Comparison between gradient-doping GaAs photocathode and uniform-doping GaAs photocathode

We compared two reflection-mode negative electron affinity (NEA) GaAs photocathode samples that are grown by molecular beam epitaxy with p-type beryllium doping. One sample is uniform doping, and another is gradient doping. Experimental curves of spectral response sensitivity and quantum efficiency are obtained. The thicknesses of the two cathodes are both 2.6 mu m. The integrated sensitivity of the uniform doping one is 1966 mu A/lm, and that of the gradient-doping one is 2421 mu A/lm. The escape probability and diffusion length are fitted from the spectral response curves. For the uniform-doping sample, the escape probability is 0.45 and the diffusion length is 5 mu m. For the gradient-doping sample, the escape probability is 0.55 and the diffusion length is 5.5 mu m. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America.

The effect of Be-doping structure in negative electron affinity GaAs photocathodes on integrated photosensitivity

A new structure of GaAs photocathode was introduced. The Be-doping concentration is variable in the new structure compared with the constant concentration of Be in the normal photocathode. Negative electron affinity GaAs photocathodes were fabricated by alternate input of Cs and O. The spectral response results measured by the on-line spectral response measurement system show that the integrated photosensitivity of the photocathodes with the new structure is enhanced by at least 50% as compared to those with the monolayer structure. Accordingly, two main factors leading to the enhanced photosensitivity of the photocathodes were discussed. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

长期高浓度CO_2处理对长白赤松土壤硝化酶、反硝化酶和固氮酶活性的影响(英文)

在吉林省长白山地区模拟检测了大气CO2浓度升高对土壤氮循环关键过程的影响。试验采用完全随机区组设计的开顶箱系统模拟环境CO2和高浓度CO2,起始于1999年春。选取长白山特有树种长白松(Pinus sylvestris var.sylvestri-formu),种子播种于1999年5月份,萌芽后开始CO2熏蒸处理。CO2熏蒸处理始于每年4月末止于10月末。分别在2006年6月、8月和2007年6月采集土壤样品,并检测土壤硝化酶(NEA)、反硝化酶(DEA)和固氮酶活性。结果表明,高浓度C02使土壤硝化酶(NEA)活性显著提高,提高幅度2006年6月为30.3%,2006年8月为30.9%,2007年6月为11.3%;土壤反硝化酶活性(DEA)在2006年6月份(P<0.012)和2006年8月份(P<0.005)被C02浓度升高显著抑制;在整个研究过程中没有发现C02浓度升高对固氮酶活性产生显著影响。因此,本研究认为C02浓度升高显著影响了土壤硝化酶(NEA)和反硝化酶活性(DEA)。图3表1参44。

Distribution of calcifying and silicifying phytoplankton in relation to environmental and biogeochemical parameters during the late stages of the 2005 North East Atlantic Spring Bloom

The late stage of the North East Atlantic (NEA) spring bloom was investigated during June 2005 along a transect section from 45 to 66 degrees N between 15 and 20 degrees W in order to characterize the contribution of siliceous and calcareous phytoplankton groups and describe their distribution in relation to environmental factors. We measured several biogeochemical parameters such as nutrients, surface trace metals, algal pigments, biogenic silica (BSi), particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) or calcium carbonate, particulate organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus (POC, PON and POP, respectively), as well as transparent exopolymer particles (TEP). Results were compared with other studies undertaken in this area since the JGOFS NABE program. Characteristics of the spring bloom generally agreed well with the accepted scenario for the development of the autotrophic community. The NEA seasonal diatom bloom was in the late stages when we sampled the area and diatoms were constrained to the northern part of our transect, over the Icelandic Basin (IB) and Icelandic Shelf (IS). Coccolithophores dominated the phytoplankton community, with a large distribution over the Rockall-Hatton Plateau (RHP) and IB. The Porcupine Abyssal Plain (PAP) region at the southern end of our transect was the region with the lowest biomass, as demonstrated by very low Chla concentrations and a community dominated by picophytoplankton. Early depletion of dissolved silicic acid (DSi) and increased stratification of the surface layer most likely triggered the end of the diatom bloom, leading to coccolithophore dominance. The chronic Si deficiency observed in the NEA could be linked to moderate Fe limitation, which increases the efficiency of the Si pump. TEP closely mirrored the distribution of both biogenic silica at depth and prymnesiophytes in the surface layer suggesting the sedimentation of the diatom bloom in the form of aggregates, but the relative contribution of diatoms and coccolithophores to carbon export in this area still needs to be resolved.

