Proposta de utilização do planejamento estratégico na preparação de um modelo geral de estrutura de mudança para implantação de um sistema da qualidade baseado na norma ISO série 9000

A competitividade do mercado tem levado empresas, pressionadas por concorrentes e com recursos limitados, a tomarem ações imediatas para garantir sua sobrevivência. Os escassos recursos materiais e humanos disponíveis necessitam ser investidos na operacionalização de estratégias bem planejadas que possam garantir a competitividade no curto, médio e longo prazos. Um erro no posicionamento estratégico pode comprometer de forma bastante significativa uma organização. Este trabalho apresenta o estudo de caso efetuado em uma empresa de componentes eletrônicos sobre a proposta de utilização do Planejamento Estratégico na preparação de um modelo geral de mudança de estrutura para Implantação de um Sistema da Qualidade baseado na Norma ISO Série 9000. Este estudo serve como alerta aos administradores quanto aos riscos e perdas a que podem estar se expondo quando alocam tempo, capital e pessoas, para somente obter o certificado ISO, sem enfatizar o aprendizado decorrente desta certificação. A implantação de um sistema da qualidade passa a ser visto como uma ferramenta e não só com um conjunto de normas que permitem obter um certificado. O estudo possibilitou a constatação, na prática, das várias fases que conduzem uma empresa a introduzir em suas atividades o Sistema da Qualidade.

A mudança no padrão de financiamento da agricultura brasileira no período 1965-97

O presente trabalho é um estudo histórico-descritivo sobre as diferentes formas de financiamento da agricultura e de suas relações com as políticas macroeconômicas adotadas no Brasil no período 1965-97. Buscaram-se mostrar as mudanças que ocorreram no padrão de financiamento da agricultura e se as diferentes formas de financiamento agrícola foram coerentes com os objetivos das políticas macroeconômicas. O padrão de financiamento da agricultura brasileira evoluiu e adaptou-se ao contexto econômico do país em cada fase da sua história. As diferentes formas de financiar a agricultura estão associadas aos interesses políticos e econômicos de cada etapa do desenvolvimento brasileiro, havendo coerência entre as políticas macroeconômicas e as políticas agrícolas durante todo o período. O processo de modernização e industrialização da agricultura teve o seu desenvolvimento sustentado no crédito agrícola, por intermédio do financiamento de máquinas, implementos e insumos que foram produzidos pelo setor industrial. Com a crise fiscal presente no país desde os anos 80, os recursos oriundos do Governo Federal passaram a ser substituídos por recursos dos Governos Estaduais e Municipais e pela iniciativa privada.

Produção de novos materiais carbonáceos por altas pressões

Neste trabalho foram estudadas as condições de estabilidade e de eventuais transformações de fases em diferentes materiais carbonáceos processados em altas pressões e altas temperaturas. Além disso, foi explorada a possibilidade de produção de compactos de diamante policristalino sem o uso de fases metálicas como ligante. Diferentes materiais de partida (pó de diamante, açúcar, mistura de pó de diamante e açúcar -10 % em peso, e mistura de pó de diamante e negro de fumo - 10% em peso) foram processados a 7,7 GPa, durante 15 min a diferentes temperaturas (900°C, 1200°C, 1500°C e 1700°C), mas sempre na região de estabilidade termodinâmica do diamante. As amostras foram analisadas por espectroscopia Raman e difração de raios X. As amostras de diamante compactaram bem a altas temperaturas sem mostrar grafitização, mas mostraram indícios de formação de uma fase desordenada de C com hibridização sp3. Os compactos de negro de fumo e diamante são extremamente frágeis e foi identificada a formação de estruturas grafíticas. A amostra de açúcar sofreu um grafitização acentuada a temperaturas elevadas, que levou a obtenção de grafite bem cristalizado. Os compactos obtidos com a mistura de açúcar e diamante são bastante homogêneos e possuem boa resistência mecânica. Para a amostra tratada a 1700°C, além de ser obtida uma fase diamante muito bem cristalizada, também são observados indícios de formação de uma fase desordenada de C com hibridização sp3. A origem do comportamento observado para as amostras com açúcar deve estar ligada à liberação de H2O associada à pirólise da sacarose, o que parece acelerar significativamente a cinética de cristalização de fases do carbono. A possível fase desordenada, obtida para amostras com pó de diamante processadas em altas temperaturas, pode desempenhar um papel importante como fase ligante para produção de compactos de diamante policristalino.

