an introduction’

This special issue volume is concerned with how technology is changing the nature of work and working conditions while generating new products and new forms of service delivery. The five articles included in this volume cover service work, from the routine and clerical through to highly credentialed and professional work. Although some of the established challenges concerning the impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on work and workplaces are evident in the articles, it is also clear that new service delivery processes demand new skills and training to some extent. Overall findings indicate that while ICT competencies are important, they need to be supplemented by the soft skills that are crucial for effective customer interactions and more open work systems with greater autonomy and participation whereby flexible work teams can have a positive impact on job quality outcomes. This introductory article examines technology and the changing nature of work through three strands of interpretation, prior to introducing the five articles in this special issue.

Impact of long-term storage at ambient temperatures on the total quality and stability of high-pressure processed tomato juice

High-pressure processing (HPP) can produce tomato juice of high quality and safety with a short shelf life under refrigeration temperatures. Long-term higher temperature storage studies are rare and temperature tolerant products are challenging to develop. The effect of high-pressure processing (HPP) on the total quality (colour, microbial counts, phytochemical levels, antioxidant and enzymatic activities) and stability (retention over time) of tomato juice during long-term storage was investigated. Thermal processing (TP) was used as a control treatment, and overall, two different ambient conditions (20 °C and 28 °C) were tested. Immediately after processing, HPP products proved superior to TP ones (enhanced redness, total carotenoids and lycopene, stable total phenols and inactivation of pectin methyl esterase). During initial storage (30 d) most quality attributes of HPP juice remained stable. Prolonged storage, however, led to losses of most quality attributes, although HPP (20 °C) showed lower quality degradation rate constants comparison to TP and HPP (28 °C). Industrial Relevance: There is a demand for ambient stable tomato products, especially in some parts of the world, and current industrial practices (canning, pasteurisation) either compromise in product quality or require refrigeration conditions. High-pressure processing has been investigated as milder technology, with a potential to deliver superior quality. The drawback is that is also requires chill storage. The results of this study show how quality parameters behave in a high-pressured tomato product and pave the way for further development that could optimise this technology. This could be of economic importance for the tomato juice industry to develop new products stable in ambient temperatures and perhaps beneficial for cutting down the refrigeration costs under specific conditions.

Engineering Simulations

Over recent years, ionic liquids have emerged as a class of novel fluids that have inspired the development of a number of new products and processes. The ability to design these materials with specific functionalities and properties means that they are highly relevant to the growing philosophy of chemical-product design. This is particularly appropriate in the context of a chemical industry that is becoming increasingly focussed on small-volume, high-value added products with relatively short times to market. To support such product and process development, a number of tools can be utilised. A key requirement is that the tool can predict the physical properties and activity coefficients of multi-component mixtures and, if required, model the process in which the materials will be used. Multi-scale simulations that span density functional theory (DFT) to process-engineering computations can address the relevant time and length scales and have increased in usage with the availability of cheap and powerful computers. Herein we will discuss the area of engineering calculations relating to the design of ionic liquid processes, that is, the computational tools that bridge this gap and allow for process simulation tools to utilise and assist in the design of ionic liquids. It will be shown that, at present, it is possible to use available tools to estimate many important properties of ionic liquids and mixtures containing them with a sufficient level of accuracy for preliminary design and selection.

