Papel do bloqueio dos receptores NMDA e da ativação dos receptores GABAA na manifestação dos déficits neurocomportamentais decorrentes da exposição ao etanol durante o período equivalente ao terceiro trimestre de gestação

A exposição gestacional ao etanol produz um amplo espectro de defeitos neurocomportamentais que podem persistir ao longo da vida. Dentre os distúrbios mais comumente observados estão o transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH) e os déficits de aprendizado e memória. Apesar da grande quantidade de estudos, os mecanismos envolvidos com a manifestação destes transtornos permanecem pouco conhecidos. Estudos em roedores vêm demonstrando que o período equivalente ao terceiro trimestre de gestação é critico para o aparecimento destas alterações comportamentais. Durante este período, que é caracterizado por intensa sinaptogênese, a neurotoxicidade do etanol vem sendo atribuída ao bloqueio dos receptores glutamatérgicos do tipo N-metil-D-aspartato (NMDA) e hiperativação dos receptores do ácido gama-aminobutírico do subtipo A (GABAA). Tendo em vista que ao longo do desenvolvimento estes receptores diferem em relação a função e distribuição espaço-temporal, neste estudo avaliamos a contribuição relativa do bloqueio dos receptores NMDA e hiperativação dos receptores GABAA durante o período equivalente ao terceiro trimestre de gestação para a manifestação da hiperatividade locomotora e para os distúrbios de aprendizado e memória de camundongos pré-púberes. Para tanto, este estudo foi realizado em duas etapas. Na primeira, investigamos os efeitos da exposição isolada ao bloqueador NMDA MK801 (MK) e ao agonista GABAA muscimol (MU). Para tanto, em dias alternados do segundo dia pós-natal (PN2) a PN8, os animais receberam uma injeção intraperitoneal de Salina (SAL), MK nas doses de 0,1, 0,3 ou 0,5 mg/kg ou de MU nas doses de 0,1 0,3 ou 0,5 mg/kg. Na segunda etapa investigamos os efeitos da administração simultânea de MK (0,1mg/kg) e MU (doses 0,02, 0,1 ou 0,5 mg/kg). Em PN25, a atividade locomotora foi automaticamente avaliada por 15 min no teste de campo aberto. Em PN31 e PN32, o aprendizado e memória foi avaliado no teste da esquiva passiva inibitória. Em relação aos resultados da exposição isolada a cada uma das drogas, apenas o tratamento com MK promoveu um aumento dose dependente na atividade locomotora. No teste da esquiva passiva inibitória, os animais expostos as maiores doses de MK e MU apresentaram déficits de aprendizado e memória. Em relação aos resultados da exposição combinada de MK e MU, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos na atividade locomotora. Na esquiva passiva inibitória, a administração simultânea de MK e MU, em doses que administradas isoladamente não tiveram efeito, promoveu prejuízos de aprendizado e memória. Nossos resultados sugerem que, enquanto a hiperatividade locomotora está associada apenas com o bloqueio dos receptores NMDA, os déficits de aprendizado e memória podem ser produto de uma ação sinergista do etanol nos dois receptores.

Coupling between NMDA receptor and acid-sensing ion channel contributes to ischemic neuronal death

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) composed of ASIC1a subunit exhibit a high Ca2+ permeability and play important roles in synaptic plasticity and acid-induced cell death. Here, we show that ischemia enhances ASIC currents through the phosphorylation at Ser478 and Ser479 of ASIC1a, leading to exacerbated ischemic cell death. The phosphorylation is catalyzed by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activity, as a result of activation of NR2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of glutamate receptors (NMDARs) during ischemia. Furthermore, NR2B-specific antagonist, CaMKII inhibitor, or overexpression of mutated form of ASIC1a with Ser478 or Ser479 replaced by alanine (ASICla-S478A, ASIC1a-S479A) in cultured hippocampal neurons prevented ischemia-induced enhancement of ASIC currents, cytoplasmic Ca2+ elevation, as well as neuronal death. Thus, NMDAR-CaMKII cascade is functionally coupled to ASICs and contributes to acidotoxicity during ischemia. Specific blockade of NMDAR/CaMKII-ASIC coupling may reduce neuronal death after ischemia and other pathological conditions involving excessive glutamate release and acidosis.

