Visual and verbal processing effects on human memory

In this study in the field of Consumer Behavior, brand name memory of consumers with regard to verbal and visual incongruent and congruent information such as memory structure of brands was tested. Hence, four experimental groups with different constellations of verbal and visual congruity and incongruity were created to compare their brand name memory performance. The experiment was conducted in several classes with 128 students, each group with 32 participants. It was found that brands, which are presented in a congruent or moderately incongruent relation to their brand schema, result in a better brand recall than their incongruent counterparts. A difference between visual congruity and moderately incongruity could not be confirmed. In contrast to visual incongruent information, verbal incongruent information does not result in a worse brand recall performance.

Electrocortical indices of cognitive control in working memory : exploring the effects of proactive interference, cognitive load, and aging

Cognitive control involves the ability to flexibly adjust cognitive processing in order to resist interference and promote goal-directed behaviour. Although frontal cortex is considered to be broadly involved in cognitive control, the mechanisms by which frontal brain areas implement control functions are unclear. Furthermore, aging is associated with reductions in the ability to implement control functions and questions remain as to whether unique cortical responses serve a compensatory role in maintaining maximal performance in later years. Described here are three studies in which electrophysiological data were recorded while participants performed modified versions of the standard Sternberg task. The goal was to determine how top-down control is implemented in younger adults and altered in aging. In study I, the effects of frequent stimulus repetition on the interference-related N450 were investigated in a Sternberg task with a small stimulus set (requiring extensive stimulus resampling) and a task with a large stimulus set (requiring no stimulus resampling).The data indicated that constant stimulus res amp ling required by employing small stimulus sets can undercut the effect of proactive interference on the N450. In study 2, younger and older adults were tested in a standard version of the Sternberg task to determine whether the unique frontal positivity, previously shown to predict memory impairment in older adults during a proactive interference task, would be associated with the improved performance when memory recognition could be aided by unambiguous stimulus familiarity. Here, results indicated that the frontal positivity was associated with poorer memory performance, replicating the effect observed in a more cognitively demanding task, and showing that stimulus familiarity does not mediate compensatory cortical activations in older adults. Although the frontal positivity could be interpreted to reflect maladaptive cortical activation, it may also reflect attempts at compensation that fail to fully ameliorate agerelated decline. Furthermore, the frontal positivity may be the result of older adults' reliance on late occurring, controlled processing in contrast to younger adults' ability to identify stimuli at very early stages of processing. In the final study, working memory load was manipulated in the proactive interference Sternberg task in order to investigate whether the N450 reflects simple interference detection, with little need for cognitive resources, or an active conflict resolution mechanism that requires executive resources to implement. Independent component analysis was used to isolate the effect of interference revealing that the canonical N450 was based on two dissociable cognitive control mechanisms: a left frontal negativity that reflects active interference resolution, , but requires executive resources to implement, and a right frontal negativity that reflects global response inhibition that can be relied on when executive resources are minimal but at the cost of a slowed response. Collectively, these studies advance understanding of the factors that influence younger and older adults' ability to satisfy goal-directed behavioural requirements in the face of interference and the effects of age-related cognitive decline.

Early Development of Auditory-Verbal and Visual-Spatial Short-Term Memory: Age and Sex Effects

Memory is a multi-component cognitive ability to retain and retrieve information presented in different modalities. Research on memory development has shown that the memory capacity and the processes improve gradually from early childhood to adolescence. Findings related to the sex-differences in memory abilities in early childhood have been inconsistent. Although previous research has demonstrated the effects of the modality of stimulus presentation (auditory versus verbal) and the type of material to be remembered (visual/spatial versus auditory/verbal) on the memory processes and memory organization, the recent research with children is rather limited. The present study is a secondary analysis of data, originally collected from 530 typically developing Turkish children and adolescents. The purpose of the present study was to examine the age-related developments and sex differences in auditory-verbal and visual-spatial short-term memory (STM) in 177 typically developing male and female children, 5 to 8 years of age. Dot-Locations and Word-Lists from the Children's Memory Scale were used to measure visual-spatial and auditory-verbal STM performances, respectively. The findings of the present study suggest age-related differences in both visual-spatial and auditory-verbal STM. Sex-differences were observed only in one visual-spatial STM subtest performance. Modality comparisons revealed age- and task-related differences between auditory-verbal and visual-spatial STM performances. There were no sex-related effects in terms of modality specific performances. Overall, the results of this study provide evidence of STM development in early childhood, and these effects were mostly independent of sex and the modality of the task.