Tecnologia vinagreira: desenvolvimento de novos produtos vinagreiros na ESAS

O vinagre é obtido por dupla fermentação alcoólica e acética de substâncias de origem agrícola, possuindo cada tipo um flavour particular, função dos substratos e tecnologia usados, mantendo gosto sui generis ácido. A sua aptidão tecnológica viabiliza o fabrico de múltiplos produtos, macerando especiarias, plantas, etc, conduzindo ao enriquecimento da matriz, cujo perfil químico ganha complexidade e novas características sensoriais/funcionais. A picklagem fresh pack é um processo alternativo de conservação em vinagre, sem fermentação. Com vinagres de fermentação submergida, desenvolveram-se na ESAS (2009-2013), dois vinagres e um vinagrete com adições e um pickles de frutos doces, articulando ensaios tecnológicos, laboratoriais e sensoriais. Concebidos como produtos gourmet, pretendeu-se oferecer inovação e conveniência. Além do longo tempo de vida de prateleira, evidencia-se: 1) no vinagre de vinho branco com mirtilo –a mais-valia de preservar o fruto inteiro, por efeito de picklagem; 2) no vinagre agridoce, de vinho tinto Touriga Nacional com mel e especiarias –uma tónica agridoce equilibrada e actual; 3) no vinagrete de laranja aromatizado –a complexidade aromática aliada à sensação de frescura na boca; 4) no pickles fresh pack de pera-abacaxi agridoce –novidade e dupla utilização: consumida a fruta, a infusão utiliza-se como vinagre de mesa (aptidão incomum em pickles).---Vinegar is obtained by double fermentation alcoholic and acetic of substances from agricultural origin, each type having one particular flavor, due to the technology and the substrates used, while maintaining sui generis acid taste. Its technological aptitude enables the manufacture of multiple products, macerating spices, plants, leading to the enrichment of the matrix whose chemical profile becomes increasingly complex with new sensory/functional characteristics. The fresh pack process is an alternative process of pickling, without fermentation. With submerged fermentation vinegar, two vinegars and a vinaigrette with additions and pickled sweet fruits were developed in ESAS (2009-2013), articulating technological, laboratory and sensory tests. Designed as gourmet products, intended to provide innovation and convenience. In addition to the long shelf life, stands out: 1) in white wine vinegar with blueberries – the added value of preserving the whole fruit by pickling effect, 2) in bittersweet red wine vinegar, Touriga Nacional with honey and spices – the sweet and sour taste, balanced and fashionable; 3) in flavored orange vinaigrette – the aromatic complexity coupled with the fresh sensation in the mouth, 4) in the fresh pack sweet and sour pickles with pear-pineapple – the innovation and dual-use: consumed the fruit, infusion is used as table vinegar (unusual application for pickles).

A cultura cerâmica no design da joalharia portuguesa

Este trabalho de investigação tem como objectivo contribuir para o aprofundamento de estudos vocacionados para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos, suportado pelo encontro entre duas Culturas do Fazer, a cerâmica e a joalharia, e orientado pela Cultura do Projecto, o design. A análise e a ponderação acerca dos pontos em comum entre estas duas culturas materiais, em particular no contexto português, são a base para a definição e a aplicação de um novo concept de produto, mediado por uma metodologia projectual e sustentado nas noções de Modularidade, de Arquétipo, de Tipologia, de Valor Semântico, de Valor Simbólico, de Sistema de Produto e de Design Estratégico. Esta dissertação desenvolve-se ao longo de duas partes, após uma introdução em que se define o objecto de estudo e a metodologia da investigação. A primeira parte tem quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo trata do enquadramento teórico da Cultura Cerâmica a partir de uma análise históricotipologica (desde a cultura mesopotâmica até ao século XXI) orientando-se para o contexto português: os lugares de produção cerâmica e o azulejo como portador de cultura. O segundo capítulo, centrando-se em Portugal como lugar de investigação, estuda a Joalharia num âmbito experimental, analisando o valor simbólico da jóia. No terceiro capítulo interpreta-se o design entre tradição e inovação, nomeadamente a sua importância como veiculador cultural, o seu relacionamento com o artesanato e a relevância do laboratório como lugar de experimentação. O quarto capítulo analisa a acção do cruzamento entre os dois sectores – cerâmica e joalharia – na definição da cultura material, na Europa e em Portugal. Clarifica-se também o conceito de Sistema de Produto quando aplicado, como projecto piloto, à Joalharia, servindo-se de estudos de caso como mediadores experimentais. A segunda parte tem três capítulos. No primeiro capítulo analisam-se e averiguam-se tipologias de jóias existentes, assim como algumas provas laboratoriais que permitem o entendimento da tecnologia cerâmica no desenvolvimento de um projecto de Joalharia. Possibilita-se, deste modo, o surgimento dos primeiros estudos tipológico-formais determinantes para a definição da tipologia de projecto jóia-azulejo. No segundo capítulo define-se uma estratégia metodológica para aplicar a um produto de jóia cerâmica, analisando a particular importância do factor emocional na tomada de decisão do cliente. O terceiro capítulo defende um projecto experimental, como momento de verificação, aplicação e materialização do estudo desenvolvido nesta dissertação, proporcionando uma ocasião projectual para avaliar as potencialidades de um produto futuro, orientado pelo design, fruto do cruzamento entre a Cultura Cerâmica e a Joalharia em Portugal.

