A flexible method for rapid force computation in elliptical magnets

The design of open-access elliptical cross-section magnet systems has recently come under consideration. Obtaining values for the forces generated within these unusual magnets is important to progress the designs towards feasible instruments. This paper presents a novel and flexible method for the rapid computation of forces within elliptical magnets. The method is demonstrated by the analysis of a clinical magnetic resonance imaging magnet of elliptical cross-section and open design. The analysis reveals the non-symmetric nature of the generated Maxwell forces, which are an important consideration, particularly in the design of superconducting systems.

The stochastic design of force-minimized compact magnets for high-field magnetic resonance imaging applications

New designs for force-minimized compact high-field clinical MRI magnets are described. The design method is a modified simulated annealing (SA) procedure which includes Maxwell forces in the error function to be minimized. This permits an automated force reduction in the magnet designs while controlling the overall dimensions of the system. As SA optimization requires many iterations to achieve a final design, it is important that each iteration in the procedure is rapid. We have therefore developed a rapid force calculation algorithm. Novel designs for short 3- and 4-T clinical MRI systems are presented in which force reduction has been invoked. The final designs provide large homogeneous regions and reduced stray fields in remarkable short magnets. A shielded 4-T design that is approximately 30% shorter than current designs is presented. This novel magnet generates a full 50-cm diameter homogeneous region.

Analysis of multicomponent adsorption kinetics on activated carbon

An integrated mathematical model for the kinetics of multicomponent adsorption on microporous carbon was developed. Transport in this bidisperse solid is represented by balance equations in the macropore and micropore phases, in which gas-phase diffusion dominates the mass transfer in the macropores, with the phenomenological diffusivities represented by the generalized Maxwell-Stefan (GMS) formulation. Viscous flow also contributes to the macropore fluxes and is included in the MS expressions. Diffusion of the adsorbed phase controls the mass transfer in the micro ore phase, p which is also described in a similar way by the MS method. The adsorption isotherms are represented by a new heterogeneous modified vacancy solution theory formulation of adsorption, which has proved to be a robust method for adsorption on activated carbons. The model is applied to the coadsorption and codesorption of C2H6 and C3H8 on Ajax and Norit carbon, as well as the displacement on Ajax carbon. The effect of the viscous flow in the macropore phase is not significant for the cases studied. The model accurately predicts the overshoot behavior and rollup of C2H6 during coadsorption. The prediction for the heavier compound C3H8 is always satisfactory, though at higher C3H8 mole fraction, the overshoot extent of C2H6 is overpredicted, possibly due to neglect of heat effects.

Colabora????o em momento de crise: a atua????o do departamento de Defesa durante o furac??o Katrina

O estudo de caso trata da resposta ?? crise gerada pelo Furac??o Katrina em Nova Orleans/EUA dada pelos ??rg??os p??blicos encarregados de atuar em situa????es de emerg??ncia. A narrativa concentra-se na rela????o cr??tica entre a Ag??ncia Federal de Gest??o de Emerg??ncias - FEMA, coordenadora geral dos esfor??os federais para responder ao desastre, e o Departamento de Defesa ??? DOD. O objetivo deste caso ?? entender a din??mica de colabora????o que se instalou entre os ??rg??os encarregados de dar ampla e pronta resposta ao Katrina, e, de maneira mais geral, verificar o funcionamento em condi????es emergenciais de redes formadas por ??rg??os federais, estaduais e locais. O caso suscita discuss??es em sala de aula que podem desencadear an??lises sobre o funcionamento da coordena????o da rede encarregada pela resposta ?? crise, o papel da burocracia em momentos emergenciais, a import??ncia da lideran??a, e o efeito da cultura organizacional durante a colabora????o

Avaliação de caracteres agronômicos da cultura do milho mediante a redução do espaçamento entre linhas e aumento da densidade populacional

Atualmente, no Brasil, vem ocorrendo grande adoção da tecnologia de redução do espaçamento entre linhas e aumento da densidade populacional na cultura do milho (Zea mays L.). Objetivando avaliar a influência da variação de espaçamento entre linhas e densidade de plantio da cultura do milho, um experimento foi instalado na fazenda Santa Rita (Araporã-MG). Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 3, sendo dois espaçamentos, 0,45 e 0,90 m, e três densidades populacionais, 60.000, 75.000 e 90.000 pl ha-1, com quatro repetições, em que cada parcela foi constituída de quatro linhas de 4 m de comprimento. Consideram-se para avaliação as duas linhas centrais, desprezando 0,5 m em ambas as extremidades. Avaliaram-se os seguintes caracteres agronômicos: diâmetro dos colmos, altura de plantas, altura da inserção das espigas, produtividade, peso de 1.000 grãos (g), comprimento de espiga (cm), número de fileiras de grãos por espiga, número de grãos por fileira, e porcentagem de espigas por parcela (%). Observou-se incremento significativo na produtividade da cultura tanto com a redução do espaçamento entre linhas quanto com o aumento da densidade populacional.