A PK2/Bv8/PROK2 antagonist suppresses tumorigenic processes by inhibiting angiogenesis in glioma and blocking myeloid cell infiltration in pancreatic cancer.

Infiltration of myeloid cells in the tumor microenvironment is often associated with enhanced angiogenesis and tumor progression, resulting in poor prognosis in many types of cancer. The polypeptide chemokine PK2 (Bv8, PROK2) has been shown to regulate myeloid cell mobilization from the bone marrow, leading to activation of the angiogenic process, as well as accumulation of macrophages and neutrophils in the tumor site. Neutralizing antibodies against PK2 were shown to display potent anti-tumor efficacy, illustrating the potential of PK2-antagonists as therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer. In this study we demonstrate the anti-tumor activity of a small molecule PK2 antagonist, PKRA7, in the context of glioblastoma and pancreatic cancer xenograft tumor models. For the highly vascularized glioblastoma, PKRA7 was associated with decreased blood vessel density and increased necrotic areas in the tumor mass. Consistent with the anti-angiogenic activity of PKRA7 in vivo, this compound effectively reduced PK2-induced microvascular endothelial cell branching in vitro. For the poorly vascularized pancreatic cancer, the primary anti-tumor effect of PKRA7 appears to be mediated by the blockage of myeloid cell migration/infiltration. At the molecular level, PKRA7 inhibits PK2-induced expression of certain pro-migratory chemokines and chemokine receptors in macrophages. Combining PKRA7 treatment with standard chemotherapeutic agents resulted in enhanced effects in xenograft models for both types of tumor. Taken together, our results indicate that the anti-tumor activity of PKRA7 can be mediated by two distinct mechanisms that are relevant to the pathological features of the specific type of cancer. This small molecule PK2 antagonist holds the promise to be further developed as an effective agent for combinational cancer therapy.

Mechanisms of specificity in neuronal activity-regulated gene transcription.

The brain is a highly adaptable organ that is capable of converting sensory information into changes in neuronal function. This plasticity allows behavior to be accommodated to the environment, providing an important evolutionary advantage. Neurons convert environmental stimuli into long-lasting changes in their physiology in part through the synaptic activity-regulated transcription of new gene products. Since the neurotransmitter-dependent regulation of Fos transcription was first discovered nearly 25 years ago, a wealth of studies have enriched our understanding of the molecular pathways that mediate activity-regulated changes in gene transcription. These findings show that a broad range of signaling pathways and transcriptional regulators can be engaged by neuronal activity to sculpt complex programs of stimulus-regulated gene transcription. However, the shear scope of the transcriptional pathways engaged by neuronal activity raises the question of how specificity in the nature of the transcriptional response is achieved in order to encode physiologically relevant responses to divergent stimuli. Here we summarize the general paradigms by which neuronal activity regulates transcription while focusing on the molecular mechanisms that confer differential stimulus-, cell-type-, and developmental-specificity upon activity-regulated programs of neuronal gene transcription. In addition, we preview some of the new technologies that will advance our future understanding of the mechanisms and consequences of activity-regulated gene transcription in the brain.

The methyl-CpG-binding protein MECP2 is required for prostate cancer cell growth.

The incidence of prostate cancer is increasing in western countries because of population aging. Prostate cancer begins as an androgen-dependent disease, but it can become androgen independent at a later stage or in tumors recurring after an antihormonal treatment. Although many genetic events have been described to be involved in androgen-dependent and/or -independent prostate cancer growth, little is known about the contribution of epigenetic events. Here we have examined the possibility that the methyl-CpG-binding protein MECP2 might play a role in controlling the growth of prostate cancer cells. Inhibition of MECP2 expression by stable short hairpin RNA stopped the growth of both normal and cancer human prostate cells. In addition, ectopic expression of the MECP2 conferred a growth advantage to human prostate cancer cells. More importantly, this expression allowed androgen-dependent cells to grow independently of androgen stimulation and to retain tumorigenic properties in androgen-depleted conditions. Analysis of signaling pathways showed that this effect is independent of androgen receptor signaling. Instead, MECP2 appears to act by maintaining a constant c-myc level during antihormonal treatment. We further show that MECP2-expressing cells possess a functional p53 pathway and are still responsive to chemotherapeutic drugs.