Easy fabrication of dense ceramic membrane for oxygen separation

A combined EDTA-citrate complexing method was developed for the easy preparation of mixed oxygen-ionic and electronic conducting dense ceramic membrane for oxygen separation. The nea method takes the advantage of lower calcination temperature for phase formation. lower membrane sintering temperature and higher relative density over the standard ceramic method.

Calidad de aquenio y aceite de girasol : efectos del genotipo, factores ambientales y su interacción y relación con el rendimiento y sus componentes

El objetivo de esta tesis fue estudiar los efectos del genotipo, el ambiente y su interacción sobre peso de cáscara y aptitud al descascarado de los granos; y la composición acídica, contenido de ceras, tocoferoles y fosfolípidos y estabilidad oxidativa del aceite de girasol; así como de las relaciones intrínsecas entre dichos variables con rendimiento en aceite y peso de aquenios, identificando etapas fenológicas de máxima respuesta de estas características de calidad al efecto combinado de factores ambientales, dentro de los cuales se incluyeron a la productividad media y a características de suelo y climáticas, registrados para cada una de las etapas fenológicas de cada cultivar en cada localidad. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques al azar con 5 cultivares sembrados en 11 localidades de Argentina, distribuidas en las áreas NEA, OESTE y SUR. Se aplicaron técnicas de ANAVA factorial, regresión múltiple, análisis de sendero y esquemas de causa-efecto para estimar la importancia relativa de las fuentes de variación e identificar los factores ambientales de mayor efecto sobre estas características. Se utilizó análisis de conglomerados y componentes principales para el estudio de interrelaciones entre las características de calidad y factores ambientales. Aunque se observó variabilidad entre genotipos, el efecto del ambiente sobre la variabilidad total fue superior a la contribución del componente genético para todos los atributos examinados, con la excepción de porcentaje de cáscara y concentración de ceras. No se observó relación entre el rendimiento y las características estudiadas. Los factores ambientales de mayor efecto sobre las características de calidad fueron temperatura mínima, PAR, agua útil, precipitaciones, humedad relativa y nitrógeno, dependiendo el efecto individual, de cada factor, de su interrelación y de la etapa fenológica que se considere. Las condiciones ambientales durante las etapas R1-R5.5 y R5.5+300°Cd lograron explicar gran parte de la variabilidad total.

Calidad de aquenio y aceite de girasol : efectos del genotipo, factores ambientales y su interacción y relación con el rendimiento y sus componentes

El objetivo de esta tesis fue estudiar los efectos del genotipo, el ambiente y su interacción sobre peso de cáscara y aptitud al descascarado de los granos; y la composición acídica, contenido de ceras, tocoferoles y fosfolípidos y estabilidad oxidativa del aceite de girasol; así como de las relaciones intrínsecas entre dichos variables con rendimiento en aceite y peso de aquenios, identificando etapas fenológicas de máxima respuesta de estas características de calidad al efecto combinado de factores ambientales, dentro de los cuales se incluyeron a la productividad media y a características de suelo y climáticas, registrados para cada una de las etapas fenológicas de cada cultivar en cada localidad. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques al azar con 5 cultivares sembrados en 11 localidades de Argentina, distribuidas en las áreas NEA, OESTE y SUR. Se aplicaron técnicas de ANAVA factorial, regresión múltiple, análisis de sendero y esquemas de causa-efecto para estimar la importancia relativa de las fuentes de variación e identificar los factores ambientales de mayor efecto sobre estas características. Se utilizó análisis de conglomerados y componentes principales para el estudio de interrelaciones entre las características de calidad y factores ambientales. Aunque se observó variabilidad entre genotipos, el efecto del ambiente sobre la variabilidad total fue superior a la contribución del componente genético para todos los atributos examinados, con la excepción de porcentaje de cáscara y concentración de ceras. No se observó relación entre el rendimiento y las características estudiadas. Los factores ambientales de mayor efecto sobre las características de calidad fueron temperatura mínima, PAR, agua útil, precipitaciones, humedad relativa y nitrógeno, dependiendo el efecto individual, de cada factor, de su interrelación y de la etapa fenológica que se considere. Las condiciones ambientales durante las etapas R1-R5.5 y R5.5+300°Cd lograron explicar gran parte de la variabilidad total.