Design de unidades funcionais: plataforma para o desenvolvimento novos produtos universidade-indústria

Este trabalho de investigação teve como principais objetivos, por um lado, procurar as relações existentes entre a Instituição Ensino Superior de Design (IES-D) e as empresas, por outro, configurar um modelo que permitisse criar uma plataforma de inovação para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos na IES-D num contexto globalizado. Nos últimos anos, o setor “ensino superior” na Europa e em várias partes do mundo passou por grandes mudanças, o que acentuou o ambiente competitivo entre as IES, incluindo as de Design. Neste âmbito, procurou-se demonstrar o novo posicionamento estratégico da IES-D perante o mercado, e quais as ações a desenvolver que possibilitam alcançar uma vantagem competitiva sustentável. Primeiro, considerou-se fundamental identificar a importância do design perante o ensino, a situação mundial e a mudança da cultura económica. Depois, assinalaram-se as iniciativas de promoção do design e as políticas de inovação europeias. E por fim, reuniram-se os aspetos que obrigam as IES-D a assumir novos papéis de interação com o mercado. Por análise comparativa internacional procedeu-se à seleção de uma amostra de dezoito (18) IES-D – dez europeias, quatro norte americanas e quatro asiáticas. Instituições de ensino com tipologias diversas e pertencentes a distintos contextos socioeconómicos. A caracterização da amostra através de análise estrutural permitiu identificar aspetos comuns às IES-D – ações estratégicas que servem para promover a inovação. Para explicitar a interação do sistema formado por esses elementos comuns, configurou-se um modelo concetual – Hexágono da Inovação (HI). O modelo, enquanto instrumento de análise, permite criar um padrão da inovação da IES-D e posicioná-la perante o setor - ensino superior de design. Foi também realizado um ensaio da aplicabilidade do modelo concetual HI na ESAD.cr/IPL. Através da implementação da plataforma de inovação - ESAD Design Studio - Centro de Estudos e Investigação em Design (EDS/CEID), foram ensaiadas as ações necessárias para promover o design estratégico e o design de inovação.

Natural substances and high pressure processing to preserve sea bass

Esta tese teve como objectivo estudar estratégias de conservação de pescado fresco, recorrendo ao uso de extractos e óleos essenciais de plantas e do processamento por alta pressão (HPP), usando filetes de robalo como um caso de estudo modelo. Relativamente aos extractos e óleos essenciais, avaliaram-se as suas propriedades antibacterianas e antioxidantes. Os extractos aquosos quente de poejo e de orégão e o óleo essencial de cravinho apresentaram a maior actividade antioxidante. Os óleos essenciais foram mais eficientes do que os extractos para inibir o crescimento das estirpes bacterianas testadas, tendo-se observado os menores valores de concentração mínima inibitória nos óleos essenciais de orégão, citronela, alho e orégão Espanhol. De seguida, estudou-se o efeito dos óleos essenciais de orégão Espanhol e de limão na conservação de filetes de robalo fresco tendo em conta critérios microbiológicos, químicos, físicos e sensoriais. A aplicação do óleo essencial de orégão Espanhol aumentou o tempo de vida útil dos filetes sob o ponto de vista bacteriano, mas não em termos sensoriais. A combinação dos óleos essenciais de orégão Espanhol e de limão melhorou o efeito antioxidante e reduziu a intensidade do odor e a sua eficácia em relação às Enterobacteriaceae, comparando com o tratamento com óleo essencial de orégão Espanhol per se. No sentido de reduzir o odor conferido pelos óleos essenciais realizou-se um estudo de conservação para avaliar o efeito de películas com óleos essenciais (citronela, alho e tomilho) em filetes de robalo, recorrendo a uma teste de desafio bacteriano. As películas sem óleos essenciais aumentaram o tempo de vida útil sob o ponto de vista bacteriano, mas este efeito não foi observado com a incorporação dos óleos essenciais nas películas. Em relação ao HPP, testaram-se diversas condições (nível de pressão, tempo de pressurização e taxa de pressurização) e avaliaram-se os efeitos na actividade enzimática, na qualidade global e na conservação de filetes de robalo fresco. Em geral, o aumento do nível de pressão e do tempo de pressurização diminuiu a actividade da fosfatase ácida e das enzimas proteolíticas, a carga bacteriana e a capacidade de retenção de água, enquanto que os filetes ficaram mais brancos. O HPP revelou potencial para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos: mais brancos, não translúcidos, mais firmes e com maior tempo de frescura e estabilidade microbiológica. Em conclusão, os óleos essenciais e o HPP têm potencial para conservar pescado fresco, devido aos seus efeitos na qualidade bacteriana. Ainda assim, mais esforços devem ser feitos no sentido de reduzir a transferência de odor dos óleos essenciais para o pescado e os efeitos do HPP no aspecto do pescado e na oxidação lipídica.