Modulation of contractile function through NPY receptors during development of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.

Severity of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) correlates with elevated plasma levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in hypertension. NPY elicits positive and negative contractile effects in cardiomyocytes through Y(1) and Y(2) receptors, respectively. This study tested the hypothesis that NPY receptor-mediated contraction is altered during progression of LVH. Ventricular cardiomyocytes were isolated from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) pre-LVH (12 weeks), during development (16 weeks), and at established LVH (20 weeks) and age-matched normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. Electrically stimulated (60 V, 0.5 Hz) cell shortening was measured using edge detection and receptor expression determined at mRNA and protein level. The NPY and Y(1) receptor-selective agonist, Leu(31)Pro(34)NPY, stimulated increases in contractile amplitude, which were abolished by the Y(1) receptor-selective antagonist, BIBP3226 [R-N(2)-(diphenyl-acetyl)-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl-argininamide)], confirming Y(1) receptor involvement. Potencies of both agonists were enhanced in SHR cardiomyocytes at 20 weeks (2300- and 380-fold versus controls). Maximal responses were not attenuated. BIBP3226 unmasked a negative contraction effect of NPY, elicited over the concentration range (10(-12) to 3 x 10(-9) M) in which NPY and PYY(3-36) attenuated the positive contraction effects of isoproterenol, the potencies of which were increased in cardiomyocytes from SHRs at 20 weeks (175- and 145-fold versus controls); maximal responses were not altered. Expression of NPY-Y(1) and NPY-Y(2) receptor mRNAs was decreased (55 and 69%) in left ventricular cardiomyocytes from 20-week-old SHRs versus age-matched WKY rats; parallel decreases (32 and 80%) were observed at protein level. Enhancement of NPY potency, producing (opposing) contractile effects on cardiomyocytes together with unchanged maximal response despite reduced receptor number, enables NPY to contribute to regulating cardiac performance during compensatory LVH.

Partial agonism, neutral antagonism, and inverse agonism at the human wild-type and constitutively active cholecystokinin-2 receptors

Cholecystokinin receptor-2 (CCK2R) is a G protein receptor that regulates a number of physiological functions. Activation of CCK2R and/or expression of a constitutively active CCK2R variant may contribute to human diseases, including digestive cancers. Search for antagonists of the CCK2R has been an important challenge during the last few years, leading to discovery of a set of chemically distinct compounds. However, several early-discovered antagonists turned out to be partial agonists. In this context, we carried out pharmacological characterization of six CCK2R antagonists using COS-7 cells expressing the human CCK2R or a CCK2R mutant having a robust constitutive activity on inositol phosphates production, and we investigated the molecular mechanisms which, at a CCK2R binding site, account for these features. Results indicated that three compounds, 3R(+)-N-(2,3-dihydro-1-methyl-2-oxo-5-phenyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-3- yl)-N'-(3-methylphenyl)urea (L365,260), 4-{[2-[[3-(lH-indol-3-yl)-2- methyl-1-oxo-2-[[[1.7.7-trimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl)-oxy]carbonyl]amino] propyl]amino]-1-phenylethyl]amino-4-oxo-[lS-la.2[S*(S*)]4a]} -butanoate N-methyl-D-glucamine (PD135, 158), and (R)-1-naphthalenepropanoic acid, b-[2-[[2-(8-azaspiro-[4.5]dec-8-ylcarbonyl)-4,6-dimethylphenyl]amino]-2- oxoethyl] (CR2945), were partial agonists; one molecule, 1-[(R)-2,3-dihydro-1- (2,3-dihydro-1-(2-methylphenacyl)-2-oxo-5-phenyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-3-yl] -3-(3-methylphenyl)urea (YM022), was a neutral antagonist; and two compounds, N-(+)-[1-(adamant-1-ylmethyl)-2,4-dioxo-5-phenyl2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1, 5-benzodiazepin-3-yl]-N'-phenylurea (GV150,013X) and ([(N-[methoxy-3 phenyl] N-[N-methyl N-phenyl carbamoylmethyl], carbomoylmethyl)-3 ureido]-3-phenyl)2-propionic acid (RPR101,048), were inverse agonists. Furthermore, target- and pharmacophore-based docking of ligands followed by molecular dynamic simulation experiments resulted in consistent motion of aromatic residues belonging to a network presumably important for activation, thus providing the first structural explanations for the different pharmacological profiles of tested compounds. This study confirms that several referenced so-called antagonists are in fact partial agonists, and because of this undesired activity, we suggest that newly generated molecules should be preferred to efficiently block CCK2R-related physiological effects. Furthermore, data on the structural basis for the different pharmacological features of CCK2R ligands will serve to further clarify CCK2R mechanism of activation. Copyright © 2006 The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.

