Definição de classes para comunicação Unicast e Multicast

No projeto de arquiteturas computacionais, a partir da evolução do modelo cliente-servidor, surgiram os sistemas distribuídos com a finalidade de oferecer características tais como: disponibilidade, distribuição, compartilhamento de recursos e tolerância a falhas. Estas características, entretanto, não são obtidas de forma simples. As aplicações distribuídas e as aplicações centralizadas possuem requisitos funcionais distintos; aplicações distribuídas são mais difíceis quanto ao projeto e implementação. A complexidade de implementação é decorrente principalmente da dificuldade de tratamento e de gerência dos mecanismos de comunicação, exigindo equipe de programadores experientes. Assim, tem sido realizada muita pesquisa para obter mecanismos que facilitem a programação de aplicações distribuídas. Observa-se que, em aplicações distribuídas reais, mecanismos de tolerância a falhas constituem-se em uma necessidade. Neste contexto, a comunicação confiável constitui-se em um dos blocos básicos de construção. Paralelamente à evolução tanto dos sistemas distribuídos como da área de tolerância a falhas, foi possível observar também a evolução das linguagens de programação. O sucesso do paradigma de orientação a objetos deve-se, provavelmente, à habilidade em modelar o domínio da aplicação ao invés da arquitetura da máquina em questão (enfoque imperativo) ou mapear conceitos matemáticos (conforme o enfoque funcional). Pesquisadores demonstraram que a orientação a objetos apresenta-se como um modelo atraente ao desenvolvimento de aplicações distribuídas modulares e tolerantes a falhas. Diante do contexto exposto, duas constatações estimularam basicamente a definição desta dissertação: a necessidade latente de mecanismos que facilitem a programação de aplicações distribuídas tolerantes a falhas; e o fato de que a orientação a objetos tem-se mostrado um modelo promissor ao desenvolvimento deste tipo de aplicação. Desta forma, nesta dissertação definem-se classes para a comunicação do tipo unicast e multicast, nas modalidades de envio confiável e não-confiável. Além destes serviços de comunicação básicos, foram desenvolvidas classes que permitem referenciar os participantes da comunicação através de nomes. As classes estão organizadas na forma de um pacote, compondo um framework. Sua implementação foi desenvolvida usando Java. Embora não tivessem sido requisitos básicos, as opções de projeto visaram assegurar resultados aceitáveis de desempenho e possibilidade de reuso das classes. Foram implementados pequenos trechos de código utilizando e testando a funcionalidade de cada uma das classes de comunicação propostas.

Utilização de Multicast na Disseminação de Escritas em Ambientes Replicados

Este trabalho trata da utilização de protocolos de comunicação de grupo para a disseminação de escritas em arquivos replicados. A replicação de arquivos tem como objetivo aumentar a disponibilidade dos dados mesmo mediante a ocorrência de alguma falha. Existem duas abordagens principais para a replicação de arquivos: a da cópia primária e das cópias ativas. Em ambas as abordagens é necessário que seja mantida a integridade dos dados replicados, de forma que todos cópias dos arquivos replicados estejam no mesmo estado. Essa integridade pode ser mantida pela escolha correta de uma estratégia de disseminação de escritas. Como os servidores que mantém cópias do mesmo arquivo formam um grupo de replicação, a disseminação de escritas pode ser feita através de comunicação de grupos. Neste trabalho são apresentados os sistemas de comunicação de grupo xAMp, da Universidade de Lisboa; Totem, Universidade da Califórnia; Transis da Universidade de Hebréia de Jerusalém; Horus, da Universidade de Cornell e Newtop da Universidade de Newcastle. Todos os sistemas descritos possuem características de comunicação de grupo e membership que permitem a sua utilização na disseminação de escritas para arquivos replicados. Este trabalho descreve, também, o protótipo PDERM (Protótipo para a Disseminação de Escritas em arquivos Replicados, através de Multicast), implementado para analisar o comportamento de um sistema de comunicação de grupo, o xAMp, na disseminação de escritas em arquivos replicados pela estratégia da cópia primária. Foi analisado o aspecto da manutenção da integridade das réplicas mesmo na ocorrência de falha do servidor primário.