Adventures in the pharmacological analysis of P2 receptors

The pharmacological classification of P2 receptors owes its origin to the pioneering efforts of Geoff Burnstock and those who followed him, research that was conducted primarily in physiological experimental systems. Over recent years, the techniques of molecular biology have been increasingly applied in the study of P2 receptors while, at the same time, advances in their pharmacological analysis have been limited by a lack of potent and selective agonist or antagonist ligands. This has resulted in a classification scheme which is largely structural in nature, with relatively little contribution from pharmacology. Our endeavours in this area have been directed towards the discovery of ligands with which the pharmacological analysis and definition of P2 receptors could be advanced, the ultimate goal being the design of therapeutic agents. This article will describe some of our experiences in this challenging but rewarding Nea. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

MarcoPolo-R near earth asteroid sample return mission

MarcoPolo-R is a sample return mission to a primitive Near-Earth Asteroid (NEA) proposed in collaboration with NASA. It will rendezvous with a primitive NEA, scientifically characterize it at multiple scales,and return a unique sample to Earth unaltered by the atmospheric entry process or terrestrial weathering. MarcoPolo-R will return bulk samples (up to 2 kg) from an organic-rich binary asteroid to Earth for laboratory analyses, allowing us to: explore the origin of planetary materials and initial stages of habitable planet formation; identify and characterize the organics and volatiles in a primitive asteroid; understand the unique geomorphology, dynamics and evolution of a binaryNEA. This project is based on the previous Marco Polo mission study,which was selected for the Assessment Phase of the first round of Cosmic Vision. Its scientific rationale was highly ranked by ESA committees andit was not selected only because the estimated cost was higher than theallotted amount for an M class mission. The cost of Marco Polo-R will be reduced to within the ESA medium mission budget by collaboration withAPL (John Hopkins University) and JPL in the NASA program for coordination with ESA's Cosmic Vision Call. The baseline target is a binary asteroid (175706) 1996 FG3, which offers a very efficient operational and technical mission profile. A binary target also providesenhanced science return. The choice of this target will allow newinvestigations to be performed more easily than at a single object, andalso enables investigations of the fascinating geology and geophysics ofasteroids that are impossible at a single object. Several launch windows have been identified in the time-span 2020-2024. A number of otherpossible primitive single targets of high scientific interest have beenidentified covering a wide range of possible launch dates. The baselinemission scenario of Marco Polo-R to 1996 FG3 is as follows: a singleprimary spacecraft provided by ESA, carrying the Earth Re-entry Capsule, sample acquisition and transfer system provided by NASA, will be launched by a Soyuz-Fregat rocket from Kourou into GTO and using two space segment stages. Two similar missions with two launch windows, in 2021 and 2022 and for both sample return in 2029 (with mission durationof 7 and 8 years), have been defined. Earlier or later launches, in 2020 or 2024, also offer good opportunities. All manoeuvres are carried out by a chemical propulsion system. MarcoPolo-R takes advantage of three industrial studies completed as part of the previous Marco Polo mission (see ESA/SRE (2009)3, Marco Polo Yellow Book) and of the expertise of the consortium led by Dr. A.F. Cheng (PI of the NASA NEAR Shoemaker mission) of the JHU-APL, including JPL, NASA ARC, NASA LaRC, and MIT.