A Novel Selective Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subtype 1 Antagonist Reduces Seizures without Impairing Hippocampus-Dependent Learning

Previous studies suggest that selective antagonists of specific subtypes of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) may provide a novel approach for the treatment of certain central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including epileptic disorders, Parkinson's disease, and dystonia. Unfortunately, previously reported antagonists are not highly selective for specific mAChR subtypes, making it difficult to definitively establish the functional roles and therapeutic potential for individual subtypes of this receptor subfamily. The M 1 mAChR is of particular interest as a potential target for treatment of CNS disorders. We now report the discovery of a novel selective antagonist of M-1 mAChRs, termed VU0255035 [N-(3-oxo-3-(4-(pyridine-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)propyl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole-4-sulfonamide]. Equilibrium radioligand binding and functional studies demonstrate a greater than 75-fold selectivity of VU0255035 for M-1 mAChRs relative to M-2-M-5. Molecular pharmacology and mutagenesis studies indicate that VU0255035 is a competitive orthosteric antagonist of M-1 mAChRs, a surprising finding given the high level of M-1 mAChR selectivity relative to other orthosteric antagonists. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings demonstrate that VU0255035 inhibits potentiation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor currents by the muscarinic agonist carbachol in hippocampal pyramidal cells. VU0255035 has excellent brain penetration in vivo and is efficacious in reducing pilocarpine-induced seizures in mice. We were surprised to find that doses of VU0255035 that reduce pilo-carpine-induced seizures do not induce deficits in contextual freezing, a measure of hippocampus-dependent learning that is disrupted by nonselective mAChR antagonists. Taken together, these data suggest that selective antagonists of M-1 mAChRs do not induce the severe cognitive deficits seen with nonselective mAChR antagonists and could provide a novel approach for the treatment certain of CNS disorders.

Artificial receptors for the extraction of nucleoside metabolite 7-methylguanosine from aqueous media made by molecular imprinting

A series of imprinted polymers targeting nucleoside metabolites, prepared using a template analogue approach, are presented. These were prepared following selection of the optimum functional monomer by solution association studies using 1H-NMR titrations whereby methacrylic acid was shown to be the strongest receptor with and affinity constant of 621 ± 51 L mol-1 vs. 110 ± 16 L mol-1 for acrylamide. The best performing polymers were prepared using methanol as porogenic co-solvent and although average binding site affinities were marginally reduced, 2.3×104 L mol-1 vs. 2.7×104 L mol-1 measured for a polymer prepared in acetonitrile, these polymers contained the highest number of binding sites, 5.27 μmol g-1¬¬ vs. 1.64 μmol g-1, while they also exhibited enhanced selectivity for methylated guanosine derivatives. When applied as sorbents in the extraction of nucleoside derivative cancer biomarkers from synthetic urine samples, significant sample clean-up and recoveries of up to 90% for 7-methylguanosine were achieved.