Uma Solução baseada em políticas para gerenciamento integrado de QoS e Multicast em redes IP

Aplicações como videoconferência, vídeo sob-demanda, aplicações de ensino a distância, entre outras, utilizam-se das redes de computadores como infra-estrutura de apoio. Mas para que tal uso seja efetivo, as redes de computadores, por sua vez, devem fornecer algumas facilidades especiais para atender às necessidades dessas aplicações. Dentre as facilidades que devem ser fornecidas estão os suportes à qualidade de serviço (QoS - Quality of Service) e as transmissões multicast. Além do suporte a QoS e multicast nas redes, é necessário fornecer um gerenciamento da rede adequado às expectativas de tais aplicações. Soluções que fornecem gerenciamento de forma individual para tais facilidades, já foram propostas e implementadas. Entretanto, estas soluções não conseguem agir de modo integrado, o que torna a tarefa do gerente da rede extremamente complexa e difícil de ser executada, pois possibilitam um fornecimento não adequado das facilidades desejadas às aplicações. Nesta dissertação é apresentada uma solução para gerenciamento integrado de QoS e multicast. Fazem parte da solução: a definição e implementação de uma arquitetura para gerenciamento integrado de QoS e multicast, utilizando gerenciamento baseado em políticas (PBNM - Policy-Based Network Management), além da validação da solução proposta através da implementação de um protótipo. Um ambiente, condições de teste, e análise dos resultados obtidos, também são apresentados durante a dissertação.

Combining collaborative and content-based filtering to recommend research papers

The number of research papers available today is growing at a staggering rate, generating a huge amount of information that people cannot keep up with. According to a tendency indicated by the United States’ National Science Foundation, more than 10 million new papers will be published in the next 20 years. Because most of these papers will be available on the Web, this research focus on exploring issues on recommending research papers to users, in order to directly lead users to papers of their interest. Recommender systems are used to recommend items to users among a huge stream of available items, according to users’ interests. This research focuses on the two most prevalent techniques to date, namely Content-Based Filtering and Collaborative Filtering. The first explores the text of the paper itself, recommending items similar in content to the ones the user has rated in the past. The second explores the citation web existing among papers. As these two techniques have complementary advantages, we explored hybrid approaches to recommending research papers. We created standalone and hybrid versions of algorithms and evaluated them through both offline experiments on a database of 102,295 papers, and an online experiment with 110 users. Our results show that the two techniques can be successfully combined to recommend papers. The coverage is also increased at the level of 100% in the hybrid algorithms. In addition, we found that different algorithms are more suitable for recommending different kinds of papers. Finally, we verified that users’ research experience influences the way users perceive recommendations. In parallel, we found that there are no significant differences in recommending papers for users from different countries. However, our results showed that users’ interacting with a research paper Recommender Systems are much happier when the interface is presented in the user’s native language, regardless the language that the papers are written. Therefore, an interface should be tailored to the user’s mother language.

Simulation-based smoothing and filtering in factor stochastic volatility models : two econometric applications

In this article we use factor models to describe a certain class of covariance structure for financiaI time series models. More specifical1y, we concentrate on situations where the factor variances are modeled by a multivariate stochastic volatility structure. We build on previous work by allowing the factor loadings, in the factor mo deI structure, to have a time-varying structure and to capture changes in asset weights over time motivated by applications with multi pIe time series of daily exchange rates. We explore and discuss potential extensions to the models exposed here in the prediction area. This discussion leads to open issues on real time implementation and natural model comparisons.

Simulation -based smoothing and filtering in factor stochastic volatility models : two econometric applications (July-2001)

The past decade has wítenessed a series of (well accepted and defined) financial crises periods in the world economy. Most of these events aI,"e country specific and eventually spreaded out across neighbor countries, with the concept of vicinity extrapolating the geographic maps and entering the contagion maps. Unfortunately, what contagion represents and how to measure it are still unanswered questions. In this article we measure the transmission of shocks by cross-market correlation\ coefficients following Forbes and Rigobon's (2000) notion of shift-contagion,. Our main contribution relies upon the use of traditional factor model techniques combined with stochastic volatility mo deIs to study the dependence among Latin American stock price indexes and the North American indexo More specifically, we concentrate on situations where the factor variances are modeled by a multivariate stochastic volatility structure. From a theoretical perspective, we improve currently available methodology by allowing the factor loadings, in the factor model structure, to have a time-varying structure and to capture changes in the series' weights over time. By doing this, we believe that changes and interventions experienced by those five countries are well accommodated by our models which learns and adapts reasonably fast to those economic and idiosyncratic shocks. We empirically show that the time varying covariance structure can be modeled by one or two common factors and that some sort of contagion is present in most of the series' covariances during periods of economical instability, or crisis. Open issues on real time implementation and natural model comparisons are thoroughly discussed.