Utilisation of a novel ProteaseTag™ activity immunoassay for the specific measurement of neutrophil elastase in BAL from children with cystic fibrosis

Introduction: Neutrophil elastase (NE) is a serine protease implicated in the pathogenesis of several respiratory diseases including cystic fibrosis (CF). The presence of free NE in BAL is a predictor of subsequent bronchiectasis in children with CF (Sly et al, 2013, NEJM 368: 1963-1970). Furthermore, children with higher levels of sputum NE activity (NEa) tend to experience a more rapid decline in FEV1 over time even after adjusting for age, gender and baseline FEV1 (Sagel et al, 2012, AJRCCM 186: 857-865). Its detection and quantification in biological samples is however confounded by a lack of robust methodologies. Standard assays using chromogenic or fluorogenic substrates are not specific when added to complex samples containing multiple proteolytic and hydrolytic enzymes. ELISA systems measure total protein levels which can be a mixture of latent, active and protease-inhibitor complexes. We have therefore developed a novel assay (ProteaseTag™ Active NE Immunoassay), which couples an activity dependent NE-Tag with a specific antibody step, resulting in an assay which is both selective and specific for NEa. Aims: To clinically validate ProteaseTag™ Active NE for the detection of free NEa in BAL from children with CF. Methods: A total of 95 paediatric BAL samples [CF (n=76; 44M, 32F) non-CF (n=19; 12M, 7F)] collected through the Study of Host Immunity and Early Lung Disease in CF (SHIELD CF) were analysed for NEa using ProteaseTag™ Active NE (ProAxsis Ltd) and a fluorogenic substrate-based assay utilising Suc-AAPV-AMC (Sigma). IL-8 was measured by ELISA (R&D Systems). Results were analysed to show comparisons in free NEa between CF and non-CF samples alongside correlations with a range of clinical parameters. Results: NEa measured by ProteaseTag™ Active NE correlated significantly with age (r=0.3, p=0.01) and highly significantly with both IL-8 (r=0.4, p=<0.0001) and the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) (r=0.4, p=<0.0001). These correlations were not observed when NEa was measured by the substrate assay even though a significant correlation was found between the two assays (r=0.8, p<0.0001). A trend towards significance was found between NEa in the CF and non-CF groups when measured by ProteaseTag™ Active NE (p=0.07). Highly significant differences were found with the other inflammatory parameters between the 2 groups (IL-8: p=0.0002 and ANC: p=0.006). Conclusion: NEa as a primary efficacy endpoint in clinical trials or as a marker of inflammation within the clinic has been hampered by the lack of a robust and simple to use assay. ProteaseTag™ Active NE has been shown to be a specific and superior tool in the measurement of NEa in paediatric CF BAL samples (supporting data from previous studies using adult CF expectorated samples). The technology is currently being transferred to a lateral flow device for use at Point of Care. Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the National Children’s Research Centre, Dublin (SHIELD CF) and grants from the Medical Research Council and Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Therapeutics.

Everything that rises must converge: a neo-Marxist analysis of Canadian business-government relations