The N-terminal domain modulates α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor desensitization

AMPA receptors are tetrameric glutamate-gated ion channels that mediate fast synaptic neurotransmission in mammalian brain. Their subunits contain a two-lobed N-terminal domain (NTD) that comprises over 40% of the mature polypeptide. The NTD is not obligatory for the assembly of tetrameric receptors, and its functional role is still unclear. By analyzing full-length and NTD-deleted GluA1-4 AMPA receptors expressed in HEK 293 cells, we found that the removal of the NTD leads to a significant reduction in receptor transport to the plasma membrane, a higher steady state-to-peak current ratio of glutamate responses, and strongly increased sensitivity to glutamate toxicity in cell culture. Further analyses showed that NTD-deleted receptors display both a slower onset of desensitization and a faster recovery from desensitization of agonist responses. Our results indicate that the NTD promotes the biosynthetic maturation of AMPA receptors and, for membrane-expressed channels, enhances the stability of the desensitized state. Moreover, these findings suggest that interactions of the NTD with extracellular/synaptic ligands may be able to fine-tune AMPA receptor-mediated responses, in analogy with the allosteric regulatory role demonstrated for the NTD of NMDA receptors.

Specific targeting of pro-death NMDA receptor signals with differing reliance on the NR2B PDZ ligand.

NMDA receptors (NMDARs) mediate ischemic brain damage, for which interactions between the C termini of NR2 subunits and PDZ domain proteins within the NMDAR signaling complex (NSC) are emerging therapeutic targets. However, expression of NMDARs in a non-neuronal context, lacking many NSC components, can still induce cell death. Moreover, it is unclear whether targeting the NSC will impair NMDAR-dependent prosurvival and plasticity signaling. We show that the NMDAR can promote death signaling independently of the NR2 PDZ ligand, when expressed in non-neuronal cells lacking PSD-95 and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), key PDZ proteins that mediate neuronal NMDAR excitotoxicity. However, in a non-neuronal context, the NMDAR promotes cell death solely via c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), whereas NMDAR-dependent cortical neuronal death is promoted by both JNK and p38. NMDAR-dependent pro-death signaling via p38 relies on neuronal context, although death signaling by JNK, triggered by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, does not. NMDAR-dependent p38 activation in neurons is triggered by submembranous Ca(2+), and is disrupted by NOS inhibitors and also a peptide mimicking the NR2B PDZ ligand (TAT-NR2B9c). TAT-NR2B9c reduced excitotoxic neuronal death and p38-mediated ischemic damage, without impairing an NMDAR-dependent plasticity model or prosurvival signaling to CREB or Akt. TAT-NR2B9c did not inhibit JNK activation, and synergized with JNK inhibitors to ameliorate severe excitotoxic neuronal loss in vitro and ischemic cortical damage in vivo. Thus, NMDAR-activated signals comprise pro-death pathways with differing requirements for PDZ protein interactions. These signals are amenable to selective inhibition, while sparing synaptic plasticity and prosurvival signaling.

Synaptic Integration of Adult-Born Hippocampal Neurons Is Locally Controlled by Astrocytes.

Adult neurogenesis is regulated by the neurogenic niche, through mechanisms that remain poorly defined. Here, we investigated whether niche-constituting astrocytes influence the maturation of adult-born hippocampal neurons using two independent transgenic approaches to block vesicular release from astrocytes. In these models, adult-born neurons but not mature neurons showed reduced glutamatergic synaptic input and dendritic spine density that was accompanied with lower functional integration and cell survival. By taking advantage of the mosaic expression of transgenes in astrocytes, we found that spine density was reduced exclusively in segments intersecting blocked astrocytes, revealing an extrinsic, local control of spine formation. Defects in NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-mediated synaptic transmission and dendrite maturation were partially restored by exogenous D-serine, whose extracellular level was decreased in transgenic models. Together, these results reveal a critical role for adult astrocytes in local dendritic spine maturation, which is necessary for the NMDAR-dependent functional integration of newborn neurons.