A percepção dos indivíduos sobre a inserção de tecnologias de informática nos processos de mudança organizacional: um estudo de caso

This dissertation presents a research aimed at identifying and explaining the individual perceptions as far as the introduction of computer technology concerning the organization change process and the reason underlying those changes, utilizing for study purposes, a customer attendance agency of INSS , located in São Luís-MA, which data collection was carried out by interviews with three managers and application of to thirty employees, all of them working at the unit researched. The core point was to identify feelings and perceptions of individuals, and the reason steering the change actions deployed in this office. Based on this perception, it is presented a literature review on the main thinkers who discussed the role, and the relevance of reasoning in the development of human relations, both in the organizations and in society. To start with, Max Weber thinking on rationality was introduced, on the sequence, the discussion raised by the Frankfurt School in its first phase, mainly on the Max Horkheimer thinking and finally it is shown a summary of Jurgen Habermas thinking, mainly concerning its communicative action theory proposed as a path to emancipation of individual of current instrumental reasoning. Summing up, we can conclude from this research that perceptions, feelings and opinions indicate that the institution uses to discuss with the civil servants the implementation of change process. For those servants the excessive functional control, the limitation of knowledge production and an artificial functional integration are consequences of the shape and intensity, as well as of computer technologies deployed in the institution. It is also shared by most of civil servants, including managers, that the overall participation would have more validity and would decrease the resistance to those changes. And it is also worth registering that despite of the servants having job stability, only 50% have positive expectations as far as its future in the institution.

Mudança do sistema informatizado de orçamentação prévia utilizado na Unidade de Negócios Refinaria Duque de Caxias para a contratação dos serviços de caldeiraria nas paradas de manutenção das unidades de processamento

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as mudanças no sistema informatizado de orçamentação prévia dos serviços de caldeiraria que são realizados nas paradas de manutenção das unidades de processamento da Refinaria Duque de Caxias da PETROBRAS. Para tal fim, apresenta-se, inicialmente, um breve histórico da legislação que orientou as contratações de serviços na PETROBRAS sob a óptica da exigência de uma orçamentação prévia e a contextualização desta orçamentação no processo de contratação da Refinaria Duque de Caxias. Em seguida, são estudadas as variáveis que influenciam o orçamento dos serviços em análise, inclusive àquelas referentes a tributos e impostos, bem como os sistemas informatizados (atual e anterior) que calculam os preços finais dos serviços. Concluiu-se que o novo sistema informatizado trouxe mmor confiabilidade aos valores encontrados, mas ainda há muito que ser feito nesta área, desde a determinação de índices de produtividade da mão-de-obra até o estudo mais detalhado dos insumos ligados à legislação trabalhista e tributária.

Cálculo de integral indefinida por mudança de variável [Audiodescrição]

Versão com menu acessível para leitores de tela e vídeo com audiodescrição.

Síntese, caracterização e cinética da decomposição térmica dos materiais cerâmicos PrMO3 (M = Ni ou Co)

In this work have been studied the preparation, characterization and kinetic study of decomposition of the polymerizing agent used in the synthesis under non-isothermal condition ceramics PrMO3 of general formula (M = Co and Ni). These materials were obtained starting from the respective metal nitrates, as a cations source, and making use of gelatin as polymerizing agent. The powders were calcined at temperatures of 500°C, 700°C and 900°C and characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG / DTG/ DTA), Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The perovskite phase was detected in all the X-rays patterns. In the infrared spectroscopy observed the oxide formation as the calcination temperature increases with the appearance of the band metal - oxygen. The images of SEM revealed uniform distribution for the PrCoO3 and particles agglomerated as consequence of particle size for PrNiO3. From the data of thermal analysis, the kinetics of decomposition of organic matter was employed using the kinetics methods called Model Free Kinetics and Flynn and Wall, in the heating ratios 10, 20 and 30° C.min-1 between room temperature and 700°C. Finally, been obtained the values of activation energy for the region of greatest decomposition of organic matter in samples that were determined by the degree of conversion (α)

Influência do uso de combustíveis alternativos na síntese por combustão via microondas para a produção de materiais cerâmicos com estrutura espinélio

The development and study of detectors sensitive to flammable combustible and toxic gases at low cost is a crucial technology challenge to enable marketable versions to the market in general. Solid state sensors are attractive for commercial purposes by the strength and lifetime, because it isn t consumed in the reaction with the gas. In parallel, the use of synthesis techniques more viable for the applicability on an industrial scale are more attractive to produce commercial products. In this context ceramics with spinel structure were obtained by microwave-assisted combustion for application to flammable fuel gas detectors. Additionally, alternatives organic-reducers were employed to study the influence of those in the synthesis process and the differences in performance and properties of the powders obtained. The organic- reducers were characterized by Thermogravimetry (TG) and Derivative Thermogravimetry (DTG). After synthesis, the samples were heat treated and characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), analysis by specific area by BET Method and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Quantification of phases and structural parameters were carried through Rietveld method. The methodology was effective to obtain Ni-Mn mixed oxides. The fuels influenced in obtaining spinel phase and morphology of the samples, however samples calcined at 950 °C there is just the spinel phase in the material regardless of the organic-reducer. Therefore, differences in performance are expected in technological applications when sample equal in phase but with different morphologies are tested

