Influences of alternative fuels and EGR on thermodynamic parameters and emissions of a heavy duty engine

Heavy duty Diesel engine, alternative fuels, EGR, exhaust emissions, HC, NOx, FSN

The Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Cardiac Function and Tolerance to Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Male Rats

Abstract Background: Sleep deprivation (SD) is strongly associated with elevated risk for cardiovascular disease. Objective: To determine the effect of SD on basal hemodynamic functions and tolerance to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in male rats. Method: SD was induced by using the flowerpot method for 4 days. Isolated hearts were perfused with Langendorff setup, and the following parameters were measured at baseline and after IR: left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP); heart rate (HR); and the maximum rate of increase and decrease of left ventricular pressure (±dp/dt). Heart NOx level, infarct size and coronary flow CK-MB and LDH were measured after IR. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured at start and end of study. Results: In the SD group, the baseline levels of LVDP (19%), +dp/dt (18%), and -dp/dt (21%) were significantly (p < 0.05) lower, and HR (32%) was significantly higher compared to the controls. After ischemia, hearts from SD group displayed a significant increase in HR together with a low hemodynamic function recovery compared to the controls. In the SD group, NOx level in heart, coronary flow CK-MB and LDH and infarct size significantly increased after IR; also SD rats had higher SBP after 4 days. Conclusion: Hearts from SD rats had lower basal cardiac function and less tolerance to IR injury, which may be linked to an increase in NO production following IR.

The Labdane Ent-3-Acetoxy-Labda-8(17), 13-Dien-15-Oic Decreases Blood Pressure In Hypertensive Rats

Abstract Background: Labdane-type diterpenes induce lower blood pressure via relaxation of vascular smooth muscle; however, there are no studies describing the effects of labdanes in hypertensive rats. Objective: The present study was designed to investigate the cardiovascular actions of the labdane-type diterpene ent-3-acetoxy-labda-8(17), 13-dien-15-oic acid (labda-15-oic acid) in two-kidney 1 clip (2K-1C) renal hypertension. Methods: Vascular reactivity experiments were performed in aortic rings isolated from 2K-1C and normotensive (2K) male Wistar rats. Nitrate/nitrite (NOx) measurement was performed in aortas by colorimetric assay. Blood pressure measurements were performed in conscious rats. Results: Labda-15-oic acid (0.1-300 µmol/l) and forskolin (0.1 nmol/l - 1 µmol/l) relaxed endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded aortas from both 2K-1C and 2K rats. Labda-15-oic acid was more effective at inducing relaxation in endothelium-intact aortas from 2K pre-contracted with phenylephrine when compared to the endothelium-denuded ones. Forskolin was more potent than labda-15-oic acid at inducing vascular relaxation in arteries from both 2K and 2K-1C rats. Labda-15-oic acid-induced increase in NOx levels was lower in arteries from 2K-1C rats when compared to 2K rats. Intravenous administration of labda-15-oic acid (0.3-3 mg/kg) or forskolin (0.1-1 mg/kg) induced hypotension in conscious 2K-1C and 2K rats. Conclusion: The present findings show that labda-15-oic acid induces vascular relaxation and hypotension in hypertensive rats.

Variabilitat temporal i geogràfica i caracterització química de la contaminació atmosfèrica particulada a Sabadell

Estudi de 3 punts amb diferent intensitat de trànsit a Sabadell: punt de trànsit, fons urbà i fons suburbà. Nivells de PM i altres gasos contaminants van ser mesurats durant 1 mes. Els objectius principals són la correlació dels nivells de partícules i NOx als 3 punts d’estudi (ja que als estudis epidemiològics s’utilitza NO2 com a indicador del nivell de partícules); la caracterització química de les partícules per determinar quina porció té origen en les emissions dels tubs d’escapament i identificar similituds i diferències entre els nivells i composició de partícules entre les diferents estacions seleccionades.

Mechanisms for suppressing NADPH oxidase in the vascular wall

Oxidative stress underlies many forms of vascular disease as well as tissue injury following ischemia and reperfusion. The major source of oxidative stress in the artery wall is an NADPH oxidase. This enzyme complex as expressed in vascular cells differs from that in phagocytic leucocytes both in biochemical structure and functions. The crucial flavin-containing catalytic subunits, Nox1 and Nox4, are not found in leucocytes, but are highly expressed in vascular cells and upregulated with vascular remodeling, such as that found in hypertension and atherosclerosis. The difference in catalytic subunits offers the opportunity to develop "vascular specific" NADPH oxidase inhibitors that do not compromise the essential physiological signaling and phagocytic functions carried out by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Nitric oxide and targeted inhibitors of NADPH oxidase that block the source of oxidative stress in the vasculature are more likely to prevent the deterioration of vascular function that leads to stroke and heart attack, than are conventional antioxidants. The roles of Nox isoforms in other inflammatory conditions are yet to be explored.