Le rôle des cellules gliales de Müller dans la mort des cellules ganglionnaires de la rétine par des mécanismes cellulaires non-autonomes

Les cellules gliales sont essentielles au fonctionnement du système nerveux. Dans la rétine, les cellules gliales de Müller assurent à la fois l’homéostasie du tissu et la protection des neurones, notamment celle des cellules ganglionnaires de la rétine (CGRs). L’hypothèse principale de la thèse est que les cellules de Müller joueraient un rôle primordial dans la survie neuronale tant au plan de la signalisation des neurotrophines/proneurotrophines par suite d’une blessure que lors des mécanismes d’excitotoxicité. Contrairement au brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), le nerve growth factor (NGF) n’est pas en mesure d’induire la survie des CGRs après une section du nerf optique. Le premier objectif de la thèse a donc été de localiser les récepteurs p75NTR et TrkA du NGF dans la rétine adulte et d’établir leur fonction respective en utilisant des ligands peptidomimétiques agonistes ou antagonistes spécifiques pour chacun des récepteurs. Nos résultats ont démontré que TrkA est surexprimé par les CGRs après l’axotomie, tandis que p75NTR est spécifiquement exprimé par les cellules de Müller. Alors que NGF n’est pas en mesure d’induire la survie des CGRs, l’activation spécifique de TrkA par des ligands peptidomimétique est nettement neuroprotectrice. De façon surprenante, le blocage sélectif de p75NTR ou l’absence de celui-ci protège les CGRs de la mort induite par l’axotomie. De plus, la combinaison de NGF avec l’antagoniste de p75NTR agit de façon synergique sur la survie des CGRS. Ces résultats révèlent un nouveau mécanisme par lequel le récepteur p75NTR exprimé par les cellules gliales de Müller peut grandement influencer la survie neuronale. Ensuite, nous avons voulu déterminer l’effet des proneurotrophines dans la rétine adulte. Nous avons démontré que l’injection de proNGF induit la mort des CGRs chez le rat et la souris par un mécanisme dépendant de p75NTR. L’expression de p75NTR étant exclusive aux cellules de Müller, nous avons testé l’hypothèse que le proNGF active une signalisation cellulaire non-autonome qui aboutit à la mort des CGRs. En suivant cette idée, nous avons montré que le proNGF induit une forte expression du tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) dans les cellules de Müller et que l’inhibition du TNF bloque la mort neuronale induite par le proNGF. L’utilisation de souris knock-out pour la protéine p75NTR, son co-récepteur sortiline, ou la protéine adaptatrice NRAGE a permis de montrer que la production de TNF par les cellules gliales était dépendante de ces protéines. Le proNGF semble activer une signalisation cellulaire non-autonome qui cause la mort des neurones de façon dépendante du TNF in vivo. L’hypothèse centrale de l’excitotoxicité est que la stimulation excessive des récepteurs du glutamate sensibles au N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) est dommageable pour les neurones et contribue à plusieurs maladies neurodégénératives. Les cellules gliales sont soupçonnées de contribuer à la mort neuronale par excitotoxicité, mais leur rôle précis est encore méconnu. Le dernier objectif de ma thèse était d’établir le rôle des cellules de Müller dans cette mort neuronale. Nos résultats ont démontré que l’injection de NMDA induit une activation du nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) dans les cellules de Müller, mais pas dans les CGRs, et que l’utilisation d’inhibiteurs du NF-κB empêche la mort des CGRs. De plus, nous avons montré que les cellules de Müller en réaction à l’activation du NF-κB produisent la protéine TNFα laquelle semble être directement impliquée dans la mort des CGRs par excitotoxicité. Cette mort cellulaire se produit principalement par l’augmentation à la surface des neurones des récepteurs AMPA perméables au Ca2+, un phénomène dépendant du TNFα. Ces donnés révèlent un nouveau mécanisme cellululaire non-autonome par lequel les cellules gliales peuvent exacerber la mort neuronale lors de la mise en jeu de mécanismes excitotoxiques.