Caracterização de compósitos Nb-20%cu obtidos por moagem de alta energia e sinterizados por fase líquida

In this work, was studied the formation of a composite of the refractory metal niobium with copper, through the process of high-energy milling and liquid phase sintering. The HEM can be used to synthesize composite powders with high homogeneity and fine size particle distribution. It may also produce the solid solubility in immiscible systems such as Nb-Cu, or extend the solubility of systems with limited solubility. Therefore, in the immiscible system Cu-Nb, the high-energy milling was successfully used to obtain the composite powder particles. Initially, the formation of composite particles during the HEM and the effect of preparation technique on the microstructure of the material was evaluated. Four loads of Nb and Cu powders containing 20%wt Cu were synthesized by MAE in a planetary type ball mill under different periods of grinding. The influence of grinding time on the metal particles is evaluated during the process by the withdrawal of samples at intermediate times of milling. After compaction under different forces, the samples were sintered in a vacuum furnace. The liquid phase sintering of these samples prepared by HEM produced a homogeneous and fine grained. The composite particles forming the sintered samples are the addition of a hard phase (Nb) with a high melting point, and a ductile phase (Cu) with low melting point and high thermal and electrical conductivities. Based on these properties, the Nb-Cu system is a potential material for many applications, such as electrical contacts, welding electrodes, coils for generating high magnetic fields, heat sinks and microwave absorbers, which are coupled to electronic devices. The characterization techniques used in this study, were laser granulometry, used to evaluate the homogeneity and particle size, and the X-ray diffraction, in the phase identification and to analyze the crystalline structure of the powders during milling. The morphology and dispersion of the phases in the composite powder particles, as well the microstructures of the sintered samples, were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Subsequently, the sintered samples are evaluated for density and densification. And finally, they were characterized by techniques of measuring the electrical conductivity and microhardness, whose properties are analyzed as a function of the parameters for obtaining the composite

Materiais supercondutores HTS para arranjos de antenas e aplicação de PBG para micro-ondas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Estudo da Potencialidade da produção de tijolos de adobe misturado com outros materiais: uma alternativa de baixo custo para a construção civil

The production of the red pottery brick, made traditionally with clay, is a technique that is already stabled. However, in spite of the little complexity that involves the conventional process of these bricks production, it are exposed to many problems that begin in the fase of exploration of the mines, the problems get worse because of the lack of the clay's characterization, and they continue through the steps of the dough preparation, conformation of the products, the drying and the burning process. The wastefulness is shown and so is the low quality of the material produced. Among other factors, the high use of energy in the burning makes the cost of this material inaccessible to the low income consumer. Besides this, the destruction of the environment around the mines and the use of native vegetation to produce wood - the most used fuel in the pottery industry - make serious environmental damage. The production technique of a new type of simple brick (adobe), that has low cost and no environmental damage, can be the viable altemative to lower the cost of this part of the civil construction, and, consequently, in the building of cheaper houses. In this paper, the results of the mechanical resistance of the adobe brick are shown, using in its composition, clay, natural vegetable fibers, cement and plaster in a process that is completely handcrafted and manual. It is intented to make clear that are possible alternatives to be put in practice, with the simple process, using "raw earth" that has been used in the construction of houses in thousands of years, trying to solve these severe problems. Analysis and tests were performed to find results that could prove the possibility of the utilization of this kind of material. Other studies are in progress, and the new researches are necessary to enrich this work, but it stays the certainty that there is potential to produce bricks from adobe, as an alternative that has low cost to civil construction

Números complexos: uma proposta de mudança metodológica para uma aprendizagem significativa no ensino médio

This work presents a proposal of a methodological change to the teaching and learning of the complex numbers in the Secondary education. It is based on the inquiries and difficulties of students detected in the classrooms about the teaching of complex numbers and a questioning of the context of the mathematics teaching - that is the reason of the inquiry of this dissertation. In the searching for an efficient learning and placing the work as a research, it is presented a historical reflection of the evolution of the concept of complex numbers pointing out their more relevant focuses, such as: symbolic, numeric, geometrical and algebraic ones. Then, it shows the description of the ways of the research based on the methodology of the didactic engineering. This one is developed from the utilization of its four stages, where in the preliminary analysis stage, two data surveys are presented: the first one is concerning with the way of presenting the contents of the complex numbers in math textbooks, and the second one is concerning to the interview carried out with High school teachers who work with complex numbers in the practice of their professions. At first, in the analysis stage, it is presented the prepared and organized material to be used in the following stage. In the experimentation one, it is presented the carrying out process that was made with the second year High school students in the Centro Federal de Educação tecnológica do Rio Grande do Norte CEFET-RN. At the end, it presents, in the subsequent and validation stages, the revelation of the obtained results from the observations made in classrooms in the carrying out of the didactic sequence, the students talking and the data collection

