Biological influence on the morphology and micromorphology of selected Podzols (Spodosols) and Cambisols (Inceptisols) from the Eastern United States and Northeast Scotland

Biological activities greatly influence the formation of many soils, especially forest soils under cool humid climates. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of vegetation and soil biota on the formation of selected soils. Field morphology, micromorphology, and carbon and organic matter analysis were determined on six Podzols (Spodosols) and two Cambisols (Inceptisols) from the eastern United States and north-east Scotland. Humification of plant material by soil fauna and fungi occurs in all organic horizons. Thick organic coatings are observed on soil peds and rock fragments from the E1 to the Bs horizon in a Haplic Podzol from Clingmans Dome Mt., TN. Thin sections reveal large accumulations of root material in different stages of decomposition in the spodic horizons of a Haplic Podzol from Whiteface Mt., NY. Organic carbon ranges from 5.4 to 8.5% in the spodic B horizons of the Whiteface Mt. Podzol. Earthworms and enchytraeids have a great effect on the structure of the surface and subsurface horizons in the Dystric Cambisols from Huntly and Clashindarroch Forests, Scotland and a Cambic Podzol from the Corrie Burn Basin, Scotland. Podzols from Speymouth Forest, Scotland (Gleyic Podzol), Cling-mans Dome Mt., and Whiteface Mt. have thick organic horizons. The Podzols from the Flatwoods in Georgia, the Pine Barrens in New Jersey, the Corrie Burn Basin, and the Cambisol from Huntly Forest have only A horizons at the surface. The Clashindarroch Forest soil has a very thin organic horizon. Warm and humid climates and sandy parent material are responsible for thick E horizons and lack of thick organic horizons in the Flatwoods (Carbic Podzol) and Pine Barrens (Ferric Podzol) soils. Earthworms and enchytraeids thrive in the Corrie Burn Basin and Huntly Forest soils due to the vegetation and the highly weathered basic parent material. The site at Clashindarroch once carried oak, and then birch forest, both of which produce a mild litter and also encourage earthworm and enchytraeids. This fauna is responsible for much mixing of the topsoil. The present conifer vegetation will eventually produce a deep litter and cause podzolization.

Proceedings of a court of inquiry, convened on board the United States frigate the President, in the harbour of New York, on the thirteenth day of August, 1811, pursuant to the following warrant : To Stephen Decatur, esquire, a captain in the Navy of the United States. --

Caption title.

Message from the President of the United States, transmitting a letter from the Marshall of the Northern District of the State of New York, respecting disturbances on the Canadian frontier (1838)

Message from the President of the United States transmitting a letter from the Marshal of the Northern District of the State of New York, respecting Disturbances on the Canadian Frontier.

Indenture between Alfred Sanderson Woodruff and the United States Trust Company of New York

Indenture between Alfred Sanderson Woodruff and the United States Trust Company of New York. The proceeds would be paid to his estate for his successors. January 12, 1894.

Indenture between Hamilton Killaly Woodruff and the United States Trust Company of New York

Indenture between Hamilton Killaly Woodruff and the United States Trust Company of New York. The proceeds would be paid to his successors. (This is a handwritten copy)

Indenture between Hamilton Killaly Woodruff and the United States Trust Company of New York (3rd Trust Deed)

Indenture between Hamilton Killaly Woodruff and the United States Trust Company of New York. This is listed as the 3rd trust deed. The proceeds would be paid to successors (2 copies). Most of the first page of copy no. 2 is torn away which does affect the text. These 2 documents are in an envelope marked "vouchers", June 20, 1899.

Letter to W.D. Woodruff from Henry E. Ahern of United States Trust Company of New York

Letter to W.D. Woodruff from Henry E. Ahern of United States Trust Company of New York (1 page, printed) which was sent with a cheque for $2,106 in trust for his account. This is accompanied by an envelope addressed to the trust company, a balance sheet and a receipt, July 14, 1908.

Letter to W.D. Woodruff from Henry E. Ahern of United States Trust Company of New York

Letter to W.D. Woodruff from Henry E. Ahern of United States Trust Company of New York (1 page, printed) which was sent with a cheque for $560.63 in trust for his account. This is accompanied by an envelope addressed to Mr. Woodruff, a balance sheet and a receipt, Oct.10, 1908.

Letter to Mrs. Maria DeV. Haynes from Henry Ahern of the United States Trust Company of New York

Letter to Mrs. Maria DeV. Haynes from Henry Ahern of the United States Trust Company of New York (1 page, printed) stating that the funding of bonds has been paid, Jan. 4, 1909.

Letter to Mr. W. D. Woodruff from Henry Ahern of the United States Trust Company of New York

Letter to Mr. W. D. Woodruff from Henry Ahern of the United States Trust Company of New York (1 page, printed) stating that the funding of bonds has been paid. This is accompanied by an envelope addressed to Mr. Woodruff, a balance sheet and a receipt, Jan. 4, 1909.

Letter to Mr. W. D. Woodruff from Henry Ahern of the United States Trust Company of New York

Letter to Mr. W. D. Woodruff from Henry Ahern of the United States Trust Company of New York (1 page, printed) which was sent with a cheque for $2,925. This is accompanied by an envelope addressed to the trust company, a balance sheet and a receipt, Jan. 11, 1909.

Letter to Mr. W. D. Woodruff from Henry Ahern of the United States Trust Company of New York

Letter to Mr. W. D. Woodruff from Henry Ahern of the United States Trust Company of New York (1 page, printed) which was sent with a cheque for $410.41. This is accompanied by an envelope addressed to the trust company, a balance sheet and a receipt, Jan. 21, 1909.

Receipt sent to Mr. Welland D. Woodruff from the United States Trust Company of New York

Receipt sent to Mr. Welland D. Woodruff from the United States Trust Company of New York, [this receipt is not accompanied by a letter, but belongs in this file with the other trust company items], Apr. 5, 1909.

Letter to Mr. W. D. Woodruff from Henry Ahern of the United States Trust Company of New York

Letter to Mr. W. D. Woodruff from Henry Ahern of the United States Trust Company of New York (1 page, printed) which was sent with a cheque for $2223. This is accompanied by an envelope addressed to Mr. Woodruff, a balance sheet, Jul. 9, 1909.

Letter to Mr. W.D. Woodruff from Henry Ahern of the United States Trust Company of New York

Letter to Mr. W.D. Woodruff from Henry Ahern of the United States Trust Company of New York (1 page, printed) which was sent with a cheque for $433.38. This is accompanied by an envelope addressed to Mr. Woodruff, a balance sheet and 2 receipts, Apr. 6, 1910.