Disambiguating the Effects of Social Instability Stress in Adolescence on Learning and Memory Tasks that Involve the Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus

Exposure to chronic stress can alter the structure and function of brain regions involved in learning and memory, and these effects are typically long-lasting if the stress occurs during sensitive periods of development. Until recently, adolescence has received relatively little attention as a sensitive period of development, despite marked changes in behaviour, heightened reactivity to stressors, and cognitive and neural maturation. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the long-term effects of chronic stress in adolescence on two spatial learning and memory tasks (Morris water maze and Spatial Object Location test) and on a working memory task (Delayed Alternation task). Male rats were randomly assigned to chronic social instability stress (SS; daily 1 hour isolation and subsequent change of cage partner between postnatal days 30 and 45) or to a no-stress control group (CTL). During acquisition learning in the Morris water maze task, SS rats demonstrated impaired long-term memory for the location of the hidden escape platform compared to CTL rats, although the impairment was only seen after the first day of training. Similarly, SS rats had impaired long-term memory in the Spatial Object Location test after a long delay (240 minutes), but not after shorter delays (15 or 60 minutes) compared to CTL rats. On the Delayed Alternation task, which assessed working memory across delays ranging from 5 to 90 seconds, no group differences were observed. These results are partially in line with previous research that revealed adult impairment on spatial learning and memory tasks after exposure to chronic social instability stress in adolescence. The observed deficits, however, appear to be limited to long-term memory as no group differences were observed during brief periods of retention.

An fMRI study of emotional episodic memory in schizophrenia : effects of diagnosis and sex