The following thesis presents an analysis of business-government relations within a neo-Marxist framework. Specifically, the discussion encompasses how the business interest group. the Business Council on National Issues, maintains consensus and unity amongst its monopoly capital members. Furthermore. the study elaborates on the process through which the group's interests are acknowledged and legitimized by the state under the "public interest" f8fue. Most of the literature pertaining to business-government relations within the context of interactions between business interest groups and the state, and such specific branches of the state as the government and/or the civil service. emphasize a liberal-pluralist perspective. Essentially, these writings serve to reflect and legitimate the current slatus quo. Marxist discourses on the subject, while attempting to transcend the liberal-pluralist framework. nevertheless suffer from either economic determinism .. ie., stressing the state's accumulation function but not its legitimation function or historical specificity. A cogent and comprehensive neo-Marxist analysis of business-government relations must discuss both the accumulation and legitimation functions of the state. The process by which the concerns of a particular business interest group become part of the state's policy agenda and subsequently are formulated and implemented into policies which legitimate its dominance is also studied. This inquiry is significant given the liberal-pluralist assumptions of a neutral state and that all interest groups compete "on a level playing field". The author's neo-Marxist paradigm rejects both of these assumptions. Building on concepts from nea-Marxist instrumentalism. structuralism. state monopoly capitalism, and forms and functions of the state perspectives. the author proposes that policies which legitimize the interests of the monopoly capital fraction cannot. be discerned only from the state's activities. per StJ. Clearly, if the liberal-pluralist 3 contention of multiple and conflicting interest groups, including those within the capitalist class, is taken at face value, M interest group such as the Business Council on National Issues (BCND, must somehow maintain. internal consensus Md unity amongst its members. Internal consensus amongst its members ensures that the state can better acknowledge and articulate its concerns into policies that maintain hegemonic dominance of the monopoly capital fraction under the "public interest" fllf.JJdq. The author contends that the BCNI focuses most of its interactions on the upper echelons of the civil service since it is this branch of the state which is most responsible for policy formulation and implementation. The author's paradigm is applied within the context of extensively analyzing newspaper coverage. BCN! publications, and other published sources, as well as a personal interview with an executive administrative member of the BeNI. The discussion focuses on how agreement and unity amongst the various interests of the monopoly capital fraction are maintained through the business organization, its policy scope, and finally its interactions with the state. The analysis suggests that while the civil service is an important player in expressing the interests of the BCNI's membership through policies which ostensibly also reflect the "public interest", it is not the only strategic target for the BCNI's interactions with the state. The author's research also highlights the importance of government officials at the Cabinet level and Cabinet Committees. Senior elected officials from the Federal government are also significant in avoiding intergovernmental or interprovincial conflict in implementing policies that legitimize hegemonic dominance of the monopoly capital fraction over other fractions and classes.

Dedication of sculpture in Memorial Hall lobby, Chapman College, Orange, California

Dedication of sculpture in Memorial Hall lobby, Chapman College, Orange, California. Left to right: Carol and C. Stanley Chapman; William and Margy Wickett; Charlea and Nea Wickett; Liz and Roger Barr.

Un d??a diferente : las convivencias deportivas

Se presenta experiencia educativa que propone jornadas de convivencia deportiva entre distintos colegios. Se realiza en el CEIP Sierra Nevada en G??ejar Sierra, Granada. Los objetivos son: contribuir al desarrollo integral de nuestro alumnado; fomentar valores de respeto y comportamiento inculc??ndoles que lo que importa es participar; llevar una misma l??nea de trabajo los profesores en sus programaciones; desarrollar la multilateralidad imprescindible en estas edades; ampliar la oferta de las escuelas deportivas municipales.

Adaptaci??n del ??rea de ingl??s al alumnado deficiente auditivo

Se presenta memoria final de proyecto educativo que propone la ense??anza del ingl??s a alumnado con discapacidad auditiva a trav??s de las nuevas tecnolog??as de la informaci??n y la comunicaci??n. Se realiza en el CEIP Buenos Aires en La L??nea de la Concepci??n, C??diz. Los objetivos son: comprender y actuar sobre la diversidad de situaciones de aprendizaje que se producen en el aula, y la adopci??n de medidas que den respuestas ajustadas a esta diversidad; la utilizaci??n de las tecnolog??as de la comunicaci??n y la informaci??n como recurso educativo en el aprendizaje del ingl??s en el alumnado deficiente auditivo; facilitar la integraci??n de aquellos colectivos socialmente m??s desfavorecidos; procurar que la juventud andaluza, con independencia de su situaci??n individual, f??sica, social de clase, de etnia, cultura, etc, puedan desarrollar al m??ximo sus capacidades en el marco escolar; mejorar las condiciones de escolarizaci??n y establecer las ense??anzas, los apoyos y las adaptaciones al curr??culo que contribuyan a optimizar la calidad de la atenci??n educativa que reciben los alumnos y alumnas con necesidades educativas especiales por raz??n de su discapacidad.

El ordenador en educaci??n infantil y como ayuda al deficiente auditivo

El uso del ordenador dentro del aula como motivaci??n y soporte a la consecuci??n de objetivos educativos, as?? como instrumento favorecedor de la integraci??n del alumnado deficiente auditivo.