Protocolo multiciclos para automação hospitalar sobre Multicast com IEEE 802.3 utilizando

The concepts of the industrial automation are being incorporated in the medical area, in other words, they also pass to be applied in the hospital automation. In this sense, researches have been developed and have usually been approached several of the problems that are pertinent to the processes that can be automated in the hospital environment. Considering that in the automation processes, an imperative factor is the communication, because the systems are usually distributed, the network for data transference becomes itself an important point in these processes. Because this network should be capable to provide the exchange of data and to guarantee the demands that are imposed by the automation process. In this context, this doctorate thesis proposed, specified, analyzed and validated the Multicycles Protocol for Hospital Automation (MP-HA), which is customized to assist the demands in these automation processes, seeking to guarantee the determinism in the communications and to optimize the factor of use of the mean of transmission

Um protocolo de comunicação multicast na camada de aplicação com Consciência de Localização

Internet applications such as media streaming, collaborative computing and massive multiplayer are on the rise,. This leads to the need for multicast communication, but unfortunately group communications support based on IP multicast has not been widely adopted due to a combination of technical and non-technical problems. Therefore, a number of different application-layer multicast schemes have been proposed in recent literature to overcome the drawbacks. In addition, these applications often behave as both providers and clients of services, being called peer-topeer applications, and where participants come and go very dynamically. Thus, servercentric architectures for membership management have well-known problems related to scalability and fault-tolerance, and even peer-to-peer traditional solutions need to have some mechanism that takes into account member's volatility. The idea of location awareness distributes the participants in the overlay network according to their proximity in the underlying network allowing a better performance. Given this context, this thesis proposes an application layer multicast protocol, called LAALM, which takes into account the actual network topology in the assembly process of the overlay network. The membership algorithm uses a new metric, IPXY, to provide location awareness through the processing of local information, and it was implemented using a distributed shared and bi-directional tree. The algorithm also has a sub-optimal heuristic to minimize the cost of membership process. The protocol has been evaluated in two ways. First, through an own simulator developed in this work, where we evaluated the quality of distribution tree by metrics such as outdegree and path length. Second, reallife scenarios were built in the ns-3 network simulator where we evaluated the network protocol performance by metrics such as stress, stretch, time to first packet and reconfiguration group time

Um ambiente integrado para manipulação de tráfego multicast

In the two last decades of the past century, following the consolidation of the Internet as the world-wide computer network, applications generating more robust data flows started to appear. The increasing use of videoconferencing stimulated the creation of a new form of point-to-multipoint transmission called IP Multicast. All companies working in the area of software and the hardware development for network videoconferencing have adjusted their products as well as developed new solutionsfor the use of multicast. However the configuration of such different solutions is not easy done, moreover when changes in the operational system are also requirede. Besides, the existing free tools have limited functions, and the current comercial solutions are heavily dependent on specific platforms. Along with the maturity of IP Multicast technology and with its inclusion in all the current operational systems, the object-oriented programming languages had developed classes able to handle multicast traflic. So, with the help of Java APIs for network, data bases and hipertext, it became possible to the develop an Integrated Environment able to handle multicast traffic, which is the major objective of this work. This document describes the implementation of the above mentioned environment, which provides many functions to use and manage multicast traffic, functions which existed only in a limited way and just in few tools, normally the comercial ones. This environment is useful to different kinds of users, so that it can be used by common users, who want to join multimedia Internet sessions, as well as more advenced users such engineers and network administrators who may need to monitor and handle multicast traffic

Multicast packing problem: abordagem multiobjetivo

This work presents a algorithmic study of Multicast Packing Problem considering a multiobjective approach. The first step realized was an extensive review about the problem. This review serverd as a reference point for the definition of the multiobjective mathematical model. Then, the instances used in the experimentation process were defined, this instances were created based on the main caracteristics from literature. Since both mathematical model and the instances were definined, then several algoritms were created. The algorithms were based on the classical approaches to multiobjective optimization: NSGA2 (3 versions), SPEA2 (3 versions). In addition, the GRASP procedures were adapted to work with multiples objectives, two vesions were created. These algorithms were composed by three recombination operators(C1, C2 e C3), two operator for build solution, a mutation operator and a local search procedure. Finally, a long experimentation process was performed. This process has three stages: the first consisted of adjusting the parameters; the second was perfomed to indentify the best version for each algorithm. After, the best versions for each algorithm were compared in order to identify the best algorithm among all. The algorithms were evaluated based on quality indicators and Hypervolume Multiplicative Epsilon

Another prefiltering algorithm for adaptive IIR filtering

An algorithm for adaptive IIR filtering that uses prefiltering structure in direct form is presented. This structure has an estimation error that is a linear function of the coefficients. This property greatly simplifies the derivation of gradient-based algorithms. Computer simulations show that the proposed structure improves convergence speed.