La schizophrénie est une psychopathologie largement hétérogène caractérisée entre autres par d’importantes défaillances dans le fonctionnement cognitif et émotionnel. En effet, par rapport à la population générale, forte proportion de ces individus présentent une mémoire déficitaire pour les événements émotionnels. À ce jour, le peu d’études qui se sont penchées sur la mémoire émotionnelle épisodique dans la schizophrénie, ont uniquement mis l’emphase sur l'effet de la valence des stimuli (c’est-à-dire le caractère agréable ou désagréable du stimulus). Toutefois, aucune n’a investigué spécifiquement l’intensité de la réaction aux stimuli (c’est-à-dire une faible par rapport à une forte réaction) malgré quantité de preuves faisant montre, dans la population générale, de différents processus de mémoire émotionnelle pour des stimuli suscitant une forte réaction par rapport à ceux évoquant une faible réponse. Ce manque est d’autant plus flagrant étant donné le nombre d’études ayant rapporté un traitement et un encodage atypiques des émotions spécifiquement au niveau de l’intensité de la réponse subjective chez des patients atteints de schizophrénie. Autre fait important, il est étonnant de constater l’absence de recherches sur les différences de sexe dans la mémoire émotionnelle étant donné l’ensemble des divergences entre hommes et femmes atteints de schizophrénie au niveau de la prévalence, de l’âge de diagnostic, de la manifestation clinique, de l’évolution de la maladie, de la réponse au traitement et des structures cérébrales. Pour pallier à ces lacunes, ce mémoire a évalué : (1) l’effet de la valence des stimuli et de l'intensité de la réaction émotionnelle au niveau des fonctions cérébrales correspondant à la mémoire émotionnelle chez des patients atteints de schizophrénie comparativement à des participants sains; et (2) les possibles différences de sexe dans les processus cérébraux impliqués dans la mémoire émotionnelle chez des patients atteints de schizophrénie par rapport à des volontaires sains. Ainsi, la première étude a comparé les activations cérébrales de patients atteints de schizophrénie par rapport à des participants sains au cours d’une tâche de mémoire émotionnelle dont les stimuli variaient à la fois au niveau de la valence et de l'intensité de la réaction subjective. 37 patients atteints de schizophrénie ainsi que 37 participants en bonne santé ont effectué cette tâche de mémoire émotionnelle lors d’une session d’imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf). Pour toutes les conditions étudiées (images négatives, positives, de faible et de forte intensité), le groupe atteint de schizophrénie a performé significativement moins bien que les volontaires sains. Comparativement aux sujets sains, ils ont montré moins d’activations cérébrales dans les régions limbiques et préfrontales lors de la reconnaissance des images négatives, mais ont présenté un patron d'activations similaire à celui des participants sains lors de la reconnaissance des images chargées positivement (activations observées dans le cervelet, le cortex temporal et préfrontal). Enfin, indépendamment de la valence des stimuli, les deux groupes ont démontré une augmentation des activations cérébrales pour les images de forte intensité par rapport à celles de plus faible intensité. La seconde étude a quant à elle exploré les différences de sexe potentielles au niveau des activations cérébrales associées à la mémoire émotionnelle dans la schizophrénie et dans la population en général. Nous avons comparé 41 patients atteints de schizophrénie (20 femmes) à 41 participants en bonne santé (19 femmes) alors qu’ils effectuaient la même tâche de mémoire émotionnelle mentionnée plus haut. Or, pour cette étude, nous nous sommes concentrés sur les conditions suivantes : la reconnaissance d’images positives, négatives et neutres. Nous n'avons pas observé de différences entre les hommes et les femmes au niveau des performances à la tâche de mémoire pour aucune des conditions. En ce qui a trait aux données de neuroimagerie, comparativement aux femmes en bonne santé, celles atteintes de schizophrénie ont montré une diminution des activations cérébrales dans les régions corticales du système limbique (p. ex. cortex cingulaire moyen) et dans les régions sous-corticales (p. ex. amygdale) lors de la reconnaissance d'images négatives. Pour ce qui est de la condition positive, elles ont présenté, comparativement au groupe de femmes saines, des diminutions d’activations spécifiquement dans le cervelet ainsi que dans le gyrus frontal inférieur et moyen. Les hommes atteints de schizophrénie, eux, ont montré une augmentation d’activations par rapport aux hommes sains dans le gyrus préfrontal médian lors de la reconnaissance des stimuli négatifs ; ainsi que dans les régions pariétales, temporales et limbiques lors de la reconnaissance des stimuli positifs. Dans un autre ordre d’idées, notre analyse corrélationnelle a mis en évidence, chez les femmes, un lien significatif entre l’activité cérébrale et les symptômes au cours de la mémoire des stimuli positifs, alors que chez les hommes atteints schizophrénie, ce lien a été observé au cours de la mémoire des stimuli négatifs. Bref, l’ensemble de nos résultats suggère, chez les patients atteints de schizophrénie, un fonctionnement cérébral atypique spécifiquement lors de la reconnaissance d’images négatives, mais un fonctionnement intact lors de la reconnaissance de stimuli positifs. De plus, nous avons mis en évidence la présence de différences de sexe dans les activations cérébrales associées à la mémoire épisodique émotionnelle soulignant ainsi l'importance d’étudier séparément les hommes et les femmes atteints de schizophrénie dans le cadre de recherches sur les plans cognitif et émotionnel.

Chaotic, memory, and cooling rate effects in spin glasses: Evaluation of the Edwards-Anderson model

We investigate chaotic, memory, and cooling rate effects in the three-dimensional Edwards-Anderson model by doing thermoremanent (TRM) and ac susceptibility numerical experiments and making a detailed comparison with laboratory experiments on spin glasses. In contrast to the experiments, the Edwards-Anderson model does not show any trace of reinitialization processes in temperature change experiments (TRM or ac). A detailed comparison with ac relaxation experiments in the presence of dc magnetic field or coupling distribution perturbations reveals that the absence of chaotic effects in the Edwards-Anderson model is a consequence of the presence of strong cooling rate effects. We discuss possible solutions to this discrepancy, in particular the smallness of the time scales reached in numerical experiments, but we also question the validity of the Edwards-Anderson model to reproduce the experimental results.