Modulation du système glutamatergique pendant l’apprentissage moteur : une étude de spectroscopie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle

La présente étude avait pour but d’explorer les modulations fonctionnelles putaminales du signal de spectroscopie par résonance magnétique (SRM) combiné du glutamate et de la glutamine (Glx), ainsi que de l’acide γ-aminobutyrique (GABA) en lien avec l’apprentissage d’une séquence motrice. Nous avons émis l’hypothèse que les concentrations de Glx seraient spécifiquement augmentées pendant et après la pratique d’une telle tâche, et ce comparativement à une condition d’exécution motrice simple conçue pour minimiser l’apprentissage. La tâche d’appuis séquentiels des doigts (« finger taping task ») utilisée est connue pour induire un apprentissage moteur évoluant en phases, avec une progression initialement rapide lors de la première session d’entraînement (phase rapide), puis lente lors de sessions subséquentes (phase lente). Cet apprentissage est également conçu comme dépendant de processus « on-line » (pendant la pratique) d’acquisition et « off-line » (entre les périodes de pratique) de consolidation de la trace mnésique de l’habilité motrice. Une grande quantité de données impliquent le système de neurotransmission glutamatergique, principalement par l’action de ses récepteurs N-Méthyl-D-aspartate (NMDAR) et métabotropiques (mGluR), dans une multitude de domaine de la mémoire. Quelques-unes de ces études suggèrent que cette relation s’applique aussi à des mémoires de type motrice ou dépendante du striatum. De plus, certains travaux chez l’animal montrent qu’une hausse des concentrations de glutamate et de glutamine peut être associée à l’acquisition et/ou consolidation d’une trace mnésique. Nos mesures de SRM à 3.0 Tesla, dont la qualité ne s’est avérée satisfaisante que pour le Glx, démontrent qu’une telle modulation des concentrations de Glx est effectivement détectable dans le putamen après la performance d’une tâche motrice. Elles ne nous permettent toutefois pas de dissocier cet effet putativement attribuable à la plasticité du putamen associée à l’apprentissage moteur de séquence, de celui de la simple activation neuronale causée par l’exécution motrice. L’interprétation de l’interaction non significative, montrant une plus grande modulation par la tâche motrice simple, mène cependant à l’hypothèse alternative que la plasticité glutamatergique détectée est potentiellement plus spécifique à la phase lente de l’apprentissage, suggérant qu’une seconde expérience ainsi orientée et utilisant une méthode de SRM plus sensible au Glx aurait donc de meilleures chances d’offrir des résultats concluants.

Étude du rôle des récepteurs NMDA du mésencéphale ventral dans la récompense induite par la stimulation électrique du mésencéphale postérieur chez le rongeur.

La voie dopaminergique mésolimbique qui prend son origine dans le mésencéphale ventral et qui projette vers des régions rostrales du système limbique fait partie du substrat nerveux qui contrôle la récompense et les comportements motivés. Il a été suggéré qu’un signal de récompense est produit lorsque le patron de décharge des neurones dopaminergiques passe d’un mode tonique à un mode phasique, une transition qui est initiée par l’action du glutamate aux récepteurs N-Méthyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). Étant donné qu’une altération du système de récompense est souvent associée à des anomalies cliniques telles que l’addiction compulsive et à des troubles émotionnels tels que l’anhédonie, nous avons étudié le rôle des récepteurs NMDA dans la récompense induite par la stimulation électrique intracérébrale. Puisque les récepteurs NMDA sont composés de sous-unités distinctes, GluN1, GluN2 et GluN3, nous avons étudié le rôle de deux sous-unités qui sont présentes dans le mésencéphale ventral : GluN2A et GluN2B. Les résultats montrent que des injections mésencéphaliques de R-CPP et de PPPA, des antagonistes préférentiels aux sous-unités GluN2A/B, ont produit une augmentation dose-dépendante de l’effet de récompense, un effet qui était, à certains temps après les injections, accompagné d’une augmentation du nombre de réponses maximales. Ces effets n’ont pas été observés après l’injection d’une large gamme de doses de Ro04-5595, un antagoniste des sous-unités GluN2B. Ces résultats suggèrent que le glutamate mésencéphalique exerce une modulation négative sur le circuit de récompense, un effet dû à son action au niveau des récepteurs NMDA composés des sous-unités GluN2A.