Avaliação do comportamento físico e microbiológico da incorporação de diacetato de clorexidina a resinas acrílicas a base de PMMA

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar as propriedades físicas e microbiológicas de resinas acrílicas a base de polimetilmetacrilato após a incorporação de sal de diacetato de clorexidina (CDA) às mesmas. Para tal, foram confeccionados corpos de prova (CDPs) com as resinas VIPI COR e Duralay, sem e com incorporação de 0,5%; 1,0% e 2,0% de CDA, totalizando 8 grupos. A cromatografia líquida foi utilizada para mensurar a liberação de CDA pelas resinas acrílicas, e ainda, mensurar sua lixiviação de monômeros residuais.Para isso, os CDPs foram armazenados individualmente em placas para cultura celular de 24 poços contendo 1 ml de água destilada estéril em cada poço. Após tempo de armazenagem de 2 horas, 7 dias, 14 dias, 21 dias e 28 dias, a 37oC, a solução foi retirada e a liberação de clorexidina ou monômeros residuais foi avaliada utilizando-se HPLC associado a espectrometria ultravioleta. A atividade antifúngica para C. albicans foi avaliada utilizando teste de difusão em ágar, no qual os CDPs foram colocados em placas de BHI previamente inoculadas com C. albicans, com medição do halo de inibição após 48 horas de incubação a 37C. A análise do grau de conversão das resinas se deu através da técnica de espectroscopia de infravermelho transformada de Fourier FTIR utilizando-se uma amostra de resina não polimerizada de cada grupo e realizados 4 scans de absorbância. Para a mensuração da sorção de água por parte das resinas contendo CDA, foram confeccionados 10 corpos de prova para cada grupo, que foram posicionados em suporte dentro de dessecador a 37C para remoção de umidade intrínseca (m1) e depois imersos em 100 ml de água deionizada por 7 dias a 37C, tendo a água trocada diariamente. Após este intervalo, os corpos foram secos para obter a nova massa da resina (m2). As massas obtidas foram incluídas em fórmula matemática para obtenção do grau de sorção. Após obtenção dos resultados, quando comparou-se o halo inibição entre os grupos testados e de mesma marca, apenas as análises entre grupo CDA 2% x grupo CDA 1% e entre CDA 1% x CDA 0,5% não apresentaram diferenças significantes. Quanto a liberação de CDA, a análise de variância demonstrou que dois dos três fatores avaliados (concentração do fármaco e tempo de armazenagem) alteram de maneira significativa a taxa de liberação da clorexidina (p<0,0001), entretanto a marca do material pareceu não influenciar de maneira significativa na liberação do fármaco. Quanto ao grau de conversão, os valores obtidos não foram significantes e apresentou-se menor apenas nos grupos com CDA 2% . Para ambas a sorção de água aumentou conforme a incorporação do sal cresceu e houve aumento significativo nas concentrações de 1.0% e 2.0%. Podemos concluir que a incorporação da clorexidina às resinas a base de PMMA: é capaz de inibir o crescimento de C. albicans; não alterou o grau de conversão das resinas testadas; não altera a liberação de monômeros residuais; e, altera a sorção de água das resinas acrílicas a base de PMMA quando concentrações maiores de CDA são adicionadas.

A report on the strategic fisheries stock assessment survey of the minor catchments in South West Cumbria 1996 with particular reference to salmonids

This is the report on the strategic fisheries stock assessment survey of the minor catchments in South West Cumbria 1996 with particular reference to salmonids, produced by North West Water in 1994. The 1996 Minor Catchment survey indicates variations in salmonid production within these catchments. Survey results indicate that production may be reaching its limit in certain areas whilst others are underachieving and others are unsuitable for salmonid production. Trout production within the catchments is higher and more widespread than that of salmon. Water quality levels vary considerably between catchments and intra-annually within individual catchments. The need for selective habitat surveys, with a view to habitat improvement schemes (H.I.S) is discussed. This report formed a basis for subsequent reports, thus, allowing data comparisons and analysis of production level fluctuations. It was the most extensive assessment of these catchments to date, taking into account comparisons with the new National Database on salmonid production in England and Wales.

Risk-sensitivity and the mean-variance trade-off: decision making in sensorimotor control.

Numerous psychophysical studies suggest that the sensorimotor system chooses actions that optimize the average cost associated with a movement. Recently, however, violations of this hypothesis have been reported in line with economic theories of decision-making that not only consider the mean payoff, but are also sensitive to risk, that is the variability of the payoff. Here, we examine the hypothesis that risk-sensitivity in sensorimotor control arises as a mean-variance trade-off in movement costs. We designed a motor task in which participants could choose between a sure motor action that resulted in a fixed amount of effort and a risky motor action that resulted in a variable amount of effort that could be either lower or higher than the fixed effort. By changing the mean effort of the risky action while experimentally fixing its variance, we determined indifference points at which participants chose equiprobably between the sure, fixed amount of effort option and the risky, variable effort option. Depending on whether participants accepted a variable effort with a mean that was higher, lower or equal to the fixed effort, they could be classified as risk-seeking, risk-averse or risk-neutral. Most subjects were risk-sensitive in our task consistent with a mean-variance trade-off in effort, thereby, underlining the importance of risk-sensitivity in computational models of sensorimotor control.