Effects of memory load on visual search

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

IRP Poster - Side-effects in Software Transactional Memory

Poster for IRP project 'Side-effects in Software Transactional Memory: Extending Deuce with TwilightSTM'

Working memory in school-aged children: Exhibition intervals and distracters effects in Memonum computerized test

This study assessed visual working memory through Memonum computerized test in schoolchildren. The effects of three exposure times (1, 4 and 8 seconds) have been evaluated, and the presentation of a distractor on the mnemonic performance in the test Memonum in 72 children from a college in the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga, Colombia, aged between 8 and 11 in grades third, fourth and fifth grade. It has been found significant difference regarding the exposure time in the variables number of hits and successes accumulated, showing a better mnemonic performance in participants who took the test during 8 seconds compared to children who took the test during 1 second; in addition, the presence of a distractor showed a significant difference regarding the strengths and successes accumulated. Such distractor is considered a stimulus generator interference that disrupts the storage capacity of working memory in children. Additionally, a significant difference was found with respect to the use of mental rehearsal strategy, indicating that participants who took the test in 4 and 8 seconds, respectively, assigned higher scores than children who took the test in 1 second. A long exposure time to stimuli during Memonum test increases the holding capacity. Also, the use of a distractor affects the storage capacity and this, at the same time, increases the school progression due to the use of mnemonic strategies that children use to ensure the memory of the numerical series

Phonological short term memory in deaf children fitted with a cochlear implant : effects of phonological similarity, word lenght and lipreading cues. 'La memoria fonológica a corto plazo en niños sordos con implante coclear : efectos de la similitud fonológica, la longitud de la palabra y la lectura labial'.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación. Resumen en español

Transfer effects in implicit memory and consumer choice

Two experiments investigated transfer effects in implicit memory and consumer choice, using a preference judgement task. Experiment 1 examined whether it is possible to obtain priming for unfamiliar food labels. Additionally, it investigated whether the experience of seeing a brand name with a particular product type would benefit subsequent processing of the brand name when linked with a different product type. Experiment 2 examined whether changes in modality between study and test would affect priming for unfamiliar brand names. Both questions are theoretically important, as well as pertaining to practical concerns in the consumer choice literature. Experiment 1 demonstrated significant priming for unfamiliar food labels, and established that priming was unaffected by changing the product type with which the brand name was associated. In Experiment 2, priming on both auditory and visual versions of the preference judgement task was reduced by changes in modality. The results and implications are discussed in relation to consumer choice and current theories of implicit memory.

Redintegration and lexicality effects in children: do they depend upon the demands of the memory task?

The effect of long-term knowledge upon performance in short-term memory tasks was examined for children from 5 to 10 years of age. The emergence of a lexicality effect, in which familiar words were recalled more accurately than unfamiliar words, was found to depend upon the nature of the memory task. Lexicality effects were interpreted as reflecting the use of redintegration, or reconstruction processes, in short-term memory. Redintegration increased with age for tasks requiring spoken item recall and decreased with age when position information but not naming was required. In a second experiment, redintegration was found in a recognition task when some of the foils rhymed with the target. Older children were able to profit from a rhyming foil, whereas younger children were confused by it, suggesting that the older children make use of sublexical phonological information in reconstructing the target. It was proposed that redintegrative processes in their mature form support the reconstruction of detailed phonological knowledge of words.

Older adults encode-but do not always use-perceptual details: intentional versus unintentional effects of detail on memory judgments

Investigations of memory deficits in older individuals have concentrated on their increased likelihood of forgetting events or details of events that were actually encountered (errors of omission). However mounting evidence demonstrates that normal cognitive aging also is associated with an increased propensity for errors of commission-shown in false alarms or false recognition. The present study examined the origins of this age difference. Older and younger adults each performed three types of memory tasks in which details of encountered items might influence performance. Although older adults showed greater false recognition of related lures on a standard (identical) old/new episodic recognition task, older and younger adults showed parallel effects of detail on repetition priming and meaning-based episodic recognition (decreased priming and decreased meaning-based recognition for different relative to same exemplars). The results suggest that the older adults encoded details but used them less effectively than the younger adults in the recognition context requiring their deliberate, controlled use.