The gardens on Anlaby - a utopian dream

Anlaby Station is the oldest sheep stud in South Australia (SA) dating back to 1839. The gardens have been noted as significant exemplars, Beames & Whitehill (1992), Swinbourne (1982), and in Pastoral Homes of Australia (1911) published by The Pastoral Review, wherein Anlaby was described as “being of no particular beauty architecturally . But the gardens are unique.” The Anlaby property is on the SA State Heritage Register and the Anlaby Gardens are listed in the Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens (2002). The beginnings of Anlaby in 1839 are integral to the colonial expansion of the interior of South Australia. Anlaby at this time was a completely self-contained community within a sheep station containing a survival garden, much like a self- contained English manor-village. The process of land sales offered by the SA government enabled Anlaby to expand, wherein wealth flowed and gradually the survival garden style at Anlaby was transformed into an extensive decorative garden style. This enabled the garden to act as a backdrop for major South Australian society and public gatherings. The driving force behind the garden during its height was the fashionable plant trends in the United Kingdom. This is evidenced by the inclusion of an extensive stove house, grotto, roses and the Gardenesque style of plantings. Traditional English head gardeners were also employed to manage the garden. The realisation of the beauty of native plants was never allowed in the inner world of this landscape; it always remained on the perimeter. The owner’s vision of the garden was Utopian, however, due to climatic forces, the dream was not fully realised. The challenge now lies in preserving this Utopian dream for future generations. This paper considers the historical evolution of the property, its context as a historical exemplar and the challenges facing its future conservation having regard to Adelaide peri-urban, climate change, and differing owner economic circumstances.

A Physarum-inspired multi-agent system to solve maze

Physarum Polycephalum is a primitive unicellular organism. Its foraging behavior demonstrates a unique feature to form a shortest path among food sources, which can be used to solve a maze. This paper proposes a Physarum-inspired multi-agent system to reveal the evolution of Physarum transportation networks. Two types of agents – one type for search and the other for convergence – are used in the proposed model, and three transition rules are identified to simulate the foraging behavior of Physarum. Based on the experiments conducted, the proposed multiagent system can solve the two possible routes of maze, and exhibits the reconfiguration ability when cutting down one route. This indicates that the proposed system is a new way to reveal the intelligence of Physarum during the evolution process of its transportation networks.

Feeding wild birds in gardens: a test of water versus food

Bird feeding in residential gardens is an increasingly popular human-wildlife interaction. In Australia, the practice is discouraged by most government and nongovernment wildlife conservation agencies, although advice varies and the most common recommendation is to provide water and habitat for birds rather than supplementary food. This study compares bird abundance and diversity when residents in a Melbourne municipality provide water for birds versus food. Bird abundance was greater when food was provided compared with water, but avian assemblages did not differ.

Estimating Stormwater Runoff for Community Gardens in New York City

While much of the literature cites community gardens as providing urban ecosystem services, there is very little research quantifying these benefits. This thesis compares the stormwater runoff rates of urban vacant lots, community gardens, and residential developments in New York City and evaluates community gardens as green infrastructure.

Efeito da administração crônica pós-natal dos ácidos propiônico e metilmalônico sobre o comportamento de ratos no labirinto aquático de Morris (Water Maze) e sobre alguns parâmetros bioquímicos de estresse oxidativo em hipocampo

As acidemias propiônica e metilmalônica são desordens neurometabólicas hereditárias caracterizadas por progressiva deterioração neurológica, retardo mental, atraso no desenvolvimento psicomotor, convulsões e coma. A fisiopatologia do dano cerebral característico destas doenças ainda é pouco conhecida. No presente estudo investigamos o efeito de administração crônica (5o ao 28o dia de vida) dos ácidos propiônico (PA) e metilmalônico (MA), que são os metabólitos acumulados em maiores concentrações nos pacientes portadores das acidemias propiônica e metilmalônica, respectivamente, sobre o comportamento de ratos e sobre alguns parâmetros bioquímicos de estresse oxidativo no hipocampo dos animais. O comportamento dos animais foi avaliado 30 dias após o término do tratamento nas tarefas do labirinto aquático de Morris e no campo aberto. Os parâmetros bioquímicos avaliados foram o potencial antioxidante total do tecido (TRAP) e a atividade das enzimas catalase, superóxido dismutase e glutationa redutase. Todos as análises bioquímicas foram realizadas em hipocampo, estrutura fundamental para a localização espacial, requerida na tarefa do labirinto aquático de Morris. As doses de propionato ou metilmalonato foram administradas de acordo com as preconizadas nos modelos experimentais destas acidemias, tomando em consideração o peso e da idade dos animais. Os ratos controles receberam solução salina nos mesmos volumes. A administração de PA ou MA não alterou o peso dos animais. Entretanto foi encontrado um déficit de aprendizado e memória no grupo tratado com PA, e um déficit de memória no grupo tratado com MA. Nenhum dos grupos testados apresentou alterações na atividade motora (número de cruzamentos) na tarefa do campo aberto. Também determinamos o efeito da co-administração de ácido ascórbico nos animais tratados cronicamente com PA ou MA. Encontramos que o ácido ascórbico preveniu o déficit cognitivo provocado pela administração crônica de PA e MA. Por outro lado, verificamos que os tratamentos crônicos com PA e MA diminuíram o TRAP no hipocampo dos ratos, sem alterar a atividade de nenhuma das enzimas testadas. A prevenção do déficit cognitivo pelo ácido ascórbico associada à diminuição do TRAP no hipocampo dos animais tratados cronicamente com PA ou MA sugere que o estresse oxidativo pode estar relacionado com o déficit cognitivo encontrado no presente trabalho. Concluindo, nossos resultados indicam que o estresse oxidativo pode estar envolvido, ao menos em parte, com o dano cerebral nos pacientes afetados pelas acidemias propiônica e metilmalônica.

Longitudinal study of daily variation of rats' behavior in the elevated plus-maze

We conducted a longitudinal study about daily variation of Wistar male rats' behavior in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) evaluated in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 12th, and 18th months of life. Animals were submitted to the plus-maze in 12 sessions at 2-h intervals (n=72, 6 per time point). Spontaneous rest-activity rhythm of four animals was assessed by observation of 24-h videotape records. Time series were analyzed by Cosinor method. Behavioral rates on the six occasions and in light and dark phases were compared by means of two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. Exploratory behavior in EPM was smaller in the light phase and in older animals. Higher values of open and closed arms exploration were observed in the first and third months of the dark phase, and in the first month of the light phase. Adjustment to the 24-h period was significant at all stages for rest-activity data, number of entries in closed arms, and time on center, and for three to five stages for open-arm exploration. In general, 24 h variability was more pronounced in younger animals compared with older ones. The present study showed that: (1) a significant amount of total variability of the behavioral indexes analyzed could be attributed to 24 h variation, (2) light/dark phases differences in EPM exploration were present at all developmental stages, (3) older Wistar rats explored less the EPM and were less active in their home cage compared with younger ones, and (4) behavioral indexes (EPM) decrease was phase related and partially related to a reorganization of rest-activity rhythm. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.