Craqueamento térmico e termocatalítico do óleo de girassol (Hellianthus annus L.) sobre materiais micro e mesoporosos

Microporous materials zeolite type Beta and mesoporous type MCM-41 and AlMCM-41 were synthesized hydrothermally and characterized by methods of X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, surface acidity, nitrogen adsorption, thermal analysis TG / DTG. Also we performed a kinetic study of sunflower oil on micro and mesoporous catalysts. The microporous material zeolite beta showed a lower crystallinity due to the existence of smaller crystals and a larger number of structural defects. As for the mesoporous materials MCM-41 and AlMCM-41 samples showed formation of hexagonal one-dimensional structure. The study of kinetic behavior of sunflower oil with zeolite beta catalysts, AlMCM-41 and MCM-41 showed a lower activation energy in front of the energy of pure sunflower oil, mainly zeolite beta. In the thermal cracking and thermocatalytic of sunflower oil were obtained two liquid fractions containing an aqueous phase and another organic - organic liquid fraction (FLO). The FLO first collected in both the thermal cracking as the thermocatalytic, showed very high level of acidity, performed characterizations of physicochemical properties of the second fraction in accordance with the specifications of the ANP. The second FLO thermocatalytic collected in cracking of sunflower oil presented results in the range of diesel oil, introducing himself as a promising alternative for use as biofuel liquid similar to diesel, either instead or mixed with it

Carregadores de oxigênio a base de níquel suportado em materiais mesooros para aplicação na recirculação química com reforma (RQR)

Oxygen carriers are metal oxides which have the ability to oxidize and reduce easily by various cycles. Due to this property these materials are widely usedin Chemical-Looping Reforming processes to produce H2 and syngas. In this work supports based on MCM-41 and La-SiO2 were synthesized by hydrothermal method. After the synthesis step they were calcined at 550°C for 2 hours and characterized by TG, XRD, surface area using the BET method and FTIR spectroscopy. The deposition of active phase, in this case Nickel, took place in the proportions of 5, 10 and 20% by weight of metallic nickel, for use as oxygen carriers.The XRD showed that increasing in the content of Ni supported on MCM-41 resulted in a decrease in spatial structure and lattice parameter of the material. The adsorption and desorption curves of the MCM-41 samples exhibited variations with the increase of Ni deposited. Surface area, average pore diameter and wall density of silica showed significant changes , due to the increase of the active phase on the mesoporous material. By other hand, in the samples with La-SiO2 composition was not observed peaks characteristic of hexagonal structure, in the XRD diffractogram. The adsorption/desorption isotherms of nitrogen observed are type IV, characteristic of mesoporous materials. The catalytic test indicates that the supports have no influence in the process, but the nickel concentration is very important, because the results for minor concentration of nickel are not good. The ratio H2/O2 was close to 2, for all 15 cycles involving the test storage capacity of O2, indicating that the materials are effective for oxygen transport

Avaliação da remoção catalítica de compostos orgânicos monoaromáticos em água utilizando materiais nanoestruturados de sílica

Statistics of environmental protection agencies show that the soil has been contaminated with problems often resulting from leaks, spills and accidents during exploration, refining, transportation and storage oil operations and its derivatives. These, gasoline noteworthy, verified by releasing, to get in touch with the groundwater, the compounds BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes), substances which are central nervous system depressants and causing leukemia. Among the processes used in remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated with organic pollutants, we highlight those that use hydrogen peroxide because they are characterized by the rapid generation of chemical species of high oxidation power, especially the hydroxyl radical ( OH), superoxide (O2 -) and peridroxil (HO2 ), among other reactive species that are capable of transforming or decomposing organic chemicals. The pH has a strong effect on the chemistry of hydrogen peroxide because the formation of different radicals directly depends on the pH of the medium. In this work, the materials MCM-41 and Co-MCM-41 were synthesized and used in the reaction of BTEX removal in aqueous media using H2O2. These materials were synthesized by the hydrothermal method and the techniques used to characterize were: XRD, TG/DTG, adsorption/desorption N2, TEM and X-Ray Fluorescence. The catalytic tests were for 5 h of reaction were carried out in reactors of 20 mL, which was accompanied by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by molecular absorption spectrophotometry in the UV-Vis, in addition to removal of organic compounds BTEX was performed as gas chromatography with detection photoionization and flame ionization and by static headspace sampler. The characterizations proved that the materials were successfully synthesized. The catalytic tests showed satisfactory results, and the reactions containing BTEX + Co-MCM-41 + H2O2 at pH = 12.0 had the highest percentages of removal for the compounds studied