Assessment of particulate exposure and surface characteristics in association with urinary levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, considered as marker of oxidative stress

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that exposure to fine particles is associated to adverse health effects, including cancer, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. However, mechanisms by which particles induce health effects remain unclear. According to one of the most investigated hypotheses, particles cause adverse effects through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are very hazardous compounds able to attack directly biological structures, including the DNA strand or the lipid bilayer of the cells. If the defense mechanisms, constituted of antioxidants, are not able to counter ROS, then these compounds will cause in the body a range of oxidation reactions called "oxidative stress". The aim of the present research project was to better understand mechanisms by which exposure to fine particles induces oxidative stress. The first point of this project was to check whether exposure to high levels of fine particles is directly linked to oxidative stress, and whether this oxidative stress is accompanied by the activation of the defense mechanisms (antioxidants). The second point was to study the role played by the particle surface characteristics in the oxidative stress process. For that purpose, a study was conducted in bus depots with the participation of 40 mechanics. First, occupational exposure to particles (PM4) and to other pollutants (NOx, O3) was measured over a two-day period. Then, urine samples of mechanics were collected in order to measure levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG) and antioxidants. 8OHdG is a molecule formed by the oxidation of DNA and allowing to assess the oxidative stress status of the mechanics. Finally, particles were collected on filters, and functional groups located on the particle surface were analyzed in the laboratory using a Knudsen flow reactor. This technique allows not only to quantify functional groups on the particle surface, but also to measure the reaction kinetics. Results obtained during the field campaign in bus depots showed that mechanics were exposed to rather low levels of PM4 (20-85 μg/m3) and of pollutants (NOx: 100-1000 ppb; O3: <15 ppb). However, despite this low exposure, urinary levels of the oxidative stress biomarker (8OHdG) increased significantly for non-smoking workers over a two-day period of shift. This oxidative stress was accompanied by an increase of antioxidants, indicating the activation of defense mechanisms. On the other hand, the analysis of functional groups on the particle surface showed important differences, depending on the workplace, the date and the activities of workers. The particle surface contained simultaneously antagonistic functional groups which did not undergo internal reactions (such as acids and bases), and was usually characterized by a high density of carbonyl functions and a low density of acidic sites. Reaction kinetics measured using the Knudsen flow reactor pointed out fast reactions of oxidizable groups and slow reactions of acidic sites. Several exposure parameters were significantly correlated with the increase of the oxidative stress status: the presence of acidic sites, carbonyl functions and oxidizable groups on the particle surface; reaction kinetics of functional groups on the particle surface; particulate iron and copper concentrations; and NOx concentration.

Análise do Sistema de Tratamento de Efluentes Gasosos de uma Central de Valorização Energética de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos

O sistema de tratamento dos gases formados durante a combustão de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos, (RSU), é um dos componentes mais importantes de uma instalação de incineração. O seu controlo e optimização asseguram a redução dos gases nocivos formados para valores que não representam quaisquer perigos para a saúde pública e ambiental, o que leva a incineração a ser considerada uma das técnicas mais seguras e eficientes para o tratamento dos RSU. A combinação desta técnica com produção de energia eléctrica, por recuperação de calor da combustão dos resíduos, tem contribuído gradualmente para o desenvolvimento socioeconómico. Este trabalho surgiu da necessidade de optimização do sistema de controlo dos gases ácidos, (HCl, NOx, SO2 e HF), da Central de Tratamento de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos, (CTRSU), da Empresa Valorsul e dos respectivos consumos dos reagentes utilizados no tratamento dos referidos gases, nomeadamente o leite de cal e a amónia. No entanto, procedeu-se apenas com uma análise detalhada do referido sistema de controlo, de modo a identificar as principais dificuldades e possíveis soluções teóricas para as mesmas. Os conhecimentos adquiridos poderão contribuir futuramente para a optimização do sistema de controlo em questão, de modo a garantir a dosagem óptima dos referidos reagentes, diminuindo assim o custo dos mesmos. O presente trabalho também tem como objectivos, a compreensão da tecnologia de valorização energética de resíduos no contexto do tratamento de RSU em Portugal e a análise do processo de formação dos gases durante a combustão dos RSU, principalmente a dos gases ácidos. Em Portugal o tratamento dos RSU é sobretudo por eliminação, deposição directa em aterro sanitário, tendo ocupado em 2012, uma percentagem de 54% do total dos RSU produzidos, no entanto a valorização tem vindo a desenvolver-se e actualmente cerca de 21% dos resíduos produzidos é valorizado energeticamente. Do mesmo modo, a Reciclagem e a valorização orgânica têm progredido nos últimos anos, embora lentamente. A formação dos gases ácidos é influenciada sobretudo pela composição física dos RSU, que contêm na sua matriz materiais constituídos por átomos de azoto, enxofre, cloro e fluor e por certas condições operatórias de incineração, nomeadamente temperatura elevadas, humidade e excesso de ar. A composição física dos resíduos é um parâmetro não controlável pelo operador do sistema de tratamento dos gases, pelo que as condições de incineração devem ser adequadamente controladas, no âmbito de prevenir ou reduzir a formação destes gases. A CTRSU da Valorsul apresenta, em geral, um sistema de tratamento dos gases eficiente, garantido assim que os valores limites de emissão dos gases se encontrem em conformidade com a lei. No entanto, para cumprir este requisito é necessário um consumo excessivo da amónia e leite de cal utilizados no tratamento destes gases. O elevado consumo destes reagentes deve-se sobretudo à dificuldade de optimização da dosagem dos mesmos, como VI consequência de um atraso verificado no sistema de controlo dos gases implementado na Central, “Sample and Hold PID”. Este atraso é de aproximadamente dois minutos e é causado pelo tempo em que os gases levam a percorrer o ponto onde é feita a injecção dos reagentes até ao ponto de extracção dos gases na chaminé, mais o tempo de atraso imposto pelo sistema de monitorização em contínuo das emissões. Através do software simulink do MATLAB realizou-se uma simples simulação do sistema de controlo de emissão dos gases NOx e caudal de amónia, em malha aberta com controlador proporcional, com o objectivo de reproduzir os resultados obtidos através de um controlo real em malha aberta realizada na CTRSU. Verificou-se que estes estão de acordo com o esperado, ou seja as saídas dos controladores do caudal de amónia e concentração do NOx, correspondem às variações efectuadas na válvula de regulação de amónia. Como possíveis soluções teóricas para a redução do atraso do sistema, sugeriu-se a introdução de um compensador de atraso baseado na técnica de Predição de Smith, no sistema de controlo já implementado, ou a implementação de um novo sistema de controlo baseado em sistemas de inteligências artificiais, nomeadamente as Redes Neuronais.

Gas sensing properties of catalytically modified WO3 with copper and vanadium for NH3 detection

Ammonia gas detection by pure and catalytically modified WO3 based gas sensor was analysed. The sensor response of pure WO3 to NH3 was not only rather low but also presented an abnormal behaviour, probably due to the unselective oxidation of ammonia to NOx. Copper and vanadium were introduced in different concentrations and the resulting material was annealed at different temperatures in order to improve the sensing properties for NH3 detection. The introduction of copper and vanadium as catalytic additives improved the response to NH3 and also eliminated the abnormal behaviour. Possible mechanisms of NH3 reaction over these materials are discussed. Sensor responses to other gases like NO2 or CO and the interference of humidity on ammonia detection were also analysed so as to choose the best sensing element.

Embodied pollution in Spanish household consumption: a disaggregate analysis

[spa] En este artículo aplicamos un modelo input-output ampliado medioambientalmente para analizar un aspecto específico de la hipótesis de la curva de Kuznets ambiental. El propósito del estudio es analizar si las estructuras de consumo de los hogares con una mejor ‘posición económica’ pueden tener un efecto positivo para reducir las presiones medioambientales. Para ello combinamos información de diferentes bases de datos para analizar el impacto de la contaminación atmosférica del consumo de diferentes hogares españoles en el año 2000. Consideramos nueve gases, i.e. los seis gases de efecto invernadero (CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFCs, y PFCs) y otros tres gases (SO2, NOx, y NH3). Clasificamos los hogares en quintiles de gasto per capita y quintiles de gasto equivalente. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que hay una relación positiva y elevada entre el nivel de gasto y las emisiones directas e indirectas generadas por el consumo de los hogares; sin embargo, las intensidades de emisión tienden a disminuir con el nivel de gasto para los diferentes gases, con la excepción de SF6, HFCs, y PFCs.