SAR calculation using FDTD simulations

The main intend of this work, is to determinate the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) on human head tissues exposed to radiation caused by sources of 900 and 1800MHz, since those are the typical frequencies for mobile communications systems nowadays. In order to determinate the SAR, has been used the FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain), which is a numeric method in time domain, obtained from the Maxwell equations in differential mode. In order to do this, a computational model from the human head in two dimensions made with cells of the smallest possible size was implemented, respecting the limits from computational processing. It was possible to verify the very good efficiency of the FDTD method in the resolution of those types of problems.

Grid structure impact in sparse point representation of derivatives

In the Sparse Point Representation (SPR) method the principle is to retain the function data indicated by significant interpolatory wavelet coefficients, which are defined as interpolation errors by means of an interpolating subdivision scheme. Typically, a SPR grid is coarse in smooth regions, and refined close to irregularities. Furthermore, the computation of partial derivatives of a function from the information of its SPR content is performed in two steps. The first one is a refinement procedure to extend the SPR by the inclusion of new interpolated point values in a security zone. Then, for points in the refined grid, such derivatives are approximated by uniform finite differences, using a step size proportional to each point local scale. If required neighboring stencils are not present in the grid, the corresponding missing point values are approximated from coarser scales using the interpolating subdivision scheme. Using the cubic interpolation subdivision scheme, we demonstrate that such adaptive finite differences can be formulated in terms of a collocation scheme based on the wavelet expansion associated to the SPR. For this purpose, we prove some results concerning the local behavior of such wavelet reconstruction operators, which stand for SPR grids having appropriate structures. This statement implies that the adaptive finite difference scheme and the one using the step size of the finest level produce the same result at SPR grid points. Consequently, in addition to the refinement strategy, our analysis indicates that some care must be taken concerning the grid structure, in order to keep the truncation error under a certain accuracy limit. Illustrating results are presented for 2D Maxwell's equation numerical solutions.

Comunicación: una herencia de la Escuela de Sociología de Chicago

La Escuela de Chicago de pensamiento social, desde sus fundadores de finales del siglo XIX a las grandes figuras de las primeras décadas del siglo XX, es un referente imprescindible por sus estudios, considerados actualmente parte del canon sociológico, sobre la ecología humana, la ciudad, la inmigración, las relaciones étnicas, la delincuencia, el control social y el self humano. Este ensayo sostine que en esta escuela se encuentra una reflexión pioneira y una invetigación de gran relevancia sobre los temas de la comunicación y los medios de comunicación en la sociedad, habiendo contribuído a convertirlos en un centro de atención para la teoría social y la sociología.

Ensaios avançados com fibras ópticas = advanced characterization of optical fibers

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia de Electrónica e Telecomunicações

Fractional order inductive phenomena based on the skin effect

The Maxwell equations play a fundamental role in the electromagnetic theory and lead to models useful in physics and engineering. This formalism involves integer-order differential calculus, but the electromagnetic diffusion points towards the adoption of a fractional calculus approach. This study addresses the skin effect and develops a new method for implementing fractional-order inductive elements. Two genetic algorithms are adopted, one for the system numerical evaluation and another for the parameter identification, both with good results.

Application of fractional order concepts in the study of electrical potential

The Maxwell equations, expressing the fundamental laws of electricity and magnetism, only involve the integer-order calculus. However, several effects present in electromagnetism, motivated recently an analysis under the fractional calculus (FC) perspective. In fact, this mathematical concept allows a deeper insight into many phenomena that classical models overlook. On the other hand, genetic algorithms (GA) are an important tool to solve optimization problems that occur in engineering. In this work we use FC and GA to implement the electrical potential of fractional order. The performance of the GA scheme and the convergence of the resulting approximations are analyzed.