Effects of duckweed (Lemna minor) as dietary fishmeal substitute for silver barb (Barbodes gonionotus Bleeker)

A 60-day long growth trial was conducted to evaluate the suitability of duckweed Lemna minor as dietary fish meal substitute for silver barb (Borbodes gonionotus Bleeker). Five iso-nitrogenous diets were formulated to contain 35% protein and each treatment had three replicates with 15 fish in each aquarium with a mean initial weight of 1.5 ± 0.2 g. Duckweed was used in the experiment to replace 10, 20, 30 and 35% of the dietary fish meal in diet 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Fish meal was used as the sole source of protein in control diet (Diet 1). Fish were fed three times daily at satiation level. In terms of growth, food conversion and protein utilization, the control diet and diet containing 17.07% duckweed showed the best (P<0.05) performance followed by diets containing 34.14%, 51.21% and 59.24% duckweed. Fish fed diets containing higher levels of duckweed had higher carcass moisture and lower lipid content compared to the control diet. Histopathological examination revealed abnormalities in the liver of fish fed diets containing higher inclusion of duckweed. It was noted that 10% of the dietary fish meal protein could be replaced by duckweed (L. minor) in the diet of silver barb (B. gonionotus).

The history and fishery potential of Kisoro Minor Lakes part two: Preliminary survey of Lakes Mutanda and Mulehe fisheries 

The fisheries of Lakes Mutanda and Mulehe during 1998/9 were mainly at subsistence scale and only few fishers operated at irregular intervals. The commercial catch records between 1963 to 1999 showed that Lake Mulehe was landing more fish than Lake Mutanda despite the fact that Lake Mutanda (26.4 km2) was bigger than Lake Mulehe (4.11 cm2). The constant decline of catches was due to irregular restocking and applying low stocking densities of fry. However, restocking should consider using species that withstand low temperature (15-240C) in the district. These include Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia), Macropterus salmoides (Black bass), and Cyprinus carpio (Common carp). Most of these species have either disappeared or declined to very low levels. Due to lack of commercial fish species for harvest, the fishers by 1998/9 resorted to harvesting the haplochromines, Clarias carsoni and edible frogs (Xenopus kigesiensis) as alternative resources. Experimental studies have shown the need and techniques to enhance fish production on these two lakes.

Characterization of the fisheries of the major and minor lakes of Uganda and the socio-economic factors influencing fishery exploitation

There is growing recognition that the performance of the fisheries sector depends on the communities responsible for activities within it. These communities include fishers, processors, fish mongers, traders, local leaders, fishery administrators etc. On the basis of this, characterisation and diagnostic studies were conducted in 1995 focussing on mainly the fishers and opinion leaders on the major and some minor water bodies in Uganda. The study revealed that the desire to earn income is the driving force behind the malfishing practices experienced on Uganda fisheries. The destructive fishing gears and fishing methods as responses advanced by the fishers and opinion leaders were seines and cast nets on lakes Victoria, Kyoga and Albert and to a less extent traps

Variance prediction in sea

A method is presented for predicting the variance of the energy levels in a built-up system to accompany the mean values predicted by SEA. Closed form expressions for the variance are obtained in terms of the standard SEA parameters and an additional set of parameters αk that describe the nature of the power input to each subsystem k, and αks that describe the nature of the coupling between subsystems k and s.

Effects of Lewis number on scalar variance transport in premixed flames

The influences of differential diffusion rates of heat and mass on the transport of the variances of Favre fluctuations of reaction progress variable and non-dimensional temperature have been studied using three-dimensional simplified chemistry based Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) data of statistically planar turbulent premixed flames with global Lewis number ranging from Le = 0.34 to 1.2. The Lewis number effects on the statistical behaviours of the various terms of the transport equations of variances of Favre fluctuations of reaction progress variable and non-dimensional temperature have been analysed in the context of Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) simulations. It has been found that the turbulent fluxes of the progress variable and temperature variances exhibit counter-gradient transport for the flames with Lewis number significantly smaller than unity whereas the extent of this counter-gradient transport is found to decrease with increasing Lewis number. The Lewis number is also shown to have significant influences on the magnitudes of the chemical reaction and scalar dissipation rate contributions to the scalar variance transport. The modelling of the unclosed terms in the scalar variance equations for the non-unity Lewis number flames have been discussed in detail. The performances of the existing models for the unclosed terms are assessed based on a-priori analysis of DNS data. Based on the present analysis, new models for the unclosed terms of the active scalar variance transport equations are proposed, whenever necessary, which are shown to satisfactorily capture the behaviours of unclosed terms for all the flames considered in this study. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.